联合检测肌钙蛋白T、高敏C反应蛋白和B型钠尿肽对非ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征预后诊断的价值

目的探讨联合检测肌钙蛋白T、高敏C反应蛋白、B型钠尿肽对非ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征预后诊断的价值。方法检测145例经冠状动脉造影证实的非ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者肌钙蛋白T、高敏C反应蛋白、B型钠尿肽的水平。随访急性冠状动脉综合征患者12个月，观察终点为心肌梗死新发或再发和心源性死亡。结果多因素logistic回归分析发现肌钙蛋白T、高敏C反应蛋白、B型钠尿肽可独立预测非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者远期预后。经过已知的临床危险因素校正后，心脏生化标志物异常的数目仍然是其心血管事件重要危险因子。结论联合检测肌钙蛋白T、高敏C反应蛋白、B型钠尿肽对急性冠状动脉综合征患者长期预后有重要的临床价值。     

Prognostic Score for Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Private Terciary Hospital

Background

Available predictive models for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have limitations as they have been elaborated some years ago or limitations with applicability.

Objectives

To develop scores for predicting adverse events in 30 days and 6 months in ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation ACS patients admitted to private tertiary hospital.

Methods

Prospective cohort of ACS patients admitted between August, 2009 and June, 2012. Our primary composite outcome for both the 30-day and 6-month models was death from any cause, myocardial infarction or re-infarction, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cardiac arrest and major bleeding. Predicting variables were selected for clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and therapeutic data. The final model was obtained with multiple logistic regression and submitted to internal validation with bootstrap analysis.

Results

We considered 760 patients for the development sample, of which 132 had ST-segment elevation ACS and 628 non-ST-segment elevation ACS. The mean age was 63.2 ± 11.7 years, and 583 were men (76.7%). The final model to predict 30-day events is comprised by five independent variables: age ≥ 70 years, history of cancer, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40%, troponin I > 12.4 ng /ml and chemical thrombolysis. In the internal validation, the model showed good discrimination with C-statistic of 0.71. The predictors in the 6-month event final model are: history of cancer, LVEF < 40%, chemical thrombolysis, troponin I >14.3 ng/ml, serum creatinine>1.2 mg/dl, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hemoglobin < 13.5 g/dl. In the internal validation, the model had good performance with C-statistic of 0.69.

Conclusion

We have developed easy to apply scores for predicting 30-day and 6-month adverse events in patients with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation ACS.     

373例非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征临床分析

目的 分析2008年非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者的诊疗策略,以及其与指南的差距.方法 分析2008年1月～12月在心内科住院的373例非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者诊断治疗策略并了解其与指南的差距.结果 患者无创检查中心肌损伤标记物、胸片、心脏超声、动态心电图、运动平板检查率较高,而负荷核素心肌显像、CT冠状动脉成像检查率低,冠状动脉造影检查率高(76.7%);药物治疗中阿司匹林、应用阿司匹林负荷量、β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、噻吩并吡啶类化合物、他汀类调脂药使用率较高;采用经皮冠状动脉成形术治疗率高(51.1%),早期有创干预率多;而吗啡、硝酸酯类、普通肝素使用率低.结论 非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者有创检查及治疗部分,优于国外报告;但临床实践与循证指南仍存在不少差距,尤其是β受体阻滞剂使用、血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制剂、低分子肝素使用提升的空间较大,还需进一步加强循证指南的宣传教育.     

Hs—cTnT、BNP水平与ACS患者住院转归的关系

目的分析ACS患者血清hs—cTnT、全血BNP水平与住院转归的关系方法ACS住院患者236例,其中UA102例、NSTEMI 114例、STEMI120例,入院当13均行血中hs—cTnT、BNP水平检测,并与26例无器质性心脏病者进行比较;分析ACS患者不同转归之间血中hs—cTnT、BNP水平的差异,并行亚组分析。结果1、ACS患者血清hs—cTnT与全血BNP水平显著高于正常对照组（P均〈0．001）;2、ACS患者中,预后不良（转ICU或死亡）组hs—cTnT及BNP均高于好转出院组（P=0．006,P〈0．001）。3、亚组分析：UA患者中,预后不良组hs—cTnT与好转组之间无统计学差异,而预后不良组BNP（2344±1623．3）水平明显高于好转组（654．2±923．7）（P=0．001）。NSTEMI患者中,预后不良组的hs—cTnT（1．97±2．58）明显高于好转组（0．66±1．15）（P=0．001）,而预后不良组的BNP水平（1886．1±936．5）也明显高于好转组（729．9±825．1）（P〈0．001）。STEMI患者中,预后不良组hs—cTnT水平（5．40±3．58）高于好转组（3．22±3．33）（P=0．02）,预后不良组的BNP水平（1304．4±1528．8）也高于好转组（560．2±957．8）（P=0．042）;结论ACS患者血中hs—cTnT、BNP水平与住院期间的转归密切相关,两者联合检测对ACS预后判断更有价值。     

Prognostic Value of TIMI Score versus GRACE Score in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background

The TIMI Score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was created and validated specifically for this clinical scenario, while the GRACE score is generic to any type of acute coronary syndrome.

Objective

Between TIMI and GRACE scores, identify the one of better prognostic performance in patients with STEMI.

Methods

We included 152 individuals consecutively admitted for STEMI. The TIMI and GRACE scores were tested for their discriminatory ability (C-statistics) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow) in relation to hospital death.

Results

The TIMI score showed equal distribution of patients in the ranges of low, intermediate and high risk (39 %, 27 % and 34 %, respectively), as opposed to the GRACE Score that showed predominant distribution at low risk (80 %, 13 % and 7%, respectively). Case-fatality was 11%. The C-statistics of the TIMI score was 0.87 (95%CI = 0.76 to 0.98), similar to GRACE (0.87, 95%CI = 0.75 to 0.99) - p = 0.71. The TIMI score showed satisfactory calibration represented by χ2 = 1.4 (p = 0.92), well above the calibration of the GRACE score, which showed χ2 = 14 (p = 0.08). This calibration is reflected in the expected incidence ranges for low, intermediate and high risk, according to the TIMI score (0 %, 4.9 % and 25 %, respectively), differently to GRACE (2.4%, 25% and 73%), which featured middle range incidence inappropriately.

Conclusion

Although the scores show similar discriminatory capacity for hospital death, the TIMI score had better calibration than GRACE. These findings need to be validated populations of different risk profiles.     

When is the Best Time for the Second Antiplatelet Agent in Non-St Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Dual antiplatelet therapy is a well-established treatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), with class I of recommendation (level of evidence A) in current national and international guidelines. Nonetheless, these guidelines are not precise or consensual regarding the best time to start the second antiplatelet agent. The evidences are conflicting, and after more than a decade using clopidogrel in this scenario, benefits from the routine pretreatment, i.e. without knowing the coronary anatomy, with dual antiplatelet therapy remain uncertain. The recommendation for the upfront treatment with clopidogrel in NSTE-ACS is based on the reduction of non-fatal events in studies that used the conservative strategy with eventual invasive stratification, after many days of the acute event. This approach is different from the current management of these patients, considering the established benefits from the early invasive strategy, especially in moderate to high-risk patients. The only randomized study to date that specifically tested the pretreatment in NSTE-ACS in the context of early invasive strategy, used prasugrel, and it did not show any benefit in reducing ischemic events with pretreatment. On the contrary, its administration increased the risk of bleeding events. This study has brought the pretreatment again into discussion, and led to changes in recent guidelines of the American and European cardiology societies. In this paper, the authors review the main evidence of the pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy in NSTE-ACS.     

aVR导联ST抬高对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死者左主干或三支血管病变的预测

目的研究急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTE-AMI)者aVR导联抬高幅度,与冠状动脉造影(CAG)对比,判断其对左主干/三支病变(LM/3VD)诊断的指导作用。方法对比106例aVR导联ST段抬高程度,结合CAG结果,研讨诊断LM/3VD的敏感性、特异性及相关性。结果 aVR导联ST段抬高是LM/3VD的独立预测因子(P<0.01),aVR导联ST段抬高≥0.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为76%、86%。ST段抬高≥1.0mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为43%、96%,ST段抬高≥1.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为18%、99%。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高是NSTE-AMI者LM/3VD非常有用的预测因子,特异性好。     

血清骨保护素和脑利钠肽水平与非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者冠状动脉病变程度的相关性

目的 探讨血清骨保护素和脑利钠肽水平与非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者冠状动脉病变程度之间的关系.方法 192例受试者分为三组:稳定型心绞痛患者58例,不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者99例,对照者35例,入院时检测血清骨保护素和脑利钠肽水平,并进行冠状动脉造影.根据造影结果对冠状动脉病变进行Gensini评分,分析两种标志物与冠状动脉狭窄数及冠状动脉病变Gensini评分的相关性.结果所有冠心病患者骨保护素水平高于对照组(P<0.01),稳定型心绞痛组骨保护素水平低于不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死组(P<0.01);稳定型心绞痛组脑利钠肽水平略高于对照组(P>0.05),不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死组脑利钠肽水平明显高于稳定型心绞痛组(P<0.01);多支血管病变患者脑利钠肽水平显著高于单支血管病变患者(P<0.01),脑利钠肽与冠状动脉病变Gensini评分轻微相关(r=0.45,P<0.01),骨保护素与冠状动脉病变Gensini评分显著相关 (r=0.64,P<0.001),多元回归分析发现骨保护素和脑利钠肽与冠心病独立相关(P<0.01).结论血清骨保护素与不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变进展有关,提示骨保护素可能参与了冠状动脉疾病的进程.不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者脑利钠肽水平也增高,表明脑利钠肽水平与缺血范围以及严重程度有较大的关联.     

The Bleeding Risk Score as a Mortality Predictor in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background

It is well known that the occurrence of bleeding increases in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and there is a good correlation between bleeding risk scores and bleeding incidence. However, the role of bleeding risk score as mortality predictor is poorly studied.

Objective

The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of bleeding risk score as in-hospital mortality predictor in a cohort of patients with ACS treated in a single cardiology tertiary center.

Methods

Out of 1,655 patients with ACS (547 with ST-elevation ACS and 1,118 with non-ST-elevation ACS), we calculated the ACUITY/HORIZONS bleeding score prospectively in 249 patients and retrospectively in the remaining 1,416. Mortality information and hemorrhagic complications were also obtained.

Results

Among the mean age of 64.3 ± 12.6 years, the mean bleeding score was 18 ± 7.7. The correlation between bleeding and mortality was highly significant (p < 0.001, OR = 5.296), as well as the correlation between bleeding score and in-hospital bleeding (p < 0.001, OR = 1.058), and between bleeding score and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.121, p < 0.001, area under the ROC curve 0.753, p < 0.001). The adjusted OR and area under the ROC curve for the population with ST-elevation ACS were, respectively, 1.046 (p = 0.046) and 0.686 ± 0.040 (p < 0.001); for non-ST-elevation ACS the figures were, respectively, 1.150 (p < 0.001) and 0.769 ± 0.036 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Bleeding risk score is a very useful and highly reliable predictor of in-hospital mortality in a wide range of patients with acute coronary syndromes, especially in those with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.     

Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established.

Objective

To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS.

Methods

Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records.

Results

The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure.

Conclusion

A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS.     

非ST段抬高性急性冠状动脉综合征的治疗策略

目的 研究药物治疗与介入治疗对非ST段抬高性急性冠状动脉综合征患者生存时间的影响.方法 在辽宁省10城市选择14家医院,连续入选入院时非ST段抬高性急性冠状动脉综合征患者.填写调查表,并于出院后30 d、90 d和180 d随访,获得完整资料900份.观察患者的基线特征、药物治疗及介入治疗干预情况和终点事件.结果 入选的900例中介入治疗患者226例,年龄61.1±10.7岁;药物治疗患者674例,年龄65.9±10.8岁.介入治疗组既往心功能衰竭史、中风史及吸烟史少于药物治疗组(P<0.05),介入治疗组住院期间出现反复心绞痛、心功能衰竭的比例以及出院后90 d和180 d死亡、非致命性心肌梗死和心功能衰竭等事件明显少于药物治疗组(P<0.05),介入治疗组住院期间和出院180 d应用阿斯匹林、氯吡格雷、低分子肝素、他汀类及钙离子拮抗剂高于药物治疗组,但应用抗心律失常药物低于药物治疗组(P<0.05),药物治疗组与介入治疗组相比生存率明显下降,但两组曲线生存率差异无显著性.结论 非ST段抬高性急性冠状动脉综合征患者介入治疗明显降低住院期间及出院后180 d心肌缺血事件.     

BNP was Associated with Ischemic Myocardial Scintigraphy and Death in Patients at Chest Pain Unit

Background

Recent studies have suggested that B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is an important predictor of ischemia and death in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Increased levels of BNP are seen after episodes of myocardial ischemia and may be related to future adverse events.

Objectives

To determine the prognostic value of BNP for major cardiac events and to evaluate its association with ischemic myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS).

Methods

This study included retrospectively 125 patients admitted to the chest pain unit between 2002 and 2006, who had their BNP levels measured on admission and underwent CPM for risk stratification. BNP values were compared with the results of the MPS. The chi-square test was used for qualitative variables and the Student t test, for quantitative variables. Survival curves were adjusted using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by using Cox regression. The significance level was 5%.

Results

The mean age was 63.9 ± 13.8 years, and the male sex represented 51.2% of the sample. Ischemia was found in 44% of the MPS. The mean BNP level was higher in patients with ischemia compared to patients with non-ischemic MPS (188.3 ± 208.7 versus 131.8 ± 88.6; p = 0.003). A BNP level greater than 80 pg/mL was the strongest predictor of ischemia on MPS (sensitivity = 60%, specificity = 70%, accuracy = 66%, PPV = 61%, NPV = 70%), and could predict medium-term mortality (RR = 7.29, 95% CI: 0.90-58.6; p = 0.045) independently of the presence of ischemia.

Conclusions

BNP levels are associated with ischemic MPS findings and adverse prognosis in patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency room, thus, providing important prognostic information for an unfavorable clinical outcome.     

BNP与非ST抬高急性冠脉综合征危险分层的关系

目的探讨血浆B型脑钠肽(BNP)快速床旁检测对非ST抬高急性冠脉综合征(ACS)危险分层的临床意义。方法选取60例非ST抬高ACS(均行冠状动脉造影)患者,按其危险分层分为低危、中危、高危3组(均20例)。对比分析非ST段抬高ACS不同危险分层BNP的变化。结果血清BNP水平高危组中危组低危组,各组间差异显著(P0.05)。结论血清BNP水平可用于非ST段抬高ACS患者危险分层,对临床制定治疗干预策略可能有一定临床参考价值。     

Comparison of ACUITY and CRUSADE Scores in Predicting Major Bleeding during Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background

The ACUITY and CRUSADE scores are validated models for prediction of major bleeding events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the comparative performances of these scores are not known.

Objective

To compare the accuracy of ACUITY and CRUSADE in predicting major bleeding events during ACS.

Methods

This study included 519 patients consecutively admitted for unstable angina, non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The scores were calculated based on admission data. We considered major bleeding events during hospitalization and not related to cardiac surgery, according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria (type 3 or 5: hemodynamic instability, need for transfusion, drop in hemoglobin ≥ 3 g, and intracranial, intraocular or fatal bleeding).

Results

Major bleeding was observed in 31 patients (23 caused by femoral puncture, 5 digestive, 3 in other sites), an incidence of 6%. While both scores were associated with bleeding, ACUITY demonstrated better C-statistics (0.73, 95% CI = 0.63 - 0.82) as compared with CRUSADE (0.62, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.71; p = 0.04). The best performance of ACUITY was also reflected by a net reclassification improvement of + 0.19 (p = 0.02) over CRUSADE’s definition of low or high risk. Exploratory analysis suggested that the presence of the variables ‘age’ and ‘type of ACS’ in ACUITY was the main reason for its superiority.

Conclusion

The ACUITY Score is a better predictor of major bleeding when compared with the CRUSADE Score in patients hospitalized for ACS.     

Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study

Background

Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).

Methods

146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that.

Results

The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)].

Conclusion

Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype.     

STaVR抬高对急性冠状动脉综合征预后评估的价值

目的探讨心电图STaVR抬高对急性冠状动脉综合征预后评估的价值。方法回顾性分析68例急性冠状动脉综合征患者的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料、临床资料。根据STaVR抬高是否≥0.05mV分为抬高组（n=23）和非抬高组（n=45）。结果病变血管涉及左主干和左前降支近段的分别为抬高组13例（56.5％）和非抬高组1例（2.2％）,病变范围为多支病变的分别为9例（39.1％）和8例（17．8％）,发生心脏事件分别为7例（30.4％）和4例（8.9％）,两组差异均有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论急性冠状动脉综合征患者STaVR抬高提示左主干和左前降支近段病变、多支病变的可能,对判断预后有参考价值。     

A Review of Acute Coronary Syndrome and its Potential Impact on Cognitive Function

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts, in 2030, the number of people suffering from dementia will reach 82 million people worldwide, representing a huge burden on health and social care systems. Epidemiological data indicates a relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and the occurrence of cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. It is known that both diseases have common risk factors. However, the impact of myocardial infarction (MI) on cognitive function remains controversial and largely unknown. The main goal of this study is to attempt to summarize and discuss selected scientific reports on the causes, mechanisms and effects of CI in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially after MI. The risk of CI can increase in patients after ACS, and can therefore also adversely affect the further course of treatment. A late diagnosis of CI can lead to serious clinical implications, such as an increase in the number of hospitalizations and mortality.