Comparison of surgical stress response to laparoscopic and open radical cystectomy

Objectives  

To prospectively compare stress response to laparoscopic and open radical cystectomy by the measurement of humoral mediators and the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).     

腹腔镜和开放手术膀胱癌根治术疗效比较的Meta分析简

目的 利用Meta分析的方法,评价腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术（LRC）与开放性膀胱癌根治术（ORC）两种手术方式治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。 方法 选取发表于中国核心期刊及PubMed上的1990-2012年的文献,对比LRC与ORC两种术式治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床对照试验,并应用Meta分析评价手术所需时间、手术过程中出血量、手术过程中输血情况、术后胃肠道恢复情况、术后患者住院时间、术后并发症、切缘阳性率、膀胱容量、膀胱内压、残余尿等相关指标。结果 本篇Meta分析6篇临床同期对照试验。共纳入了597例患者,其中行LRC 336例患者,行ORC 261例患者。LRC手术所需时间（WMD 34.87 min,95%CI 25.94～43.79 min,P＜0.000 01）长于开放手术,而LRC手术过程中出血量（WMD -506.61 mL,95%CI-571.13～-442.09 mL,P＜0.000 01）、术中输血几率（OR 0.20,95% CI 0.11～0.38,P＜0.000 01）均小于ORC,术后胃肠道恢复时间（WMD -2.12 d,95% CI-2.20～ -2.03 d,P＜0.000 01）、术后患者住院时间（WMD -4.99 d,95% CI-5.79～-4.19 d,P＜0.000 01）、术后并发症发生率（OR 0.30,95% CI 0.18～0.48,P＜0.000 01）均少于ORC。LRC术后手术切缘阳性率、新膀胱的膀胱容量、膀胱内压、残余尿与ORC组均无统计学差异。 结论 对于浸润性膀胱癌,LRC的手术时间长于ORC,但在减少术中出血量、缩短术后肠道功能恢复时间及术后住院时间、降低并发症发生率方面更优越。而腹腔镜与ORC的手术切缘阳性率及新膀胱功能相似。     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is an emerging technique. It has been proposed as an alternative to open radical cystectomy, which is the gold standard treatment of muscleinvasive or high-risk superficial bladder cancer. The experience in laparoscopic radical cystectomy reported in peer-reviewed journals account for approximately 100 cases, with a median longest follow-up of 11.5 months. Safety of the technique and cancer control need to be confirmed by a larger cohort of patients; however, after an initial analysis, it seems to be equivalent to open radical cystectomy. Equivalent does not mean better. Long-term results will determine if supposed benefits of laparoscopy overweigh the true increment of cost and time.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy

The application of laparoscopic techniques to radical cystectomy has been a recent and natural evolution of successful laparoscopic applications in renal surgery and prostatectomy. The authors' ongoing international registry comprises over 700 cases from 14 countries. Most laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) operations are performed using standard laparoscopic technique, with a minority of hand-assisted or robotic-assisted procedures. This article attempts to provide an overview of the current status of LRC, with technical details, modifications, and results of various techniques as reported by the authors' group and other groups.     

Female radical cystectomy patients have a higher risk of surgical site infections

Introduction

Surgical site infections (SSI) are common after radical cystectomy. The objectives of this study were to evaluate if female sex is associated with postoperative SSI and if experiencing an SSI was associated with subsequent adverse events.

Costs of radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVE: The total costs of radical cystectomy comprise a significant part of the total costs of bladder cancer treatment. The aims of this study were to determine the costs of cystectomy, with and without complications, and to investigate related prognostic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical records and relevant economic files of 70 consecutive patients operated on between 1994 and 1998 were studied. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed on 22 variables of possible prognostic significance to high total costs. RESULTS: The total (median) costs for 53 uncomplicated and 17 complicated cystectomies were 181,096 and 290,625 SEK, respectively. The preoperative variables (patient characteristics) had no or minimal prognostic significance for high total costs. High peri-operative blood loss was the most important factor associated with high total hospital costs for radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Total costs may be very high for a cystectomy with complications. Peri-operative blood loss was the most important factor associated with high total hospital costs for radical cystectomy due to bladder cancer. If the amount of bleeding can be influenced then substantial reductions in the total costs of cystectomy would seem possible.     

Improved surgical outcomes following radical cystectomy at high-volume centers influence overall survival

Objectives

Positive surgical margins (PSM) and lymph node yield (LNY) following radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder affect survival. Variations in PSM or LNY at different care facilities are poorly described. We evaluated the relationship between hospital surgical volume and academic hospital status with these surgical outcomes and overall survival (OS).

Comparison of renal function after open radical cystectomy,extracorporeal robot assisted radical cystectomy,and intracorporeal robot assisted radical cystectomy

PurposeRenal function outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) have not been well established. We sought to compare long-term renal function outcomes between open radical cystectomy, RARC with extracorporeal urinary diversion and intracorporeal urinary diversion at a high volume institution.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our institutional bladder cancer database for patients who underwent RC from 2010 to 2019 with pre-operative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 45 ml/min/1.73m². Changes in renal function were assessed through locally weighted scatter plot smoothing and comparison of median eGFR between surgical groups. Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3B was defined as eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73m². Renal function decline was defined as a ≥10 ml/min/1.73m² drop in eGFR. Kaplan Meier method with log-rank was used to compare CKD 3B-free survival and renal function decline. Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to identify predictors of CKD 3B.ResultsSix hundred and forty four patients were included with median follow-up of 32 months (IQR 12–56). Preoperative characteristics were similar among the groups with no differences in median pre-operative eGFR (ORC: 74.6, extracorporeal urinary diversion: 74.3, intracorporeal urinary diversion: 71.6 ml/min/1.73m², P = 0.15). Median postoperative eGFR on follow up was not different between groups (P = 0.56). 33% of patients developed CKD 3B. There were no differences in CKD 3B-free survival by surgical approach (P = 0.23) or urinary diversion (P = 0.09). 64% of patients experienced renal function decline with a median time of 2.4 years (P 0.23). Predictors of CKD were pathologic T3 disease or greater (HR: 1.77, P = 0.01), ureteroenteric anastomotic stricture (HR: 2.80, P < 0.001), preoperative CKD Stage 2 (HR: 1.81, P =0.02), and preoperative CKD Stage 3A (HR: 5.56, P < 0.001).ConclusionRenal function decline is common after RC. Tumor stage, pre-operative eGFR, and ureteral stricture development, not surgical approach, influence renal function decline.     

Impact of tumour volume on surgical and pathological outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVE

To report on the influence that bladder tumour volume has on operative and pathological outcomes after robotic‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC, a minimally invasive alternative to open cystectomy for treating bladder cancer), as with the lack of tactile feedback in RARC tumour volume might compromise the outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 2005 and 2007, 54 consecutive patients had RARC at one institution. CT urograms were obtained in all patients for staging purposes and to evaluate hydronephrosis. Patients were separated into two groups based on pathological tumour dimensions. Once selected into two‐dimensional (2D, flat) or 3D (bulky) tumour groups the patients were compared for operative and pathological variables.

RESULTS

The mean age of all patients was 67 years; 19 had tumours classified as 2D and 35 as 3D. There were no statistical differences in age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, previous surgery, mean hospital stay, or estimated blood loss between the groups. The difference in operative duration for bladder removal was almost statistically significant (P = 0.077). Intraoperative transfusion was more common in the 3D group (P = 0.044); 43% of patients in the 3D group had hydronephrosis, vs only 16% in the 2D group. 3D tumours were more likely to be higher stage (P = 0.051). All positive margins in the patient were in the 3D group (P = 0.04); no patients with ≤T2 disease had a positive surgical margin.

CONCLUSIONS

Bulky tumours removed with RARC might be associated with an increased rate of intraoperative transfusion, higher stage disease, and higher rate of margin positivity. In patients with large‐volume tumours on preoperative assessment, wider dissection of perivesical tissue might decrease the margin‐positive rates.