扁玉螺多糖的提取、分离和结构分析

目的从扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构组成进行分析。方法依次采用水提和碱提方法从扁玉螺中提取粗多糖,采用DEAE Sepharose FF阴离子交换和Sephacryl S-300凝胶柱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化,并对其总糖、蛋白、氨基糖、糖醛酸和硫酸根含量,相对分子质量和单糖组成进行分析。对多糖纯化组分采用甲基化、气质联用(GC-MS)、红外光谱(IR)、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和核磁共振波谱(NMR)对其化学结构进行分析。结果扁玉螺水提粗多糖(BYL-S)中不含有糖醛酸和硫酸基,其单糖组成只含Glc,进一步分离得到了4种水溶性多糖组分。碱提粗多糖(BYL-J)单糖组成相对复杂,除含有Glc外,还含有Man、GlcN、GalN、Gal和Fuc,其摩尔比为Glc∶Man∶GlcN∶GalN∶Gal∶Fuc=78.9∶1.7∶3.4∶2.2∶5.2∶5.6,进一步分离得到了3种多糖组分。对水提多糖纯化组分BYL-S2的结构分析表明其是以α-(1→4)为主链,含有少量β-(1→3,4)和β-(1→3)分支的D-吡喃型葡聚糖。结论从扁玉螺中提取分离得到了7种多糖组分,并确定了一种水溶性葡聚糖的结构,为扁玉螺多糖结构和活性的深入研究提供了基础。     

太平洋牡蛎多糖的提取、分离和结构分析

目的　从太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)肉中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构组成进行分析。方法　将牡蛎鲜肉制成丙酮粉,依次采用室温水,60 ℃热水和稀碱提取牡蛎粗多糖,对其总糖含量、蛋白含量和单糖组成进行分析。采用DEAE Sepharose FF阴离子交换和Sephacryl S-400凝胶柱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化,并对获得的纯化组分采用红外光谱 (IR)、甲基化、气质联用 (GC-MS)、电喷雾质谱 (ESI-MS) 和核磁共振波谱 (NMR) 等方法进行化学结构分析。结果　从牡蛎肉中提取得到了3种牡蛎粗多糖,单糖组成都只含有葡萄糖 (Glc)。对粗多糖进一步分离,得到了5种多糖纯化组分。对水溶性多糖纯化组分 MC-11 的结构进行了分析,表明其是以 →4)-α-D-Glc-(1→ 为主链,含有 →3,4)- β-D-Glc-(1→和 →2,4)- β-D-Glc-(1→ 分支的 D-吡喃型葡聚糖,相对分子质量为1299 kDa。结论　从太平洋牡蛎肉中分离纯化得到了5种多糖组分,并采用多种方法确定了1种纯化组分 MC-11 的结构,为牡蛎多糖结构与活性关系的深入研究提供了基础。     

一种紫贻贝水提多糖的理化性质和结构分析

目的从紫贻贝中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构进行分析,为紫贻贝多糖活性研究提供基础。方法将紫贻贝鲜肉制成丙酮粉后,经60℃热水提取,去核酸和采用Sepharcryl S-300凝胶层析分离得到了一种水溶性多糖组分(HWS)。采用硫酸-苯酚法、Folin-酚法、柱前衍生高效液相色谱法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法分别对HWS的总糖含量、蛋白含量、单糖组成、相对分子质量进行了测定,并通过甲基化和气质联用(GC/MS)分析、红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)技术对HWS的结构进行了分析。结果 HWS是以(1→4)-α-D-Glcp为主链,含有少量的→2,4)-Glcp-(1→和→6)-β-Glc-(1→分支的葡聚糖,平均每6个主链糖残基含有1个分支。结论采用60℃热水提取和凝胶柱层析分离得到紫贻贝多糖,通过多种化学分析及现代仪器分析技术确定了HWS的结构,为紫贻贝多糖活性的深入研究提供了参考和借鉴。     

紫贻贝多糖的提取、分离和基本理化性质分析

目的从紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeus)中提取和分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质进行分析,为贻贝多糖的结构和活性研究提供依据。方法依次采用冷水,木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶联合酶解的方法提取贻贝粗多糖,并对粗多糖的总糖、蛋白、糖醛酸、糖胺聚糖和硫酸根含量进行分析。分别采用Sephacryl S-300凝胶柱层析和QSepharose 4 Fast Flow阴离子交换柱层析对粗多糖进行分离和纯化,并对纯化后的组分进行单糖组成、纯度及相对分子质量分析。结果从紫贻贝中经提取和分离共得到了8种水溶性多糖组分,其中水提组分LTS1-A单糖组成较简单,只含Glc。其余各组分单糖组成相对复杂,主要含有Man、GlcN、Gal和Fuc。采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法对各多糖组分进行分析都呈现较为均一的色谱峰,表明具有较好的纯度,各组分相对分子质量范围约为3.0~40 kD。结论采用水提和酶提方法得到了具有不同理化性质的多糖,经两步层析分离能够得到纯度较高的多糖组分,为下一步紫贻贝多糖结构和活性的深入研究提供了依据。     

蛹虫草固体发酵菌丝体多糖的提取纯化与含量测定

［摘要］目的建立蛹虫草固体发酵菌丝体多糖提取和含量测定方法,并探讨多糖的纯化工艺。方法采用正交实验确定最佳提取条件,利用苯酚 硫酸法测定菌丝体中多糖的含量,并用葡聚糖凝胶G 100对粗多糖按相对分子质量进行分段纯化。结果水提醇沉总糖产率为1.36%;多糖CP 1经葡聚糖凝胶柱层析得到5种组分;CP 1经硫酸水解后硅胶板层析得出主要单糖组分是葡萄糖。结论该提取测定方法操作简单,重复性好,结果准确可靠,适合蛹虫草固体发酵菌丝体多糖的提取、分离和纯化。     

灰树花菌丝体中几种多糖的分离及结构表征

目的从灰树花菌丝体中分离多糖 ,并进行结构分析。方法灰树花菌丝体经 85 %乙醇脱脂后 ,依次用热水、冷碱和热碱对其进行提取。所得多糖采用气相色谱、高效液相色谱、红外光谱、高碘酸氧化、Smith降解等方法分析。结果热水提取得到了 1种水溶性杂多糖 ,相对分子质量为 85 0 0 0 ,含岩藻糖 甘露糖 葡萄糖 (0 .0 3∶0 .74∶1)和少量糖醛酸 ;碱提取得到 2种含β (1,6 / 1,3)连接的水溶性葡聚糖 ,相对分子质量分别为 95 0 0 0和 14 0 0 0 0。结论灰树花菌丝体水提取可得到杂多糖 ;碱提取可得到具有超螺旋结构的水溶性 β (1,6 / 1,3) 葡聚糖     

红树林内生真菌Trichodermasp.多糖的化学组成和结构表征

目的 对红树林内生真菌Trichoderma sp.菌丝体多糖进行研究。方法 将菌丝体干燥粉碎后,依次采用冷水、热水和热碱提取粗多糖,并采用离子交换柱层析和凝胶渗透柱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化;通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)、高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)、红外光谱(IR)以及气质联用色谱(GC-MS)等方法对多糖进行化学组成分析和结构表征。结果 从菌丝体中分离纯化获得5个多糖LPC2-1、LPC3-1、LPR2-1、LPA2-1和LPA3-1,它们的得率分别为32%、41%、28%、36%和47%,分子量分别为15.3, 74.6, 9.5, 19.4和35.2 kDa;这5种多糖均由不同比例的甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,LPR2-1还含有少量的葡萄糖胺;5种多糖的糖链中均含有末端Man、(1,2)-Man、(1,6)-Man、(1,2,6)-Man、(1,2)-Galf和(1,6)-Galf;此外,每种多糖含有其它不同的糖基连接方式。结论 首次从红树林内生真菌Trichoderma sp.菌丝体中分离纯化获得了5种多糖组分,它们的化学组成和结构特征不同,均含有少见的(1,2)-Galf和(1,6)-Galf的连接方式。     

当归多糖X—C—3—Ⅱ的分离纯化与组成研究

目的对中药岷当归[Angelicasinensis(Oliv)Diels]的水溶性成分进行研究,分离出有活性的单一的多糖组分.方法采用热水提取、乙醇沉淀、DEAE-SephadexA-25柱层析进行分离,凝胶色谱法测定相对分子质量,利用气相色谱法鉴定多糖组分中所含单糖的种类和它们之间的摩尔比.结果分离得到一个多糖组分X-C3-Ⅱ,相对分子质量为1.0×105,其中所含单糖的种类和它们之间的摩尔比为葡萄糖半乳糖阿拉伯糖鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸=56.022.118.91.91.1.结论x-C-3-Ⅱ为首次从该植物中分离得到,并且为均一性多糖.     

裂壶藻(Schizochytrium limacinum)多糖的提取分离及其结构特性

目的从裂壶藻(Schizochytrium limacinum)中提取分离多糖并对其进行结构特性分析。方法采用热水提取并结合Q-Sepharose Fast Flow强阴离子交换柱分离,从中获得2种多糖组分(SLW1和SLW2)。运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、甲基化和核磁共振碳谱(13 C-NMR)法分别对其单糖组成、相对分子质量及结构特性进行了分析。结果 2种多糖均以Gal为主(>75%),且含有少量的Glc、Man和GlcN;相对分子质量分别为39.8kD和103.8kD;FTIR显示它们均属于硫酸多糖,其硫酸酯基主要位于半乳糖残基的C6位。结论结构分析表明:SLW2中含有→6)Galf(1→、→5)Galf(1→、→3,4)Galp(1→、→3)Galp(1→以及→4,6)Galp(1→等多种连接方式。     

一种多棘海盘车内脏多糖的提取分离和结构表征

目的　从多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)内脏中提取、分离纯化多糖,并对其基本理化性质和结构进行表征。方法　采用沸水提取与酶解联用的方法从多棘海盘车内脏脱脂粉中提取粗多糖;采用Q Sepharose FF强阴离子交换和Sephacryl S-100凝胶渗透色谱对粗多糖进行分离纯化;采用硫酸-苯酚法、Folin-酚法、高效凝胶渗透色谱-十八角激光散射仪(HPGPC-MALLS)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)分别进行总糖含量,蛋白含量,分子量和单糖组成进行分析;采用甲基化、红外光谱(IR)、气质联用(GC/MS)和一维、二维核磁共振波谱(NMR)法对纯化多糖结构进行表征。结果　从多棘海盘车内脏中提取粗多糖的收率为3.3%。经过离子交换和分子排阻色谱分离纯化,得到一种分子量均一的多糖组分 F2-A,该多糖主要由葡萄糖(Glc)组成,其糖含量为97.6%,分子量为2708 kDa,是一种以α-(1-4)-Glc为主链并含有少量β-(1-3,4)分支的海星内脏来源葡聚糖。结论 从多棘海盘车内脏中纯化得到一种高分子量、结构独特的葡聚糖,为将来从事其结构和生物活性关系的研究提供了有用信息。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.