DAPK和DNMT1在宫颈癌中的相关性研究

目的 探讨宫颈癌中DAPK(Death-associated protein kinase)启动子甲基化与DNMT1 mRNA的表达及两者之间的关系.方法 应用甲基化特异性PCR(methylation-specific PCR,MSP)技术检测52例宫颈癌、60例CIN(cervical intraepithelialneoplasia)和20例正常宫颈组织中DAPK启动子甲基化状况;应用原位杂交方法检测DNMT1 mRNA的表达.结果 正常宫颈鳞状上皮不存在DAPK基因启动子CpG岛甲基化,而在CIN和宫颈癌中的甲基化率分别为18.3%(11160)、65.4%(34152),差异有统计学意义(x2=39.639,P＜0.001).正常宫颈鳞状上皮、CIN和宫颈癌DNMT1 mRNA阳性率分别为10%、63.3%和78.8%,差异有统计学意义(x2=29.057,P＜0.001).DAPK异常甲基化和DNMT1 mRNA表达成正相关,r=0.308,P＜0.001.结论 DAPK异常甲基化和DNMT1 mRNA过表达参与了宫颈癌的发生;DAPK基因启动子的甲基化过程可能是在DNMT1的催化作用下完成的.     

Association of the expression of the low molecular-weight protein with HPV16 infection in cervical lesions

目的 观察低分子量蛋白酶体(low molecular-weight protein,LMP)在子宫颈病变组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达,探讨其与HPV16感染的关系.方法 以152例新疆维吾尔族妇女正常子宫颈上皮、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化法鉴定LMP2和LMP7 mRNA及蛋白表达水平;采用PCR技术检测相应标本HPV16感染情况.结果 (1)LMP2、LMP7随着子宫颈病变的加重其蛋白表达逐渐降低,且mRNA表达水平与蛋白表达趋势相一致.在CIN中LMP2、LMP7蛋白表达下调和缺失率分别为25.0%/15.6%、29.7%/23.4%;在子宫颈癌中LMP2、LMP7蛋白的表达下调和缺失率分别为17.5%/34.9%、23.8%/41.3%.临床病理参数进行分析发现LMP2、LMP7与子宫颈癌分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05).(2)PCR结果显示,HPV16的检出率随着子宫颈病变的进展而增加,在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中阳性率分别为8%(2/25)、67.2%(43/64)和77.8%(49/63),且随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加其阳性表达率增加,各组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在CIN中LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05),子宫颈癌中LMP2和LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05).结论 LMP基因的转录表达下调或蛋白质表达缺失与维吾尔族妇女子宫颈癌病变进程密切相关,其中HPV16感染可能是重要原因之一.     

子宫颈病变组织中低分子量蛋白酶体表达与HPV16感染的关系

目的观察低分子量蛋白酶体(low molecular-weight protein,LMP)在子宫颈病变组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达,探讨其与HPV16感染的关系。方法以152例新疆维吾尔族妇女正常子宫颈上皮、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化法鉴定LMP2和LMP7mRNA及蛋白表达水平;采用PCR技术检测相应标本HPV16感染情况。结果 (1)LMP2、LMP7随着子宫颈病变的加重其蛋白表达逐渐降低,且mRNA表达水平与蛋白表达趋势相一致。在CIN中LMP2、LMP7蛋白表达下调和缺失率分别为25.0%/15.6%、29.7%/23.4%;在子宫颈癌中LMP2、LMP7蛋白的表达下调和缺失率分别为17.5%/34.9%、23.8%/41.3%。临床病理参数进行分析发现LMP2、LMP7与子宫颈癌分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05)。(2)PCR结果显示,HPV16的检出率随着子宫颈病变的进展而增加,在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中阳性率分别为8%(2/25)、67.2%(43/64)和77.8%(49/63),且随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加其阳性表达率增加,各组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在CIN中LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05),子宫颈癌中LMP2和LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05)。结论 LMP基因的转录表达下调或蛋白质表达缺失与维吾尔族妇女子宫颈癌病变进程密切相关,其中HPV16感染可能是重要原因之一。     

P16和FHIT基因联合高危HPV检测在宫颈癌诊断中的研究

目的探讨P16、脆性组氨酸三联体（FHIT）基因启动子异常甲基化及高危HPVDNA与宫颈病变恶性程度的相关性及三者联合检测的的临床意义。方法采用巢式甲基化特异性PCR方法检测26例宫颈癌及35例宫颈上皮内瘤变患者（CIN）P16、FHIT的甲基化状态，同时测定其高危HPVDNA并与43例无上皮内瘤变患者作对照，分析三者联合检测的临床诊断价值。结果宫颈癌患者P16、FHIT基因启动子异常甲基化及高危HPV阳性率分别为23．7％、65．4％、88．4％。CIN患者P16、FHIT基因启动子异常甲基化及高危HPV阳性率分别为5．7％、11．4％、42．8％。健康对照者标本中P16、FHIT基因无异常甲基化。高危HPV阳性率为13．9％。结论P16、FHIT基因启动子异常甲基化及高危HPV与宫颈病变恶性程度相关，联合检测P16、FHIT启动子异常甲基化及高危HPV可提高宫颈癌诊断的敏感性和特异性，对于宫颈癌的早期诊断具有重要意义。     

维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌人乳头状瘤病毒感染与人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类基因表达缺失的关系及其意义

目的 研究维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌中人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染和人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类(HLA-Ⅰ)家族基因HLA-A、B和C表达的关系,探讨HPV感染和HLA-Ⅰ类家族基因表达缺失在宫颈癌演进过程中的作用.方法 收集维吾尔族妇女宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ和宫颈鳞癌患者的新鲜组织标本共78例,提取总RNA,采用半定量RT-PCR方法鉴定HLA-A、B和C基因的mRNA表达水平.提取组织DNA,采用HPV通用引物和HPV分型芯片确定HPV亚型.结果 HLA-A、B和C基因的总体mRNA表达缺失率随着宫颈病变的加重而增加,在宫颈炎组织内为1/12,在CIN及宫颈鳞癌分别占70.0%(14/20)和84.8%(39/46),在恶性程度高的低分化癌组织中高达90.6%(29/32),并与高危型HPV16感染呈正相关(r=0.803,P＜0.01).结论 HLA-Ⅰ类基因的表达缺失是维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌发生的重要标志,而HPV16感染可能是HLA-Ⅰ分子表达缺失的前提条件.     

P16,Ki67与HPV16/18在宫颈病变中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究多肿瘤抑制基因P16、细胞核增殖抗原Ki67及高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(high riskhuman papilloma virus,HPV16/18)在宫颈病变中的表达和临床意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学Elivision两步法检测P16和Ki67在宫颈非特异性炎症、宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelialneoplasia,CIN)I级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级及宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达,用原位杂交法检测HPV16/18的表达。结果:P16蛋白表达在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为20.0%,55.6%,93.6%和100.0%;Ki67蛋白表达在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为17.6%,61.1%,89.4%和100.0%,不同组别间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而且P16和Ki67的阳性表达率及染色强度呈递增趋势,表达存在分层现象。HPV16/18在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为30.0%,61.1%,82.9%和100.0%,宫颈病变中HPV16/18的阳性率显著高于非特异性炎症组。结论:P16和Ki67蛋白检测作为宫颈病变的有效的生物学标记,可联合HPV16/18 DNA检测应用于宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查和诊断中。     

实时荧光定量PCR法检测人乳头状瘤病毒的实验研究

目的 通过研究病变宫颈中人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)16/18型的表达,探讨HPV16/18型病毒感染与宫颈病变发生发展之间的关系.方法 结合病理切片诊断,以免疫组化作对照.运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测病变宫颈中HPV16/18型DNA拷贝数,以及HPV16/18型E7基因mRNA表达量.结果 慢性宫颈炎患者中HPV16/18型感染率低(7.4%).宫颈管上皮内瘤样变(CIN)组HPV16型感染率较高为69.6%,宫颈癌患者巾为72.7%.HPV16型DNA的拷贝数在宫颈上皮内瘤样变患者中与病理分级没有明显的相关性.但在宫颈癌患者中,病毒DNA的拷贝数明显升高,二者差异明显.CIN轻度(I)、中度(Ⅱ)、高度(Ⅲ)组和宫颈癌患者中,HPV16 E7基冈的表达率分别为0、37.5%、42.9%、63.6%.统计学分析表明,HPV16 E7 mRNA的拷贝数与病情呈明显的正相关性.结论 感染者中主要以HPV16型为主,HPV18型较少.宫颈癌患者中HPV16 DNA拷贝数明显高于CIN Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,HPV16型E7 mRNA在宫颈癌中表达率及表达量明显增加并与宫颈癌变呈正相关.实时荧光定量PCR适合临床宫颈病变病毒的筛查与检测.     

HPV DNA、E6/E7 mRNA在各子宫颈病变及子宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达

目的 探讨HPV DNA和E6/E7 mRNA在各子宫颈病变及子宫颈鳞状细胞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)中的表达,并分析其与CSCC发生、发展的相关性。方法 应用PCR-反向杂交法和支链DNA技术对210例低级别鳞状上皮内病变(low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,LSIL)、200例高级别鳞状上皮内病变(high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,HSIL)及240例CSCC进行HPV DNA及E6/E7 mRNA的检测。结果 HSIL、CSCC中,HPV DNA百分率分别为100.00%、89.58%,呈递减趋势(P0.001);E6/E7 mRNA百分率分别为52.50%、95.83%,呈递增趋势(P0.001);HPV DNA+/mRNA+的百分率分别为52.50%、87.50%,呈递增趋势(P0.001);HPV DNA-/mRNA-的百分率分别为0、6.25%,呈递增趋势(P0.001)。LSIL、HSIL中,HPV DNA百分率均大于E6/E7 mRNA百分率,差异有统计学意义(P0.001);而CSCC中HPV DNA百分率均小于E6/E7 mRNA百分率,差异有统计学意义(P=0.008)。结论 HPV DNA在LSIL、HSIL中的表达较E6/E7 mRNA高;CSCC中HPV DNA表达较E6/E7 mRNA低,因此HPV DNA标志物可能与CSCC的发生过程关系较为紧密;E6/E7 mRNA标志物可能与CSCC的发展相关性更高。     

hTERC和HPV联合检测在宫颈上皮内瘤变筛查中应用

目的 观察人端粒酶mRNA基因(human telomerase mRNA componentgene,hTERC)在宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及宫颈癌中的表达情况,探讨其作为宫颈病变筛查的临床意义.方法 收集135例宫颈疾病患者的宫颈活检组织标本.根据组织学结果分组,其中正常组(包括炎症患者)24例;CIN组100例,其中CIN 1级30例,CIN 2级50例,CIN 3级20例;宫颈癌(鳞癌)组11例.采用双色间期FISH技术检测宫颈细胞hTERC基因扩增情况,同时其中的85例患者进行了HPV-DNA检测,阳性者49例,阴性者36例.结果 (1)hTERC基因在正常组、CIN组及宫颈癌组中的阳性表达率分别为4.2%、38.0%和90.9%,各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与病变程度呈正相关(r=0.419,P<0.01).(2)hTERC基因在CIN 1～3级组中的阳性表达率分别为10.0%、48.0%和55.0%,CIN 2级组与CIN 3级组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CIN 1～3级组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与病变的恶性程度呈正相关(r=0.354,P<0.01).(3)49例HPV阳性患者中,hTERC基因扩增阳性率为57.14%(28/49);而在36例HPV阴性患者中,hTERC基因扩增阳性率为25.0%(9/36),两者差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.005),同时hTERC基因的扩增情况与HPV感染情况两者间呈正相关(r=0.320,P<0.003).结论 hTERC基因的阳性率随宫颈病变级别的升高而增加,可预测病变的进展情况.hTERC基因的扩增和HPV感染呈正相关,提示HPV的感染可能是hTERC基因异常扩增的早期事件.HPV-DNA和hTERC基因联合检测相结合是宫颈CIN早期筛查的理想手段.     

上皮型钙粘素在宫颈鳞癌及癌前病变组织中的表达及其基因启动区CpG岛甲基化研究

目的 检测上皮型钙粘素及其基因启动区CpG岛甲基化在宫颈癌组织及癌前病变组织中的表达及其在宫颈癌发病、侵袭和转移中的作用和意义.方法 选择中南大学湘雅医院附属二院2006年10月～2009年10月40例宫颈鳞癌、52例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CINs)、18例正常宫颈.采用免疲组织化学法和甲基化特异PCR(MSP)法,检测E-cadherin蛋白表达及其基因启动子CpG岛甲基化状况.结果 正常宫颈组织一CINs-鳞癌,这一演变过程中各组E-cad蛋白膜表达的阳性率和甲基化率分别为100%、61%、15%;0、28%、62.5%、100%分别呈降低和升高的趋势,各组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)且与临床分期和病理分级(p<0.05);宫颈癌甲基化组(1/25))低于非甲基化组(5/15),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 E-cad蛋白表达失活使其丧失了押癌作用是宫颈癌发生、发展、转移的早期信号;其启动区CpG岛甲基化是E-cad蛋白灭活的机制之一.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

Platelet-activating factor receptor and respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Activation of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) regulates neural transmission. A PAFR blocker reduced the peak hypoxic (pHVR) but not hypercapnic ventilatory (HCVR) responses in rats [Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R604]. To further examine the role of PAFR in respiratory control, genotype-verified PAFR -/- and PAFR +/+ adult male mice underwent hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges. HCVR was similar in the two groups (p-NS). However, pHVR was significantly reduced in PAFR -/- mice (38 +/- 13% baseline [S.D.]) compared to PAFR +/+ mice (78 +/- 16% baseline; P < 0.001, ANOVA), with reduced tidal volume recruitments during pHVR. In addition, hypoxic ventilatory depression was attenuated in PAFR -/- mice (P < 0.01), and was primarily due to attenuation of the time-dependent decreases in oxygen consumption during sustained hypoxia (P < 0.01). Thus, PAFR expression/function modulates components of the acute ventilatory and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia but not to hypercapnia. Imbalances in PAFR activity may lead to maladaptive regulation of the tightly controlled metabolic-ventilatory relationships during hypoxia.