急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗价值

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗的价值及其安全性。方法选择92例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期（72h内）行ERCP及内镜治疗（ERCP组），并与同期保守治疗40例（对照组）进行比较。结果ERCP组全部成功实施十二指肠乳头切开取石，72例胆总管结石者行网篮及气囊取石，所有92例均行鼻胆管引流，重症组10例同时行胰管支架引流。ERCP组平均腹痛消失时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、平均住院天数及平均费用均明显低于对照组。ERCP组重症组病死率8．3％，对照组重症组病死率33．3％。结论急性胆源性胰腺炎早期ERCP治疗是安全的，能降低患者的病死率，减少患者住院天数和费用。     

Indications and techniques of biliary drainage for acute cholangitis in updated Tokyo Guidelines 2018

The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13) include new topics in the biliary drainage section. From these topics, we describe the indications and new techniques of biliary drainage for acute cholangitis with videos. Recently, many novel studies and case series have been published across the world, thus TG13 need to be updated regarding the indications and selection of biliary drainage based on published data. Herein, we describe the latest updated TG13 on biliary drainage in acute cholangitis with meta‐analysis. The present study showed that endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage regardless of the use of nasobiliary drainage or biliary stenting, should be selected as the first‐line therapy for acute cholangitis. In acute cholangitis, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is not routinely required for biliary drainage alone because of the concern of post‐EST bleeding. In case of concomitant bile duct stones, stone removal following EST at a single session may be considered in patients with mild or moderate acute cholangitis except in patients under anticoagulant therapy or with coagulopathy. We recommend the removal of difficult stones at two sessions after drainage in patients with a large stone or multiple stones. In patients with potential coagulopathy, endoscopic papillary dilation can be a better technique than EST for stone removal. Presently, balloon enteroscopy‐assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (BE‐ERCP) is used as the first‐line therapy for biliary drainage in patients with surgically altered anatomy where BE‐ERCP expertise is present. However, the technical success rate is not always high. Thus, several studies have revealed that endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) can be one of the second‐line therapies in failed BE‐ERCP as an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage where EUS‐BD expertise is present.     

治疗性ERCP在78例高龄人群中的临床研究

目的高龄人群(≥70岁)行治疗性逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的疗效观察。方法对78例高龄胰胆管疾病患者行治疗性ERCP,分析诊治经过及并发症的处理。结果 78例患者中成功行治疗性ERCP 74例,其中胆总管结石52例,行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)取石40例,行胆管支架引流术(ERBD)8例(3～6个月再次行ERCP取石治疗),行鼻胆管引流(ENBD)4例;胰胆肿瘤18例,均行ERBD后病情减轻;十二指肠乳头炎症4例,行EST后治愈。术后6例患者出现高淀粉酶血症,2例出现ERCP相关胰腺炎,2例合并胆管炎,1例发生小穿孔。结论 ERCP对高龄患者治疗安全有效。     

Acute biliary pancreatitis in a 9-year-old child treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy

Acute biliary pancreatitis is a well recognized complication of gallstone disease in adults. Acute pancreatitis in childhood is usually caused by congenital anomalies of the pancreatico-biliary ducts, viral infections, drug toxicity or abdominal trauma. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with acute biliary pancreatitis and cholangitis. On urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography a bulging papilla with impacted stone was seen. She was treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy without complications. The disease resolved rapidly and uneventfully after the endoscopic treatment.     

Role of ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute pancreatitis.

When assessing the indications for interventional endoscopy, obstructive and non-obstructive causes of acute pancreatitis should be distinguished. In non-obstructive (e.g. alcoholic) pancreatitis, no data are available proving any benefit for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy. In obstructive (e.g. biliary) pancreatitis, the pathogenetic role of gallstones is controversial. The vast majority of gallstones initiating biliary pancreatitis pass spontaneously through the papilla of Vater into the duodenum without causing cholangitis or obstructive jaundice. Three prospective randomized published studies have attempted to answer the question of whether urgent removal of the stone improves the prognosis of patients suffering from acute pancreatitis. From these studies it can be concluded that the use of ERCP in acute biliary pancreatitis should depend on biliary symptoms: in cases of obstructive jaundice or cholangitis, bile duct stones should be removed as soon as possible; in patients without biliary complications, emergency ERCP is neither beneficial nor cost-effective; if retained stones (without biliary complications) are suspected, they can be removed electively.     

ERCP、EST、ENBD治疗胆总管结石391例临床分析

目的 总结应用逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、内镜括约肌切开术（EST）和鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 胆总管结石患者391例,常规行ERCP检查,证实胆管内有结石后行EST.然后根据结石情况采取不同方法处理.（1）结石直径小于1.0 cm的315例用取石网篮取石;（2）结石直径大于1.0 cm的61例用碎石篮碎石;（3）6例巨大结石而于胆管内置入支架3个月.术后所有病人常规置入鼻胆引流管.结果 EST成功382例（97.70%）,胆总管结石完全取出367例（96.07%）.发生各种并发症35例（8.95%）,主要为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Oddi扩约肌切口渗血,未成功病例和一例重症胰腺炎转开腹手术治疗治愈.结论 ERCP、EST和ENBD诊治胆管结石特别是胆总管结石,安全、有效,病人痛苦小.     

思他宁联合早期内镜治疗急性胆石性胰腺炎

目的 探讨应用思他宁联合早期内镜治疗急性胆石性胰腺炎(AGP)的疗效。方法 应用思他宁联合早期逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)、经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)及经内镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗AGP32例，其中轻症胰腺炎21例，重症胰腺炎11例。结果 治愈30例，2例重症胰腺炎内镜治疗后转外科手术治疗，1例术后死亡。结论 思他宁联合内镜治疗AGP是安全和有效的，对明确诊断AGP应及早应用思他宁及内镜介入治疗。     

Should urgent ERCP be performed in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis without acute cholangitis?

Endoscopists who perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are frequently pressured to perform urgent (usually night or weekend) ERCP in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis in the belief that this procedure reduces morbidity and mortality. However, with the exception of those patients with concurrent acute cholangitis, data that urgent ERCP with biliary compression is helpful in all patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis are lacking. In this Practice Point commentary, I discuss the findings and limitations of a meta-analysis conducted by Petrov et al. that pooled data from three randomized, controlled trials that included 450 patients in total. Four other randomized, controlled trials on this topic were excluded from the analysis because of methodologic problems. The authors concluded that early ERCP was not associated with a significant reduction in complications or mortality in patients with predicted mild or severe acute biliary pancreatitis.     

90岁及以上胆总管结石患者内镜疗效分析

目的 探讨经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)及胆道塑料支架置入(ERBD)治疗90岁及以上患者胆总管结石的疗效及安全性.方法 对37例行EST及ERBD治疗胆总管结石的90岁及以上患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 EST 1次取石成功30例;1次取出部分结石4例,经行内镜下鼻胆引流,5 d后再次取石成功;成功率为91.9%.2例因结石大,碎石失败后行ERBD,6个月后结石变小,取出胆管结石;1例因乳头旁巨大憩室插胆管未成功而致取石失败.37例患者中并发出血1例(2.7%),无肠穿孔、胰腺炎等并发症发生.结论 内镜行EST及ERBD治疗90岁及以上老年人胆总管结石安全、有效,具有创伤小、并发症少、操作灵活简便等优点.     

Emergency endoscopic needle-knife precut papillotomy in acute severe cholangitis resulting from impacted common bile duct stones at duodenal papilla

AimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of emergency endoscopic needle-knife precut papillotomy in acute severe cholangitis resulting from impacted common bile duct stones at duodenal papilla.MethodsBetween January 2010 and January 2015, 118 cases of acute severe cholangitis with impacted common bile duct stones at the native papilla underwent emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and early needle-knife precut papillotomy in a tertiary referral center. Precut techniques were performed according to the different locations of stones in the duodenal papilla. Clinical data about therapy and recovery of the 118 patients were recorded and analyzed.ResultsOne hundred and eighteen patients underwent emergency ERCP within 24 h after hospitalization, with a total success rate of 100%. The mean operating time was 6.4 ± 4.1 min. Postoperative acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores, white blood cell count and liver function improved significantly. The complication rate was 4.2% (5/118); two with hemorrhage and three with acute pancreatitis. There was no procedure-related mortality.ConclusionEmergency endoscopic needle-knife precut papillotomy is effective and safe for acute severe cholangitis resulting from impacted common bile duct stones at the duodenal papilla.     

ERCP在不明原因复发性急性胰腺炎诊治中的作用

目的探讨ERCP在不明原因复发性急性胰腺炎(RAP)诊治中的作用。方法收集15例不明原因RAP患者。其中男5例,女10例,年龄25～65岁,中位年龄38岁,病程1～2年,发病次数2～5次。10例在急性发作期,5例在发作间期行ERCP诊治。结果15例患者经ERCP明确病因者6例(3例胆管微结石,1例胆总管末端小囊肿,1例胰管小结石,1例胰管蛋白栓子),可疑病因者6例(乳头旁憩室2例,十二指肠乳头炎4例),未明确病因者3例。根据ERCP检查结果,9例行乳头括约肌切开术(EST),6例行胰管括约肌切开术。术后随访2年,15例患者均未复发胰腺炎。ERCP和EST术后2例出现一过性高淀粉酶血症,无其他并发症。结论ERCP对不明原因RAP有明确病因和指导治疗的作用。     

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Cholangitis

Acute cholangitis is a potentially life-threatening systemic disease resulting from a combination of infection and obstruction of the biliary tree, secondary to different underlying etiologies. Common causes of cholangitis (eg, gallstones, benign and malignant biliary strictures) are well known. However, others (eg, immunoglobulin-G subclass-4–related sclerosing cholangitis) have been described only recently, are still under evaluation, and need to gain broader attention from clinicians. The diagnosis of acute cholangitis is based on clinical presentation and laboratory data indicating systemic infection, as well as diagnostic imaging modalities revealing signs of biliary obstruction and possibly an underlying etiology. The clinical presentation varies, and initial risk stratification is important to guide further management. Early medical therapy, including fluid resuscitation and appropriate antibiotic coverage, is of major importance in all cases, followed by a biliary drainage procedure and, if possible, definitive therapy of the underlying etiology. The type and timing of biliary drainage should be based on the severity of the clinical presentation, and the availability and feasibility of drainage techniques, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), and open surgical drainage. ERCP plays a central role in the management of biliary obstruction in patients with acute cholangitis. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided biliary drainage recently emerged as a possible alternative to PTC for second-line therapy if ERCP fails or is not possible.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute biliary pancreatitis: A question of anesthesiological risk

Two consecutive surveys of acute pancreatitis in Italy, based on more than 1000 patients with acute pancreatitis, reported that the etiology of the disease indicates biliary origin in about 60% of the cases. The United Kingdom guidelines report that severe gallstone pancreatitis in the presence of increasingly deranged liver function tests and signs of cholangitis (fever, rigors, and positive blood cultures) requires an immediate and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). These guidelines also recommend that patients with gallstone pancreatitis should undergo prompt cholecystectomy, possibly during the same hospitalization. However, a certain percentage of patients are unfit for cholecystectomy because advanced age and presence of comorbidity. We evaluated the early and long-term results of endoscopic intervention in relation to the anesthesiological risk for 87 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. All patients underwent ERCP and were evaluated according to the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) criteria immediately before the operative procedure. The severity of acute pancreatitis was positively related to the anesthesiological grade. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of biliopancreatic complications during the follow-up and the ASA grade. The frequency of cholecystectomy was inversely related to the ASA grade and multivariate analysis showed that the ASA grade and age were significantly related to survival. Finally, endoscopic treatment also appeared to be safe and effective in patients at high anesthesiological risk with acute pancreatitis. These results further support the hypothesis that endoscopic sphincterotomy might be considered a definitive treatment for patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and an elevated ASA grade.     

EARLY COMPLICATIONS OF ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY FOR COMMON BILE DUCT STONES

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is the technique most commonly used to perform therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Recently, endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) has been frequently used at many hospitals instead of EST to perform procedures on the papilla. A key factor in the safe, successful outcome of therapeutic ERCP in patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones is the selection of the best‐suited procedure based on a thorough understanding of the characteristics of EST and EPBD. The most common early complications of EST are acute pancreatitis and papillary bleeding. Other complications include gastrointestinal perforation and biliary infections. However, whether EST increases the risk of acute pancreatitis remains controversial. The risk of bleeding can be decreased to some degree by the proper selection of patients, improved skills of operators, and the optimal use of peripheral devices. EST performed according to the recently developed endocut method can reduce the risk of bleeding.     

Acute biliary conditions

Acute biliary complications may result from several medical conditions such as gallstone pancreatitis, acute cholangitis, acute cholecystitis, bile leak, liver abscess and hepatic trauma. Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis. About 25% of theses patients will develop clinically severe acute pancreatitis, usually due to necrotizing pancreatitis. Choledocholithiasis, malignant and benign biliary strictures, and stent dysfunction may cause partial or complete obstruction and infection in the biliary tract with acute cholangitis. Bile leaks are most commonly associated with hepatobiliary surgeries or invasive procedures such as open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hepatic resection, hepatic transplantation, liver biopsy, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) may have an essential role in the management of these complications.     

内镜微创治疗80岁以上胆源性胰腺炎患者80例临床观察

目的探讨80岁以上胆源性胰腺炎患者内镜治疗的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月-2013年10月成都军区总医院消化中心收治的80例大于80岁的胆源性胰腺炎患者资料,采用经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)+十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)+鼻胆管引流(ENBD),或胆道塑料支架植入术治疗。结果 80例患者中,4例因镜下无法找到十二指肠大乳头开口而转为开腹手术,余76例均完成内镜治疗,成功率95%(76/80),其中2例死亡,病死率2.6%(2/76)。其中一次性完成ERCP+EST+ENBD治疗者69例,7例因较大铸型结石嵌顿无法碎石而行胆道塑料支架植入;1例因感染性休克死亡,1例因反复消化道出血死亡。结论内镜治疗高龄胆源性胰腺炎患者具有创伤小、恢复快、病死率低的优点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Gallstones are the commonest cause of acute pancreatitis (AP), a potentially life-threatening condition, worldwide. The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis has not been fully understood. Laboratory and radiological investigations are critical for diagnosis as well prognosis prediction. Scoring systems based on radiological findings and serologic inflammatory markers have been proposed as better predictors of disease severity. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is beneficial in a group of patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with preoperative endoscopic common bile duct clearance is recommended as a treatment of choice for acute biliary pancreatitis. The timing of cholecystectomy, following ERCP, for biliary pancreatitis can vary markedly depending on the severity of pancreatitis     

Medical and endoscopic treatment of acute pancreatitis

Opinion statement Accurate diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and assessment of disease severity is crucial. Multiorgan failure predicts a poorer prognosis. Treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may improve overall prognosis. Referral of seriously ill or unstable patients to a specialized center is recommended. Managing teams must be vigilant regarding the avoidance of iatrogenic complications, such as endoscopic misadventure or inadvertent line sepsis. Large, multicenter endoscopic outcome trials for prevention of ERCP-related pancreatitis, and to determine efficacy of treatment of acute gallstone pancreatitis, are needed.     

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatic disease

Given the significant risk of pancreatitis and the advent of high-fidelity diagnostic techniques, ERCP is now reserved as a therapeutic procedure for those with pancreatic disease. Early ERCP benefits those with gallstone pancreatitis who present with or develop cholangitis or biliary obstruction. Among those with idiopathic pancreatitis, ERCP may be used to confirm and treat SOD, microlithiasis, and structural anomalies, including pancreas divisum. Pancreatic endotherapy is a consideration to decrease pain in those with pancreatic duct obstruction, although surgical decompression may be more durable, particularly in those with severe disease. Pancreatic duct leaks may respond to endoscopic drainage, but optimal therapy is achieved if a bridging stent can be placed. Finally, using a wire-guided technique and pancreatic duct stents in high-risk patients, particularly in cases of suspected SOD, may minimize the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis.