Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

AIM: To reduce blood loss in total knee arthroplasty various physical measures including the use of a tourniquet are recommended. The question of an early tourniquet release is still unsettled. PATIENTS AND METHOD: To confirm our theory that blood loss and need of blood transfusions might be reduced while removing the tourniquet for meticulous hemostasis before wound closure we analysed 70 (41 male, 29 female) consecutive patients with total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis performed by a single surgeon in a prospective-randomized study between 1/1996 to 6/1998. In group I the tourniquet was released before, in group II after wound closure. RESULTS: We couldn't find any significant differences in the estimated blood loss, the decrease of hemoglobin and hematocrit level, and the transfusion need. In Group II we observed two cases of deep vein thrombosis. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tourniquet release for hemostasis is not an effective tool in reducing blood loss or transfusion need in total knee arthroplasty.     

The effect of tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty

We conducted a prospective, randomised study on primary total knee replacements to evaluate the effects of tourniquet use on total calculated blood loss using Gross formula, post-operative measured blood loss, operating time, need for blood transfusion, post-operative pain, analgesia requirement and knee flexion. Forty patients were operated on with the use of an arterial tourniquet with pressure of 350 mmHg (group A), and 40 patients without the use of a tourniquet (group B). Total calculated blood loss was significantly increased ( P=0.0165) without the use of a tourniquet. There was no significant difference in measured blood loss or operating time. The median units of blood given were similar in both groups. In spite of autologous transfusions 14% of patients received additional homologous transfusions. At 6 h post-operatively pain was significantly less ( P=0.0458) in group B but was similar at 24 and 48 h. There was no significant difference in analgesia requirement. The mean change in total flexion in group B was significantly better ( P<0.001) at 5 days than in group A, but knee flexion was similar at 10 days and 3 months. Knee arthroplasty operations without the use of a tourniquet cause a greater blood loss but have only small benefits in the early post-operative period.     

塞来昔布对髋膝关节置换手术后出凝血功能的影响

目的 观察塞来昔布对髋膝关节置换手术患者术后出凝血功能的影响.方法 于2007年5月至2007年6月选择北京大学人民医院骨关节科收治的行髋膝关节置换手术患者60例,男20例,女40例;年龄23～79岁,平均63岁.按随机数字表法分为塞来昔布组和对照组,每组30例,塞来昔布组麻醉诱导前8 h,口服塞来昔布400 mg,术...     

Oxidative stress in bilateral total knee replacement,under ischaemic tourniquet

Free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are released abruptly after deflation of an ischaemic tourniquet, cause reperfusion injuries. Ischaemic precondition (IPC), however, can reduce the injury. In clinical practice, the sequential application and release of tourniquets is often used in bilateral total knee replacement (TKR) to obtain a clearer operative field, but the effects on the production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation have not been studied. In this study, we have observed the production of free radicals and the subsequent lipid peroxidation in bilateral TKR with sequential application of a tourniquet to examine the effect of IPC. Patients undergoing elective TKR under intrathecal anaesthesia were studied. Blood samples were obtained after spinal anaesthesia, one minute before and five and 20 minutes after release of each tourniquet. We used the lucigenin chemiluminescence analysis and the phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) assay to measure the production of ROS and lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that production of ROS significantly increased at five and 20 minutes after release of the first tourniquet and at five minutes after release of the second tourniquet, but returned to normal at 20 minutes after the second reperfusion. The peak production of ROS was at 20 minutes after the first reperfusion; lipid peroxidation did not change significantly. We conclude that in spite of significant production of ROS after the release of tourniquet, the IPC phenomenon occurs during bilateral TKR with sequential application of a tourniquet.     

Thigh pain following tourniquet application in simultaneous bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty

Thigh pain following tourniquet application is a common patient complaint in the early postoperative period following total knee arthroplasty. Postoperative thigh pain was evaluated in 28 consecutive simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty patients between April 1996 and October 1996. A prospective, doubleblind, randomized clinical trial was performed. Tourniquet pressure of 350 mmHg was used on 1 thigh (thigh 1) and 100 mmHg plus systolic blood pressure on the other (thigh 2). A scale of pain (no pain, mild, moderate, or severe) was applied on the first, second, and third days, as well as 2 and 6 weeks after surgery. There were 16 men and 12 women with a mean age of 72 years (range, 55–85 years). The mean tourniquet time was similar in both groups (thigh 1 = 23 minutes, thigh 2 = 22 minutes). The mean tourniquet pressure in thigh 2 was 230 mmHg (range, 212–260 mmHg). There was a statistically significant difference in thigh pain on the first (P = .01), second (P = .01), and third (P = .001) postoperative days between both groups, with more thigh pain on the 350 mmHg side. At 6 weeks after surgery, the difference in thigh pain was gone. For total knee arthroplasty, using the tourniquet at a pressure of 100 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure is recommended. This is adequate to provide a bloodless field and will result in a less unpleasant postoperative period.     

全膝关节置换术中止血带的应用方式比较

目的探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)中止血带的不同应用方式对患者围手术期失血量、术后并发症、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及膝关节功能恢复的影响。方法将211例TKA患者随机分为两组:A组105例,在切口关闭前释放止血带彻底止血;B组106例,在切口关闭弹力绷带加压包扎后释放止血带。比较两组围手术期总失血量、术后并发症、术后7 d及3个月的VAS、HSS评分以及实现膝关节90°屈曲的时间。结果总失血量:A组(945±368)ml,多于B组的(725±243)ml(P=0.032)。手术时间:A组(93.5±24.4)min,长于B组的(75.0±22.1)min(P0.001)。止血带时间:A组(64.2±18.6)min,短于B组的(75.0±22.1)min(P=0.004)。并发症:A组1例,B组5例(P=0.213)。术后7 d及3个月的VAS:A组分别为(3.9±1.2)分、(2.4±0.8)分,B组分别为(4.5±1.1)分、(2.2±0.9)分(P=0.026、P=0.835)。术后7 d及3个月的膝关节HSS评分:A组分别为(85.4±8.3)分、(90.5±8.7)分,B组分别为(78.5±7.6)、(89.2±6.8)分(P=0.015、P=0.815)。术后实现膝关节90°屈曲的时间:A组为(1.5±0.6)d,B组为(2.2±0.8)d(P=0.042)。结论 TKA中释放止血带会增加患者围手术期失血量,但可能会减少术后并发症的发生,减轻患者早期疼痛反应,有利于早期的功能康复。     

The effect of tourniquet use on hidden blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of hidden blood loss and assess the effects of using a tourniquet on postoperative hidden loss in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Eighty patients were randomised into two groups: one group underwent operation with a tourniquet and one without. Operating time, perioperative blood loss, hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, swelling, ecchymosis, straight leg raising action and knee flexion were measured. There were significant differences in the hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, postoperative swelling, extent of ecchymosis, straight leg raising and postoperative knee flexion in the early period after operation between the two groups. Our results indicate that knee arthroplasty operations with a tourniquet might promote postoperative hidden blood loss and hinder patients’ in early postoperative rehabilitation exercises.     

高凝血状态患者人群全膝关节置换术中应用止血带的对照研究

目的探讨高凝血状态患者人群全膝关节置换术中不同止血带应用方式对围手术期出血的影响。 方法采用随机对照研究,对比观察92例使用不同止血带应用方式的全膝关节置换术患者,纳入标准：血浆D-二聚体>1 000 μg/L(酶联免疫荧光法),随机分为半程止血带组(n＝46)和全程止血带组(n＝46),半程止血带组在安装假体时使用止血带,全程止血带组手术全程使用止血带,记录两组患者手术时间、术后引流量、隐性失血量、失血总量、血红蛋白丢失量、输血率、平均输血量、膝关节活动度、疼痛评分、膝关节活动度、肢体肿胀及并发症情况,用SPSS 19.0软件对两组结果进行比较,手术时间和引流量等计量资料采用t检验,并发症等计数资料采用χ²检验。 结果半程止血带组术后引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量、血红蛋白丢失量、疼痛评分、肢体肿胀及并发症发生率显著低于全程止血带组(t＝－7.432、－15.72、－2.205、－2.746、－3.070、－5.525,P<0.05),半程止血带组手术时间、膝关节活动度显著高于全程止血带组(t＝8.098,t＝2.290,P<0.05),两组术后输血率和平均输血量比较差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.956,t＝－0.329,均为P>0.05)。所有患者均无症状性肺栓塞、感染及伤口皮缘坏死发生。 结论高凝血状态患者行全膝关节置换术中半程使用止血带止血效果优于全程止血带,止血带相关并发症发生率低于全程使用止血带组。     

止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将连续入院的拟行初次全膝关节置换的80例患者随机分为两组:一组使用止血带(止血带组,40例),一组不使用止血带(非止血带组,40例).全部采用后十字韧带替代型骨水泥固定人工膝关节(Smith-Nephew),手术由同一组医生完成.比较两组患者围手术期失血量、深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发生率、术中栓子面积百分率%Ae(即总栓子面积占右心房面积的百分率).术前及术后第1～10天行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察双下肢深静脉血栓的发生;术中使用经食道超声心动图监测右心房,评估止血带释放后的%Ae.结果 止血带组患者术中失血最小于非止血带组患者,但两组患者围手术期总失血量比较差异无统计学意义.止血带组患者和非止血带组患者深静脉血栓发生率比较无统计学差异,两组均未发生肺动脉栓塞.止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后的1 min达到高峰;非止血带组患者%Ae仅在扩髓和植入假体时出现高峰,然后缓慢下降;止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后大于非止血带组患者.结论 止血带的使用对全膝关节置换术围手术期总失血量并无明显影响,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的发生风险.     

Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss and incidence of deep vein thrombosis in total knee arthroplasty

Tourniquet time and its relationship to blood loss and deep vein thrombosis were studied in 80 cases of unilateral total knee arthroplasty. These data were part of a prospective multicenter double-blind study on thromboprophylaxis for knee surgery. This study reports on the cases done at one institution in which the tourniquet was used in three different ways: group 1, no tourniquet use; group 2, limited tourniquet use for cementing time only; group 3, tourniquet use throughout the whole case. Blood loss was significantly related to tourniquet time (P = .0001). The incidence of deep vein thrombosis was not related to the tourniquet group (P = .9).     

止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将连续入院的拟行初次全膝关节置换的80例患者随机分为两组:一组使用止血带(止血带组,40例),一组不使用止血带(非止血带组,40例).全部采用后十字韧带替代型骨水泥固定人工膝关节(Smith-Nephew),手术由同一组医生完成.比较两组患者围手术期失血量、深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发生率、术中栓子面积百分率%Ae(即总栓子面积占右心房面积的百分率).术前及术后第1～10天行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察双下肢深静脉血栓的发生;术中使用经食道超声心动图监测右心房,评估止血带释放后的%Ae.结果 止血带组患者术中失血最小于非止血带组患者,但两组患者围手术期总失血量比较差异无统计学意义.止血带组患者和非止血带组患者深静脉血栓发生率比较无统计学差异,两组均未发生肺动脉栓塞.止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后的1 min达到高峰;非止血带组患者%Ae仅在扩髓和植入假体时出现高峰,然后缓慢下降;止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后大于非止血带组患者.结论 止血带的使用对全膝关节置换术围手术期总失血量并无明显影响,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的发生风险.     

The use of pneumatic tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

Background

Pneumatic tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is always a controversial issue. The aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of its use in patients receiving primary unilateral TKA, and to explore the most safe and effective protocols.

Materials and methods

This review was based on cochrane methodology for conducting meta-analysis. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for this study. The participants were adults who had undergone primary unilateral TKA. The Review Manager Database (RevMan version 5.0, The Cochrane Collaboration 2008) was used to analyze the dates of the selected studies.

Results

Thirteen RCTs involving 859 patients were included in this analysis. The use of tourniquet could significantly reduce operation time (mean difference ?5.01 min, P = 0.003), intraoperative blood loss (mean difference ?201.85 ml, P < 0.00001) and total blood loss volumes (mean difference ?125.03 ml, P = 0.61). But postoperative (mean difference 45.99 ml, P = 0.68) were slightly increased in that situation. With respect to surgical complications, a tendency of increasing risk ratio was observed for tourniquet group.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that tourniquet application could reduce surgical time, intraoperative blood loss and total blood loss, but increases postoperative total blood loss. With respect to postoperative complications, DVT and surgical site infection rates are relatively augmented in the tourniquet group.     

Effect of tourniquet application on deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty

Introduction There is a great deal of controversy about the effect of tourniquets on development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients and methods We investigated the incidence of postoperative DVT after TKA with or without the use of a tourniquet. The patients were 48 consecutive patients undergoing primary ipsilateral cemented TKA for osteoarthritis. Group A (21 patients) underwent the operation without a tourniquet, and Group B (27 patients) underwent the operation with a tourniquet. Ultrasonography to assess DVT was performed before and after the operation. Results Group B had less intraoperative and total blood loss than Group A. Postoperative DVT was detected in 81.3% of all cases, and symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred in 1.7%. Most of DVT was found in the calf vein. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative DVT between the two groups. Conclusion We conclude that the use of a tourniquet is beneficial, because it decreases perioperative blood loss and does not increase the risk of DVT. The incidence of DVT after TKA is considerably high with or without use of a tourniquet. Therefore, prevention and early detection of DVT are important for prevention of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism.     

不同止血带使用方法对TKA围手术期失血量影响的临床研究

目的研究人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）中两种不同止血带使用方法对围手术失血总量的影响。方法选取2009年1月至2010年6月60例60～75岁单侧TKA患者进行研究,随机分成A组（30例,术中采用截骨完成后使用止血带至手术结束）和B组（30例,术中采用全程在止血带下完成手术）,所有手术均由同一组医师完成,比较A、B两组患者围手术期总失血量、显性出血量、隐性失血量、输血比例、输血量及手术时间的差异。结果 A组在显性失血量、手术时间较B组明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而在围手术期总失血量、隐性失血量、输血比例、输血量A组较B组明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在TKA手术当中截骨完成后开始使用止血带的方法,是一种能够明显减少围手术期总失血量、降低输血比例及输血量的新手术方式,同时减少了手术后并发症的发生率。     

Hypotensive epidural anesthesia in total knee replacement without tourniquet: reduced blood loss and transfusion

BACKGOUND AND OBJECTIVES: For decades, hypotensive anesthesia has been used in an attempt to reduce intraoperative blood loss. Hypotensive epidural anesthesia (HEA) is a relatively new technique in hypotensive anesthesia. Use of a tourniquet has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic complications. The effect of HEA on blood loss and need for transfusion in total knee replacement (TKR) is not known. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients scheduled for TKR were randomized to HEA without tourniquet or spinal anesthesia with the use of a tourniquet (SPI). HEA was performed as an epidurally induced sympathetic block and there was an infusion of low-dose epinephrine to stabilize the circulation. RESULTS: Intraoperative mean arterial blood pressure was 48 mm Hg (HEA) versus 83 mm Hg (SPI) (P <.001). Intraoperative blood loss was 146 mL (HEA) versus 13 mL (SPI) (P <.001). Postoperative blood loss at any time was significantly reduced in the HEA group, and total loss of blood was 1,056 mL (HEA) versus 1,826 mL (SPI) (P <.001). Half of the bleeding took place during the first 3 postoperative hours and 80% during the first 24 hours. In the HEA group, 57% of the patients went through surgery and the hospital stay without receiving blood transfusion versus 19% in the SPI group (P <.05). There was a significantly reduced amount of blood transfusion in the HEA group (193 mL) versus 775 mL in the SPI group (P <.005). No cardiopulmonary, cerebral, or renal complications were registered. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that HEA is a safe technique that allows TKR without a tourniquet. Compared with spinal anesthesia, the use of HEA for TKR significantly reduces blood loss and the need for blood transfusion.     

止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术失血的影响

目的 探讨止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术(TKA)失血的影响.方法 2006年6月至2008年6月,80例TKA患者随机分为两组,每组40例.A组:释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口,B组:关闭切口弹力绷带包扎后释放止血带.比较两组患者的失血量、输血例数、手术时间、止血带使用时间及膝关节屈曲度.结果 A组术中失血量[(161.5±50.1)mL]多于B组((70.0±19.4)mL],术后失血量[(357.8±104.7)mL]少于B组[(467.9±116.0)mLl,总失血量[(516.8±107.9)mL]少于B组[(579.5±140.2)mL],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但两组输血例数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组手术时间为(77.7±14.6)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组止血带使用时间为(69.4±14.4)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后1周膝关节屈曲A组为93°、B组为84°,术后2周A组为113°、B组为103°,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但8周后A组膝关节屈曲为117°、B组为113°,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口可减少手术总失血量.     

全膝关节置换术个性化止血带压力设置

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换术中,应用彩色多普勒超声技术个性化设定止血带充气压力对其临床疗效的影响。[方法]将2017年3月～2017年8月在全麻下行初次单侧全膝关节置换术的71例患者随机分为两组。个性化压力组36例,便携式彩超探头置于腘动脉处,当腘动脉血流峰图完全消失时的充气压力为个性化止血带压力值;固定压力组35例采用传统固定止血带压力值为270 mmHg。比较两组止血带压力值、止血带使用时间、围手术期失血量、切口及止血带部位VAS疼痛评分、止血带部位周径、膝关节功能(HSS)评分、切口和止血带并发症。[结果]个性化压力组止血带的压力值、术后引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量、术后第1、3 d切口及止血带部位VAS评分、术后止血带部位周径、止血带部位及切口部位并发症均显著低于固定压力组(P0.05);术后1周膝关节功能评分,个性化压力组显著高于固定压力组(P0.05)。而在术中失血量和止血带使用时间方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]在全膝关节置换术中应用彩色多普勒超声仪设定个体化止血带的压力值,不仅可确保止血效果,而且可有效减少不良反应的发生率,从而提升使用止血带时的安全性,更有利于患者术后快速康复。     

Blood loss after total knee replacement. Effects of tourniquet release and continuous passive motion

We prospectively studied the cases of 121 patients who were being operated on for insertion of a unilateral total knee prosthesis with cement, and we placed them randomly in four groups. In Group I, the tourniquet was inflated throughout the operative procedure, and we released it postoperatively after a compressive dressing had been applied; a splint was used postoperatively for three days. In Group II, the tourniquet remained inflated throughout the operation, but no splint was applied postoperatively, and continuous passive motion was started immediately in the recovery room. In Group III, the tourniquet was released intraoperatively, and hemostasis was achieved by cauterization; postoperatively, a compressive dressing was applied, and a splint was used for three days. In Group IV, the tourniquet was released intraoperatively, hemostasis was established, and then the tourniquet was reinflated; a compressive dressing was applied, and continuous passive motion was started immediately in the recovery room. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were monitored in all patients. Blood loss in suction drainage was recorded, and the total blood loss was calculated. The results show that total knee arthroplasty is associated with major loss of blood (mean, 1518 milliliters). The calculated blood loss for Groups I, II, and III averaged 1443 milliliters, while that for Group IV averaged 1793 milliliters. Loss in suction drainage correlated with total estimated blood loss and averaged 511 milliliters. The magnitude of blood loss after total knee arthroplasty should be appreciated, and special attention should be paid to the availability of adequate fluid and blood products, preferably blood donated by the patient preoperatively.