孤立性鼻骨发育异常预测21-三体胎儿

目的 评估孤立性鼻骨发育异常预测21-三体胎儿的价值。方法 回顾性分析产前诊断发现的32胎鼻骨发育异常胎儿,孕11~32周。将32胎鼻骨异常胎儿分为两组,孤立性鼻骨发育异常组(21胎)和非孤立性鼻骨发育异常组(即同时合并其他系统异常,11胎)。采用Fisher确切概率法比较两组间21-三体的发生率。结果 孤立性鼻骨发育异常组21胎染色体结果均正常;非孤立性鼻骨发育异常组11胎中6胎染色体正常,5胎21-三体胎儿,二者21-三体胎儿发生率的差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。结论 鼻骨发育异常、且同时合并其他系统异常的胎儿为21-三体的风险较高;而孤立性鼻骨发育异常胎儿染色体异常的风险较小。     

产前超声检出胎儿鼻骨低平的临床意义

目的 分析产前超声检出胎儿鼻骨低平的临床意义。方法 回顾性分析20胎鼻骨低平胎儿(鼻额角＞140°)。于孕20~28⁺⁶周进行产前超声检查,孕妇均于孕16~20周接受唐氏筛查或无创DNA筛查,发现高风险或胎儿结构异常时行羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺,分析染色体是否存在异常;观察胎儿面部正中矢状切面鼻额角及是否合并其他结构异常。结果 20胎胎儿鼻额角为143.10°~157.81°,平均(149.84±4.06)°;其中11胎合并其他结构异常,包括小头畸形、股骨短、脊柱异常、小下颌、盖伦静脉瘤等。对10胎行羊水穿刺、2胎行脐血穿刺,于其中4胎检出染色体异常,包括2胎21三体、1胎18三体及1胎基因组拷贝数变异测序(CNV-seq)异常(即X染色体p22.33-p22.32处缺失2.14 Mb区域)。获诊后10名孕妇继续妊娠,后顺产或接受剖宫产;9名接受引产,1名失访。结论 鼻骨低平胎儿常合并其他结构异常;产前检出胎儿鼻骨低平提示其可能存在染色体异常,包括非整倍体、微缺失等。     

产前超声诊断静脉导管缺失及走行异常

目的 探讨胎儿静脉导管(DV)缺失及走行异常的产前超声图像特征及其临床意义。方法 回顾性分析本院诊断为胎儿DV缺失及走行异常9胎的临床及声像图特征。结果 7胎DV缺失,脐静脉直接回流至右心房伴静脉导管缺失;2胎DV走行异常,1胎汇入冠状静脉窦,1胎汇入肝静脉。胎儿结局:5胎因合并畸形引产,1胎生后由于膈疝缺口太大及肺发育不良死亡,1胎28周早产死亡,2胎生后暂未见明显异常;8胎合并其他畸形,1胎孤立性DV走行异常;7胎合并心内畸形,3胎合并心外畸形。结论 产前超声检查可诊断DV缺失及走行异常;应结合畸形严重程度及染色体检查结果评价预后。     

中孕期胎儿鼻骨超声检查及临床意义探讨

目的 利用超声检测中孕期胎儿鼻骨发育,探讨超声测量胎儿鼻骨在检出染色体异常疾病的价值及临床意义.方法 2010-01-2010-12来广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院进行中孕期常规超声检查及胎儿系统超声筛查的孕妇进行鼻骨检测,对超声检查鼻骨异常者行染色体核型分析.结果 71 984例常规产前超声检查及产前超声系统筛查的孕妇,发现鼻骨缺失或发育不良者84例,合并有其他结构畸形22例,其中有染色体异常者32例(21-三体24例,18-三体7例,13-三体1例).结论 中孕期超声检测胎儿鼻骨对发现染色体异常有一定的临床实用价值,不失为一种简便、安全、可重复、非侵入性、孕妇易于接受的产前检查方法.     

脉络丛囊肿特征用于预测胎儿染色体异常

目的 评价脉络丛囊肿(CPC)特征用于预测胎儿染色体异常的价值。方法 纳入112胎产前超声诊断CPC胎儿,根据染色体检查结果分为异常组(n=8)及正常组(n=104);比较组间孕妇年龄、诊断胎儿CPC时间、CPC特征及是否合并其他结构异常等因素的差异,并采用后退法行logistic回归分析,筛选预测CPC胎儿染色体异常的独立因素并构建回归模型,评价其预测价值;记录胎儿结局。结果 8胎染色体异常,包括5胎18三体、1胎21三体、1胎染色体微缺失微重复及1胎染色体异位。组间囊肿数目及是否合并其他异常比例差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。将囊肿数目及是否合并其他异常纳入回归方程,后者是预测胎儿染色体异常的独立因素(OR=19.865,P<0.05);该模型预测CPC胎儿染色体异常的曲线下面积为0.892,敏感度为87.50%,特异度为78.85%。异常组6胎接受引产,1胎早产、1胎足月顺产,出生后生长发育未见明显异常。正常组5胎接受引产或流产;99胎活产,出生前93胎囊肿消失、6胎至出生前囊肿仍存在。99例新生儿中,17例失访(其中5例出生前囊肿仍存在),80例生长发育无明显异常;1例出生后复查囊肿仍存在,1例诊断为孤独症。结论 CPC数目及是否合并其他结构异常可用于预测胎儿染色体异常。     

超声检查中孕期胎儿颈后部皮肤皱褶增厚对筛查21-三体综合征的临床意义

目的 探讨中孕期超声检查发现胎儿颈后部皮肤皱褶(NF)增厚对筛查21-三体综合征的临床意义。方法 对有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术或胎儿脐带血穿刺术,并进行染色体核型分析,计算超声对NF增厚胎儿21-三体综合征的检出率,分析胎儿NF增厚与21-三体综合征的关系。结果 接受羊膜腔穿刺术的孕妇中,超声共发现NF增厚胎儿18胎,其中5胎检出21-三体综合征,检出率为27.78%,NF增厚对21-三体综合征的检出率明显高于其他超声异常对21-三体综合征的检出率(P＝0.015)。接受胎儿脐带血穿刺术的孕妇中,超声共发现NF增厚胎儿12胎,其中1胎检出21-三体综合征,检出率为8.33%。结论 胎儿NF增厚是中孕期筛查21-三体综合征的有效的超声软指标。     

孕15~20＋6周产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床研究

目的：评价产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查对提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床价值。方法选择于孕15~20＋6周已行孕妇血清学筛查且结果提示有21-三体和（或）18-三体临界风险的628例胎儿行超声筛查,采用经腹部超声对胎儿鼻骨（NB）和颈部皮肤皱褶（NF,中孕期超声软指标）进行检测,观察有无鼻骨发育不良、有无颈部皮肤皱褶增厚（＞6 mm为增厚）及有无其他超声软指标异常,对鼻骨发育不良及颈部皱褶增厚者进行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析。结果产前超声筛查的628例胎儿中发现鼻骨皱发育不良6例（0.96%,6/628）,其中1例合并颈部皮肤皱褶增厚,2例合并肠道回声增强,1例合并脉络膜囊肿,1例合并左心室内高回声;6例胎儿均行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析,2例为21-三体（33.3%,2/6）,余4例染色体未见明显异常。结论产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查可提高染色体临界风险胎儿染色体异常的检出率。     

中孕期超声软指标在胎儿染色体筛查中的价值

目的 探讨中孕期超声软指标在胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值。方法 对757例单胎妊娠高危孕妇行中孕期超声检查,观察以下超声软指标:胎儿颈部软组织有无增厚、胎儿鼻骨存在与否、有无脉络丛囊肿、有无轻度侧脑室增宽、有无心室强回声点、有无肠管强回声、有无肾盂轻度扩张及单脐动脉。之后所有孕妇均接受羊水穿刺行胎儿染色体核型分析。结合胎儿软指标及染色体核型结果,统计分析超声软指标与胎儿染色体异常的关系。结果 757胎胎儿中,软指标阳性200胎(200/757, 26.42%),阴性557胎(557/757,73.58%);染色体异常56胎。其中软指标阳性胎儿中,染色体异常39胎。颈部软组织增厚及鼻骨缺失是与胎儿染色体异常关系最密切的两项软指标(P均<0.01)。结论 高危孕妇中,软指标阳性胎儿染色体异常发生率高于软指标阴性胎儿。不同超声软指标在预测胎儿染色体异常中价值不同,其中颈部软组织增厚及鼻骨缺失意义最大。     

产前超声评估胎儿颜面轮廓及相关遗传学疾病

目的 探讨产前超声评估胎儿颜面轮廓的可行性及对胎儿遗传学疾病的提示价值.方法 应用产前二维及三维超声观察20胎胎儿的颜面正中矢状面,评估颜面轮廓异常,并与染色体分析结果进行对照.结果 发现9胎21-三体、4胎18-三体、1胎13-三体和1胎4p-,5胎染色体正常.20胎中,鼻骨缺失或发育不良共8胎(6胎21-三体,2胎染色体正常);鼻前组织增厚9胎(8胎21-三体,1胎4p-);小下颌8胎(4胎18-三体,1胎21-三体,1胎13-三体,1胎4p-及1胎染色体正常);颜面扁平5胎(2胎21-三体,2胎Larsen综合征,1胎染色体正常);上颌前突2胎(1胎13-三体,1胎18-三体).结论 颜面正中矢状面有助于提示胎儿染色体异常及遗传综合征,其中鼻骨及下颌评估对21-三体及18-三体的提示意义明确,可作为中孕期筛查的常规内容.     

中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨缺失及染色体异常的超声诊断分析

目的：探讨孕16-34周超声筛查胎儿鼻骨缺失在染色体异常诊断中的应用价值。方法2008至2013年中晚孕期在北京协和医院超声筛查发现鼻骨缺失的20例胎儿均行染色体检查并随访至引产或出生后,总结胎儿鼻骨缺失超声声像图特征。结果20例胎儿产前超声显示：（1）双侧鼻骨缺失17例,面部正中矢状切面及横切面扫查均不能显示鼻梁皮肤下方的鼻骨强回声。其中5例胎儿合并多发畸形：4例胎儿心脏畸形（房室间隔缺损3例,房室间隔缺损合并大血管异常1例）,1例胎儿十二指肠梗阻。其他微小结构异常包括：股骨及肱骨短,肠管回声增强,迷走右锁骨下动脉,单侧侧脑室临界增宽,双肾盂轻度增宽,吐舌征,双手姿势形态异常。（2）单侧鼻骨缺失3例,面部横切面扫查仅能显示胎儿一侧鼻骨强回声。其中2例合并心脏畸形（房室间隔缺损1例,室间隔缺损1例）;合并其他微小结构异常包括：股骨及肱骨短,肠管回声增强,颈背部皮肤增厚。（3）染色体检查：17例双侧鼻骨缺失胎儿中9例为21-三体,1例为4p-（Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征）,7例为正常核型;3例单侧鼻骨缺失胎儿中2例为21-三体,1例为正常核型。（4）产后检查及随访：20例胎儿超声及染色体检查后引产12例（尸检1例）,出生8例,5例随访无明显异常,3例失访;12例胎儿产前超声与产后检查结果均符合。结论中晚孕期鼻骨缺失胎儿超声图像特征为双侧或单侧鼻骨强回声缺失,且多伴微小结构异常,超声检出胎儿鼻骨缺失应行染色体核型分析,减少21-三体等染色体异常胎儿的出生。     

Nasal bone hypoplasia in trisomy 21 at 15-22 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential value of ultrasound examination of the fetal profile for present/hypoplastic fetal nasal bone at 15-22 weeks' gestation as a marker for trisomy 21. METHODS: This was an observational ultrasound study in 1046 singleton pregnancies undergoing amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping at 15-22 (median, 17) weeks' gestation. Immediately before amniocentesis the fetal profile was examined to determine if the nasal bone was present or hypoplastic (absent or shorter than 2.5 mm). The incidence of nasal hypoplasia in the trisomy 21 and the chromosomally normal fetuses was determined and the likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 for nasal hypoplasia was calculated. RESULTS: All fetuses were successfully examined for the presence of the nasal bone. The nasal bone was hypoplastic in 21/34 (61.8%) fetuses with trisomy 21, in 12/982 (1.2%) chromosomally normal fetuses and in 1/30 (3.3%) fetuses with other chromosomal defects. In 3/21 (14.3%) trisomy 21 fetuses with nasal hypoplasia there were no other abnormal ultrasound findings. In the chromosomally normal group hypoplastic nasal bone was found in 0.5% of Caucasians and in 8.8% of Afro-Caribbeans. The likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 for hypoplastic nasal bone was 50.5 (95% CI 27.1-92.7) and for present nasal bone it was 0.38 (95% CI 0.24-0.56). CONCLUSION: Nasal bone hypoplasia at the 15-22-week scan is associated with a high risk for trisomy 21 and it is a highly sensitive and specific marker for this chromosomal abnormality.     

唐氏综合征胎儿鼻骨的超声研究

目的探讨唐氏综合征(又称21三体综合征)与胎儿鼻骨发育不良的关系。方法产前超声测量901例正常中孕期及570例中孕期唐氏综合征高风险胎儿鼻骨,并对22例引产胎儿的鼻骨行X线检查及大体解剖观察。结果1471例胎儿鼻骨超声检测成功率96%(1413例)。22例唐氏综合征胎儿中,产前超声诊断鼻骨缺失1例,鼻骨发育不良(测值小于2.5mm,包括1例鼻骨缺失)11例。结论唐氏综合征胎儿与鼻骨发育不良有密切关系。     

Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal nasal bone in a low-risk population at 19-22 gestational weeks.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential value of sonographic measurement of fetal nasal bone at 19-22 weeks' gestation in screening for trisomy 21 in a low-risk population. METHODS: The fetal nasal bone was measured in a mid-sagittal view in 2035 fetuses at 19-22 weeks' gestation. A reference range was constructed and the measurements in fetuses with trisomy 21 were compared to the normal group. RESULTS: The fetal profile was successfully examined in 1913/2035 (94%) fetuses. The mean nasal bone length increased linearly with gestation from 6.2 mm at 19 weeks to 6.8 mm at 22 weeks. Nasal bone hypoplasia, defined by absence of the bone or a measurement below the 2.5th centile, was observed in 34/1899 (1.8%) chromosomally normal fetuses (1.8%), in 5/5 fetuses with trisomy 21 and in 0/9 fetuses with other chromosomal defects. CONCLUSION: At 19-22 weeks' gestation, nasal bone hypoplasia is observed in a high proportion of trisomy 21 fetuses and in less than 2% of chromosomally normal fetuses.     

Likelihood ratios for fetal trisomy 21 based on nasal bone length in the second trimester: how best to define hypoplasia?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the best measure of fetal nasal bone hypoplasia for trisomy 21 risk assessment in the second trimester. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study performed at a single institution between February 2003 and December 2005. Fetuses with nasal bone length recorded sonographically between 16 and 20.9 weeks and known karyotype were included. Definitions of nasal bone hypoplasia assessed included: non-visualized nasal bone, nasal bone < 10th percentile, nasal bone < 2.5th percentile, biparietal diameter/nasal bone ratio >or= 10 and >or= 11 and nasal bone multiples of the median (MoM) 相似文献   

Three-dimensional ultrasound with maximal mode rendering: a novel technique for the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones in second-trimester screening for Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound of the fetal face with maximal mode rendering allows accurate visualization of the bony face and the distinct demonstration of both nasal bones in second-trimester fetuses. The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of assessing nasal bones spatially on prenatal ultrasound in second- and third-trimester fetuses with present and absent nasal bones. METHODS: The faces of 38 fetuses between 17 and 33 weeks' gestation were examined with 3D ultrasound and volumes were stored for offline evaluation. Eighteen fetuses had normal karyotype and an apparently normal nasal bone on 2D ultrasound; these were examined to standardize the 3D rendering technique. Twenty fetuses had trisomy 21. RESULTS: In all 18 healthy fetuses both nasal bones could be demonstrated on 3D ultrasound. Nine of the 20 Down syndrome fetuses had a hypoplastic or absent nasal bone on two-dimensional ultrasound. On 3D ultrasound three of the nine had discrepant findings between left and right nasal bones with evidence of absence of one side, and hypoplasia (n = 2) or normal length (n = 1) of the other. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones is an important and new observation in fetuses with Down syndrome. This differentiation is best demonstrated on 3D ultrasound with maximal mode rendering. This observation of unilaterality of findings could explain some discrepant findings on absence of nasal bones on two-dimensional ultrasound but their "presence" on lateral postmortem radiographs.