血浆置换抢救重症急性中毒

目的　探讨治疗性血浆置换在抢救重症急性中毒病人中的作用。方法　采用血细胞分离机对 12名急性中毒昏迷及深昏学的重症病人行治疗性血浆置换术 (置换血浆量 12 0 0～ 16 0 0ml) ,观察患者神志开始恢复时间和完全恢复时间。结果　一般病人经一次血浆置换就能达到治疗目的 ,部分病人在置换过程中神志即开始恢复 ,但神志恢复时间与中毒程度、中毒时间、昏迷程度密切相关。结论　治疗性血浆置换术对重症急性中每病人疗效显著 ,但置换时间越快越好 (能及时、有效地去除血液中的毒物 ,改善病人症状 ) ,置换量与置换次数视病情而定     

血浆置换治疗重症急性有机磷农药中毒

目的　评价血浆置换术 (TPE)治疗重症急性有机磷农药中毒 (AOPP)的疗效。方法将采用常规疗法配合TPE的 4 2例AOPP作为治疗组 ,将同期、中毒程度相近而单纯采用常规疗法的 4 2例AOPP作为对照组 ,比较两组疗效。结果　治疗组 4 2人的恢复清醒时间、呼衰、心衰、休克改善时间、住院时间明显短于对照组 ,其治愈率高、预后好。结论　及早应用TPE治疗AOPP可以防治多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)的发生 ,预防迟发性猝死的发生 ,降低死亡率     

血液透析抢救重度有机磷中毒30例临床分析

目的探讨血液透析抢救重度有机磷中毒的治疗效果。方法选择急性有机磷中毒患者30例,均给予洗胃、清洗毒物、保持呼吸道通畅、吸氧、应用阿托品及胆碱酯酶复活药及对症处理等内科综合治疗,同时给予血液透析处理,透析过程中肝素钠注射液抗凝,碱化血液等。透析时间为2 h1,次/d,共透析3次。结果患者中毒症状在透析2h后得到症状明显改善,胆碱酯酶活性在透析后4 d逐渐恢复;透析治疗后胆碱酯酶活性较透析前显著升高(t=25.39,P=0.00)。本组30例患者均治愈,没有明显后遗症。结论血液透析可在短时间内改善重度有机磷中毒患者的中毒症状,促进胆碱酯酶活性恢复,临床治疗效果显著,值得推广作用。     

胃肠引流pH监测救治有机磷农药中毒探讨

为探讨胃肠引流液pH监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒的监护效果，对94例重度有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为2组，常规洗胃后均行持续胃肠负压引流和定时血清胆碱酯酶活力测定。对照组于首次洗胃后按常规每4h反复洗胃2次；治疗组于每次洗胃后每小时监测胃肠引流液pH并结合病情及时调整洗胃时间和次数。结果治疗组较对照组人均洗胃次数增加，反复洗胃间隔时间不同，反跳减少，血清中胆碱酯酶活力恢复增快。证明采用胃肠引流液pH值监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒，能加快胃内残留毒物的清除，减少反跳。提高抢救成功率。     

胃肠引流pH监测救治有机磷农药中毒探讨

为探讨胃肠引流液pH监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒的监护效果,对94例重度有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为2组,常规洗胃后均行持续胃肠负压引流和定时血清胆碱酯酶活力测定。对照组于首次洗胃后按常规每4h反复洗胃2次;治疗组于每次洗胃后每小时监测胃肠引流液pH并结合病情及时调整洗胃时间和次数。结果治疗组较对照组人均洗胃次数增加,反复洗胃间隔时间不同,反跳减少,血清中胆碱酯酶活力恢复增快。证明采用胃肠引流液pH值监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒,能加快胃内残留毒物的清除,减少反跳,提高抢救成功率。     

黄芪和丹参液联用对急性有机磷中毒患者血液流变学变化的影响

目的:探索黄芪和丹参液联用对急性有机磷农药中毒患者血液流变学变化的影响。方法:将24名重度急性有机磷中毒患者随机分为常规治疗组12例、黄芪和丹参液联合治疗组12例及健康对照组8例。两组患者分别在第1、3、5、7 d采取静脉血作血液流变学指标的检测,健康对照组门诊检测1次。结果:与正常对照组相比,中毒组患者初期红细胞数、血小板、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高,红细胞变性能力明显降低(P<0.01);治疗后,黄芪和丹参液联合治疗组血液流变学各项指标恢复明显较常规治疗组快,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪和丹参液联用可有效改善急性有机磷中毒患者的血液流变学。     

急性有机磷农药中毒致中间综合征20例临床分析

中间综合征(IMS)常发生急性有机磷农药中毒症状恢复后发生,急性症状期的病死率较高。现将我院收治的急性有机磷农药中毒致中间综合征20例临床分析报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料本组男6例,女14例,19~56岁。按文献有机磷农药中毒的诊断及分级诊断标准,重度中毒13例,中度中毒7例。出现IMS分别为入院抢救后第6h3例,第3d 1例。患者多为中毒后1~3d,急性中毒症状已消失,神志清醒;首发症状抬头无力,眼球运动受限,继而出现四肢无力,呼吸困难,出现紫绀、神志不清、呼吸衰竭,并迅速出现呼吸停止,及时给予有效呼吸支持,神志转清,但不能自主呼吸,…     

急性有机磷中毒患者急救措施及救治时机分析

目的探讨分析急性有机磷患者中毒患者急救措施及救治时机分析。方法将我院收治的70例急性有机磷中毒患者按照救治时间不同分为四组：0～0.5h组、0.5～1h组、1～2h组以及〉2h组,并对四组患者均实施常规急救措施＋血浆置换术治疗,并观察四组患者昏迷时间、血液胆碱酯酶活性恢复时间、抗胆碱能药物用量、住院时间,同时对四组患者治疗情况、并发症发生率及死亡率进行分析。结果通过对四组治疗情况分析得知,服药到救治时间越短,中毒患者昏迷时间、血液胆碱酯酶活性恢复时间、抗胆碱能药物用量以及住院时间越短（P〈0.05）。0～0.5h组、0.5～1h组、1～2h组以及〉2h组痊愈率分别为94.12%、77.78%、65.22%以及58.33%,并发症发生率分别为17.65%、27.78%、26.09%、41.67%,四组痊愈率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;并发症发生率没有差异。结论急性有机磷中毒患者要及时采取切实可行的抢救措施,同时把握好时机,只有这样才能提高救治成功率,降低患者并发症发生率及死亡率。     

黄芪和丹参液联用对急性有机磷中毒患者血液流变学变化的影响

目的探索黄芪和丹参液联用对急性有机磷农药中毒(Acute Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning,AOPP)患者血液流变学变化的影响。方法将24例重度急性有机磷中毒患者随机分为常规治疗组(12例)、黄芪和丹参液联合治疗组(12例)。对两中毒组患者分别在第1、3、5、7d采取静脉血作血液流变学指标的检测。8例健康对照组门诊检测一次。结果与正常对照组相比,中毒组患者初期红细胞数(RBC)、血小板(PLT)、全血高切粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高,红细胞变形能力明显降低(P<0.01);治疗后,黄芪和丹参液联合治疗组血液流变学各项指标恢复明显较常规治疗组快,二者相差显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论黄芪和丹参液联用可有效改善急性有机磷中毒患者的血液流变学。     

血液净化治疗重症有机磷农药中毒的临床研究

随机选择我院2012年5月~2014年5月收治的重症有机磷农药中毒患者46例,根据急救方法不同分为两组,对照组19例行常规对症急救措施,试验组27例患者均在常规急救基础上应用血液净化疗法;对两组患者的临床治疗指标作回顾性分析与比较。结果试验组患者的阿托品化时间、神志恢复清醒时间、住院时间、死亡率均低于对照组,抢救成功率高于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。将血液净化治疗法应用于重症有机磷农药中毒患者的抢救工作中,可提高抢救成功率,改善预后,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.