Identifying risk factors in a mostly overweight patient population with coronary artery disease

Overweight/obesity is a complex multifactorial chronic disorder, and the American Heart Association (AHA) has recently classified as a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CAD). This study (1) evaluates the association between CAD in a patient population mostly overweight (MOP) and conventional and novel coronary risk factors by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and (2) seeks to find the best model by comparing univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis algorithms, which were systematically applied to risk factors by using Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic test. In univariate analysis, there were significant associations between CAD in MOP and conventional and novel risk factors. However, the model's sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy levels were weak. In multivariate analysis, although some risk factors were not found as predictors of coronary artery disease, the model showed good fit to data and had high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy levels. This was also confirmed by using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test, more specifically.     

Six minute walk distance in healthy subjects aged 55-75 years

BACKGROUND: The six minute walk test (6MWT) is the most commonly used exercise test in pulmonary rehabilitation; however, the paucity of six minute walk distance (6MWD) reference values from population-based samples limits data interpretation in patients. This study was undertaken to determine 6MWD in a population-based sample of healthy subjects and to identify predictors of 6MWD in this group. METHODS: Seventy Caucasian subjects (33 males) aged 55-75 years performed three tests using a standardised protocol. 6MWD was defined as the greatest distance achieved from the three tests. Other measurements included height, leg length, weight, forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)), exhaled carbon monoxide and self-reported physical activity including habitual walking. RESULTS: The average 6MWD was 659+/-62 m (range 484-820 m). Males walked 59+/-13 m further than females (P<0.001). Height (r=0.54, P<0.01), weight (r=0.25, P<0.05) and FEV(1) (r=0.48, P<0.001) were significantly correlated with 6MWD. Forwards stepwise multiple regression showed height (R(2)=0.294) and FEV(1) (R(2) change=0.045) to be independent predictors of 6MWD (P<0.05), explaining 33.9% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: 6MWD in this healthy population-based sample of males and females exceeds values previously reported. Height and FEV(1) were identified as significant independent predictors of 6MWD in this group.     

Vascular function correlates with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a healthy population of 35-year-old subjects

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether, in a healthy, randomly selected population of 35-year-old men and women, there is a relation between vascular function and conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as gender, smoking, elevated blood-lipids, high blood pressure and heredity for cardiovascular disease, and to blood glucose. DESIGN: Basal brachial artery diameter was measured. Endothelial function was measured as flow mediated dilation (FMD) in response to reactive hyperaemia. The nonendothelial dependent dilation was measured after sublingual nitro-glycerine (NTG). SETTING: A research centre of general medicine and a university hospital. SUBJECTS: One hundred men and 100 women all 35 years old, were invited by letter. Sixty-six of the 92 men (72%) living in the community and 74 of the 88 women (84%) participated. RESULTS: Gender had the largest influence on FMD and NTG induced arterial dilation, probably reflecting the larger vessel diameters in the men as FMD and NTG induced dilation is inversely related to basal vessel size (r = -0.55, P < 0.001 and r = -0.40, P < 0.001). In women basal vessel diameter was positively correlated to blood glucose (r = 0.35, P = 0.009) and BMI (r = 0.34, P = 0.012) and negatively correlated to HDL cholesterol (r = -0.43, P = 0.001). FMD and NTG induced arterial dilation correlated with a combined risk factor score (r = -0.32, P = 0.019 and r = -0.31, P = 0.024). The men with the highest risk factor scores had larger vessel size and higher blood flow at rest compared to men without risk factors (4.8 +/- 0.6 mm, 240 +/- 84 mL min-1 and 4.0 +/- 0.8 mm, 139 +/- 72 mL min-1, respectively, P = 0.014 and P = 0.016). FMD or NTG induced dilation did not correlate to any of the risk factors in men. CONCLUSIONS: There are correlations between vascular reactivity and risk factors for IHD in women and correlations between vessel diameter and risk factors for IHD in both men and women already in a healthy population 35-year-old subjects. Further studies are needed to determine if the vessel diameter in itself, in a healthy population, is a sign of attenuated endothelial function.     

Ethnic differences in coronary artery calcium in a healthy cohort aged 60 to 69 years

Measurement of coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been proposed as a screening tool, but CAC levels may differ according to race and gender. Racial/ethnic and gender distributions of CAC were examined in a randomly selected cohort of 60- to 69-year-old healthy subjects. Demographic, race/ethnicity (R/E), and clinical characteristics and assessment of CAC were collected. There were 723 white/European, 105 African-American, 73 Hispanic, and 67 East Asian subjects (597 men, 369 women) included in this analysis. Men had a significantly higher prevalence of any CAC (score>10) than women (76% vs 41%; p<0.0001). For men, the unadjusted odds of having any CAC was 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 3.8) for whites compared with African-Americans. For women, CAC scores were not significantly different across ethnic groups. After adjustment for coronary risk factors, African-American and East Asian R/E remained associated with a lower prevalence of CAC in men (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 0.33 and 0.47, respectively), as well as older age (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3), known hyperlipidemia (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7), and history of hypertension (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.3). In women, Asian R/E (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.7), history of smoking (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.1), and known hyperlipidemia (adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1) were associated with a higher prevalence of CAC independent of other risk factors. In conclusion, our data indicate that the presence of CAC varied significantly across selected race/ethnic groups independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.     

Gender gap in coronary artery disease: comparison of the extent, severity and risk factors in men and women aged 45-65 years

This retrospective study aimed to characterize coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors among relatively young women, as compared to men in a similar age group. Confirmed cases of CAD were compared regarding their medical background, performance and outcome of coronary artery procedures, physical profile and lifestyle information. The study population included 179 women and 270 men aged 45-65 years who were hospitalized during the study period 1990-1995 in the Hadassah Medical Centers. Significantly more women presented with histories of prior myocardial infarction and a higher number of vessels occluded by 80% or more and required percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for 3 or more arteries, and the women had a higher incidence of risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia than their male counterparts.     

中国35～64岁人群心血管病危险因素与发病危险预测模型的前瞻性研究

目的　探讨中国人群主要心血管病危险因素与心血管病发病绝对危险的关系 ,建立中国人群心血管病发病危险的预测模型。方法　采用前瞻性队列研究的方法 ,对 1992年建立的 11省市 35～ 6 4岁队列人群 [中国多省市队列研究 (ChinaMulti provincialCohortStudy ,CMCS) ]共 3172 8人基线危险因素水平和 1992～ 2 0 0 2年发生的心血管病事件 (包括急性冠心病事件和急性脑卒中事件 )进行单因素和多因素分析。结果　 (1) 10年累积平均急性冠心病事件发病率男性是 1 4 1% ,女性是 0 6 0 %。缺血性脑卒中事件的发病率男性是 2 0 2 % ,女性是 1 37%。 (2 )利用预测模型计算不同危险因素水平与缺血性心血管病发病概率 ,结果显示 :随着危险因素个数的增加心血管病发病的绝对危险增加 ,不同危险因素之间有协同作用 ,不同的危险因素组合对心血管病发病危险的作用强度有所差别。 (3)我国 35～ 6 4岁人群缺血性心血管病发病危险概率 <10 %者占 95 4 % ,发病危险概率≥ 10 %者占 4 6 % ,发病危险概率≥ 2 0 %者只占 0 8%。而缺血性心血管病事件的 2 5 5 %发生在发病危险概率≥ 10 %的人群中。结论　危险因素与心血管病发病绝对危险的评估比相对危险度具有更重要的公共卫生意义。在评价不同个体的心血管病危险时不应     

Type II diabetes mellitus and selected metabolic disorders in urban population aged over 35 years

Recent epidemiologic studies show increasing "epidemic" of diabetes mellitus throughout the world. Reliable data on diabetes prevalence in Poland are scarce. Therefore Polish Ministry of Health initiated a programme aiming at gathering substantial amount of epidemiologic data on the prevalence of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and lipid disorders in a well-defined urban population aged 35 and over. The study subjects were 6000 randomly chosen inhabitants of the Central District of Lodz. All were invitated to participate in the study by mail. Every participant underwent full medical examination, with body mass index (BMI) calculation, and blood pressure as well as waist-to-hip ratio measurements. Serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed. In non-diabetes subjects oral glucose tolerance test (75 g) (OGTT) according to WHO protocol was performed unless their fasting capillary blood glucose exceeded 8 mmol/l. In selected subjects serum samples were stored for future insulin and C-peptide assays. 2018 persons took part in the study (response rate 33.6%), including 1217 (60.3%) women and 801 men (39.7%), mean age 58.2 years. 179 (8.9%) persons claimed to have been diagnosed with diabetes previously (8.9%). OGTT was performed in 1574 subjects. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found in 342 (17.0%), and diabetes in 138 (6.8%) subjects. Total diabetes prevalence reached therefore 15.7%. Excessive body weight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) was noted in 806 (39.9%), and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) in 626 (31.0%) persons. Total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/l was observed in 1170 (58.0%), LDL-cholesterol > 3.5 mmol/l in 734 (36.4%), cholesterol HDL < 0.9 mmol/l in 953 (47.2%), and triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/l in 1392 osób (69.0%) subjects. In conclusion, high prevalence of known and unknown diabetes together with other metabolic disorders is strikingly high in adult urban population, which in all may require effective implementation of specific nationwide prevention programmes.     

Symptomatic coronary artery disease in patients aged 21 to 30 years

One hundred one young people (88 men, 13 women) aged 30 years or younger with arteriographically proved obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) were identified and reviewed for risk factor prevalence. The men were compared with an age and date-of-catheterization matched control group who were arteriographically normal. Significant risk factors were cigarette smoking (p = 0.001), familial CAD (p = 0.002) and familial CAD manifested by age 50 years or younger (p = 0.005). Serum cholesterol values were significantly higher in the CAD group (p = 0.0001), but in most (54%) were still less than 250 mg/dl. Arteriography showed a spectrum of CAD: 1-vessel in 57, 2-vessel in 21 and 3-vessel in 22. One patient had significant left main CAD. Follow-up was obtained for all of the 94 American subjects. One-year mortality was 3% and 5-year mortality was 20%. The causes of death were predominantly cardiac: myocardial infarction in 10 patients, congestive heart failure in 2 and sudden death in 6; 3 patients died of noncardiac causes.     

Identifying cardiovascular risk factors in a patient population with coronary artery ectasia

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is frequently considered as a form of coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular risk factors were determined in a patient population with CAE. The 51 patients with isolated CAE (group 1), 61 patients with CAE coexisting with significant coronary stenosis (group 2), and 62 subjects with significant coronary stenosis (group 3) were included in the study, and the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors was compared. Thirty of 51 patients with isolated CAE had presented with typical angina pectoris, 8 patients with unstable angina pectoris, and 13 patients had atypical chest pain or palpitation. The 21 of 51 patients with isolated CAE had definitive positive treadmill exercise test results. Positive family history was similar in each group. The history of smoking was similar in group 1 and group 2 but higher than group 3. Frequency of hypertension was similar in group 1 and group 2 but higher than that in group 3. Frequency of diabetes mellitus was similar in group 1 and group 2 but lower than group 3. Plasma lipid levels and the number of patients with lipid disturbances were also similar in each group. In addition, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were above the normal limits and there was no difference among groups with respect to plasma CRP levels. CAE appears to be associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. In addition, elevated CRP level in patients with CAE may suggest the role of inflammatory process in development of CAE.     

Serum ascorbic acid levels in men aged 55-75 years: association to selected social factors and biochemical parameters

Serum ascorbic acid (SAA) levels were determined in 500 subjects aged 55-75 years participating in the New Risk Factors (NRF) Survey between March and December 1990. In the total sample mean concentration of SAA was 8.75 mg/1 (95% confidence interval: 8.41-9.20). SAA levels of 2 mg/l or less (severe hypovitaminosis C) were found in 19 subjects (3.8%). A further 9.6% of subjects (n=48) has SAA levels between 2 and 4 mg/l (marginal hypovitaminosis C). Subjects with hypovitaminosis C reported a significantly higher daily cigarette consumption and had higher blood lead (B-Pb) and blood cadmium (B-Cd) levels. An Inverse relationship was found between SAA levels and smoking status, body mass index (BMI) and B-Pb. Among current smokers aged 55-65 years the prevalence of hypovitaminosis C was not significantly higher than in non smokers (chi(2) was 2.4 for severe and 4.7 for marginal hypovitaminosis C, respectively). On the contrary, in subjects aged 66-75 years the occurrence of hypovitaminosis C was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (chi(2) was 6.6 for severe and 10.3 for marginal hypovitaminosis C. respectively).     

中老年冠心病多重危险因素临床分析

目的　观察中老年国人冠心病多重危险因素中各种因素所占比重。方法　顺序入选 16 2例 (男 12 4 ,女38)冠脉造影检查患者 ,采用LOGISTIC法分析年龄、性别、吸烟史、家族史、血压、脉压 (PP)、血糖 (Glu)、血胆固醇 (TC)和甘油三酯 (TG)等危险因素与冠脉狭窄病变之间的关系。结果　性别、年龄、吸烟、舒张压 (DBP)、PP、Glu、TC与冠心病有显著相关性 ,其中以性别、年龄、Glu、DBP和PP影响较大。结论　冠心病的危险因素控制 ,除血糖、血脂和戒烟外 ,纠正舒张压过低和脉压过大非常重要     

Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in a selected Thai population

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition with high mortality, but it is amenable to secondary prevention. Data on its prevalence in Thailand are scarce. To study the prevalence of PAD in a middle-class, urban Thai population, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Electric Generating Authority of Thailand's head plant, Nonthaburi, in 2002 and 2003 on all surviving and contactable employees and former employees who had participated in the first cardiovascular risk factors survey in 1985. Participants completed a structured questionnaire detailing their medical history, and they underwent a physical examination. A diagnosis of PAD was made when the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was < 0.9. Ankle-brachial index data were available for 98% of participants in the survey; 75% were men, and participants' ages ranged from 52 to 73 years. The overall prevalence of PAD was 5.2%. The age-standardized prevalence of PAD was 4% in men and 9% in women. Multiple logistic regression analysis found hypertension (OR = 1.7), female gender (OR = 1.9), current smoking (OR = 3.0), current alcohol drinking (OR = 0.41), and overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m( 2), OR = 0.54) to be significant (P < .05) predictors of PAD. The prevalence of PAD in urban, middle-class Thais was similar to that in the population in developed countries.     

青年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的临床特点在青年与老年患者间的差异。方法回顾性分析48例青年冠心病患者与156例老年冠心病患者的临床资料,着重分析比较两组的危险因素及冠状动脉造影结果。结果青年组冠心病患者女性比例占6.25%(3/48),明显低于老年组的33.33%(52/156),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。青年组体质量指数明显高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(27.03±2.73)kg/m2vs.(25.16±3.05)kg/m2,P0.01]。青年组大量吸烟的比例也远高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[75.00%(36/48)vs.36.54%(57/156),P0.01]。老年组合并原发性高血压、糖尿病的发生率高于青年组,差异有统计学意义[51.28%(80/156)vs.16.67%(8/48),P0.01;30.77%(48/156)vs.6.25%(3/48),P0.01]。青年组血浆总胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及三酰甘油浓度与老年组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。青年组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度低于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(0.85±1.80)mmol/Lvs.(1.08±0.23)mmol/L,P0.01]。青年组血浆尿酸浓度高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(349.10±67.02)mmol/lvs.(323.77±73.82)mmol/L,P0.01]。青年组冠状动脉病变以单支病变为主,且左前降支病变发生率最高。结论男性、肥胖、大量吸烟为青年冠心病主要发病危险因素,低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度和高尿酸浓度也可能为青年冠心病的危险因素;青年冠状动脉病变轻,以单支病变为主。     

Prevalence of ischemic heart disease and mortality among kaunas population aged 35-64 years in the prospective study

MONICA (MONItoring trends and determinants of CArdiovascular diseases) study was carried out in Kaunas in 1983-1993 in three random samples of population aged 35-64 (overall 2694 men and 2801 women). The prevalence of previous MI among men was higher than among women in the first and in the third surveys (2,2 and 1,1%, p <0,05 and 4,4 and 1,2%, p <0,001, respectively). The prevalence of angina pectoris among men and among women did not reveal statistically significant difference in all three surveys. The prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia was higher among women than among men in the two surveys. The prevalence of all forms of IHD was higher among women than among men in the first and in the second surveys (16,2 and 10,2%, p <0,001 and 16,4 and 10,9%, p <0,001, respectively). Total mortality, mortality from CVD and from IHD among men with IHD was higher than among men without IHD. Total mortality and mortality from CVD among women with silent myocardial ischemia and IHD was higher than in control group. The differences in mortality among women with different forms of IHD were not significant from those without IHD.     

Risk factors for coronary heart disease in 55- and 35-year-old men and women in Sweden and Estonia

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the geographical West-to-East division of coronary heart disease (CHD) by comparing a population from Sweden, that represents a Western country to a population from Estonia, that represents an Eastern country. Estonia has an approximately 2-4-fold higher CHD prevalence for 55-year-old women and men, respectively, than Sweden. DESIGN: Randomized screening of 35- and 55-year-old men and women in Sollentuna county, Sweden and Tartu county, Estonia. Eight hundred subjects, 100 from each cohort, were invited to participate in the study, 272 Swedes and 277 Estonians participated. SETTING: Preventive cardiology, administered by a primary health care centre at the Karolinska Hospital, Sweden and a cardiology centre at Tartu University Hospital, Estonia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CHD risk factors (smoking, blood pressure, concentrations of lipoproteins, fibrinogen, and glucose) and certain environmental factors and attitudes related to CHD risk by questionnaires (fat-type and alcohol ingestion, self-assessed rating of CHD susceptibility). RESULTS: Of the 55-year-old men, 57% smoked in Estonia and 20% smoked in Sweden. Similar, although less pronounced differences showing higher smoking prevalence, were seen for 35-year-old Estonian men and women, whilst for 55-year-old women, less than 20% smoked in either country. Estonian 55-year-old women had lower HDL cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol serum concentrations than Swedish 55-year-old women. Estonians reportedly ate food containing more saturated fats than Swedes, as indicated by the scale-score questionnaire. Estonians, relative to Swedes, rated their chance of developing CHD higher, and paradoxically, Estonians did to a much lesser degree believe that life style influences the risk of developing CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated smoking prevalence is a striking difference between the Estonian and Swedish populations likely to explain the much higher CHD prevalence in Estonian men. The lower HDL cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol in Estonian 55-year-old women may explain the higher CHD prevalence in Estonian women. Furthermore, the SWESTONIA CHD study (i.e. comparison between Sweden and Estonia) shows several environmental differences between the countries populations related to fat content in food, alcohol drinking patterns, and views on CHD risk and the importance of lifestyle intervention, that could contribute to the higher CHD prevalence in Estonia.     

早发冠心病相关危险因素的研究进展

冠心病(CHD)如果发生的年龄较轻(男性<55岁,女性<65岁)称为早发冠心病(premature coronary artery disease,PCAD)[1].冠心病是遗传和环境因素相互作用的结果,具有一定早发冠心病遗传基质的个体更容易罹患早发冠心病.大量流行病学及循证医学证实,早发冠心病家族史、性别、吸烟、高胆固醇血症、高脂血症、糖尿病、肥胖、高血压和C-反应蛋白均与冠心病呈正相关.     

Prevalence of coronary artery disease in a general population without suspicion of coronary artery disease: angiographic analysis of subjects aged 40 to 70 years referred for catheter ablation therapy.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of coronary vessel wall alterations in the general population is not known. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease in persons in whom the underlying disease was not related to coronary artery disease and could therefore be regarded as a near normal population. METHODS: We included 331 consecutive patients (173 men, 158 women, aged between 40 and 70 years) who were referred for catheter ablation of an accessory pathway (67.4% ) or atrioventricular-node modification (32.6%) and who underwent coronary angiography as part of their routine baseline evaluation before radiofrequency current application. Most of the patients (79%) of this cohort were free of symptoms of coronary artery disease. Based on visual inspection of coronary angiograms in multiple projections, patients were classified to have one-, two- or three-vessel disease if stenoses greater than 50% of lumen diameter were present. In addition, diffuse vessel wall alterations were assessed using two different score systems. RESULTS: The prevalence of coronary artery disease in this near normal population was 7.3%, with a significant difference in coronary asymptomatic (3.8%) vs symptomatic patients (17.1%). Mean levels of total cholesterol and other risk factors were not significantly different in patients with coronary artery disease compared to those without. But levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) were significantly higher and high-density (HDL) cholesterol lower in patients with a stenosis or extent score higher than zero compared to a score of zero. The values of all vessel scores evaluating the extent of critical and diffuse coronary vessel alterations were very low in patients affected with coronary artery disease, indicating a low degree of diffuse alteration of the vessel wall. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of coronary artery disease with at least one critical stenosis in subjects aged 40-70 years with an average cholesterol level of 238+/-42 mg. dl(-1)is 7.3%.     

中国35～64岁人群胆固醇水平与10年心血管病发病危险的前瞻性研究

目的探讨我国35～64岁人群血清总胆固醇（TC）水平与心血管病（包括急性冠心病事件和急性脑卒中事件）发病危险的关系。方法采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,对1992年建立的11省市35—64岁队列人群共30384人的基线TC水平和1992-2002年发生的急性冠心病事件和急性脑卒中事件的关系进行分析。应用Cox比例风险模型对TC水平与心血管病发病危险进行多因素分析。结果（1）以TC〈3．64mmol／L（140mg／d1）组为对照,随着TC水平的增加,缺血性心血管病发病危险呈持续增加变化。（2）TC水平与不同类型的心血管病的关系有所差别：缺血性脑卒中事件发病危险从TC很低水平（〈3．64mmol／L）开始,随着TC水平的增加呈持续上升的变化;而出血性脑卒中事件与TC水平的关系缺乏一致性。多因素分析结果显示：与TC〈5．72mmol／L（220mg／d1）相比,TC≥5．72mmol／L时急性冠心病发病危险增加74％（RR=1．743,P〈0．01）,缺血性脑卒中发病危险增加12％（RR=1．119,P〉0．05）。（3）在缺血性心血管病事件中,5．9％可归因于高TC血症;其中11．7％的急性冠心病事件和2．9％的急性缺血性脑卒中事件可归因于高TC血症。（4）不同TC水平时,随着合并其他心血管病危险因素个数的增加,10年心血管病发病的绝对危险增加。结论从TC低水平〈3．64mmol／L（140mg／dl）开始,随着TC水平的增加缺血性心血管病的发病危险持续上升。应该加强多重危险因素的综合干预,以减少心血管病的综合危险。