高风险人群膝关节置换术后感染的原因分析及处理对策

目的探讨高风险人群膝关节置换术后感染的原因及处理对策。方法对1998年1月～2003年12月进行膝关节置换术的7例高风险人群(出现术后感染者)进行回顾性分析调查,针对术前、术中、术后不同时期的治疗流程中可能引起感染的原因进行分析,并就治疗效果随访调查。结果7例患者中,2例保留假体、清创冲洗;2例清创并假体取出,抗生素骨水泥填塞,其中1例行二期关节再置换术;1例行关节融合术;2例截肢。随访(31.9±8.4)个月,除1例行关节融合术的糖尿病患者感染迁延外,无再发感染病例。结论高风险人群膝关节置换术后,除具有一般全膝关节置换术所存在的易感因素外,其切口大、手术时间长、软组织损伤重、假体占位体积大、免疫功能低下是造成感染的高危因素,及早清创、假体取出、严重者果断截肢方可有效控制感染。     

人工髋关节置换术后感染的治疗

目的 探讨人工髋关节置换术后感染的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2006～2009年我科所收治8例人工关节置换术后感染患者的临床资料.收集患者分泌物或关节穿刺液进行细菌培养、药敏试验.治疗包括:保留假体清创,VSD(vacuum sealing drainage)闭合冲洗3例;二期翻修5例.结果 3例保留假体清创闭合冲洗者,1例术后感染复发,后改为取出假体旷置,二期翻修.5例二期翻修者,术后均未见感染复发.所有患者均荻随访12～36个月,平均25个月,末次随访时,8例患者均未见感染复发.结论　人工髋关节置换术后感染的治疗方法以二期翻修较为理想.保留假体清创治疗应严格掌握适应证.     

关节镜在人工膝关节置换术后感染治疗中的应用(附5例报告)

目的：探讨膝关节镜对人工膝关节置换术后感染的应用价值。方法：在人工膝关节置换术后感染的患者中选择没有明显骨质破坏，假体没有松动的患者5例，治疗前抽关节积液做细菌培养和药敏试验，然后根据药敏结果，选用有效抗菌素。在按照化脓性关节炎进行治疗的同时，实施关节镜下关节腔清创术，清除关节腔内的坏死组织、脓液及表面的坏死骨组织，术后用敏感抗生素液持续闭式灌洗2～4周。结果：5例患者中有4例，局部及全身症状消失，生化结果恢复正常，随诊1～3年无复发，关节活动基本正常。1例患者术后半年后复发，并出现明显的假体松动，施行了翻修术。结论：膝关节镜下对人工膝关节置换术后感染的关节进行清创并行持续抗生素液灌洗，对人工膝关节置换术后感染没有明显骨质破坏，假体没有松动，可找到敏感抗生素的患者，有较好的疗效。可使患者避免实施翻修术，是一种创伤小、风险小，治疗效果满意的治疗方法。     

早期清创控制膝关节置换术后急性感染临床分析

目的分析早期清创对膝关节置换术后急性感染的疗效。方法选择我院初次行膝关节置换术后急性感染患者50例，随机分成对照组及实验组，各25例。对照组采用抗生素抗感染治疗，实验组在此基础上再采用早期清创术，清除坏死组织及炎性组织，清除感染灶。根据患者的全身症状、引流液培养结果、ESR、血常规、CRP、血清白蛋白等检测指标确定疗效。结果实验组病例经过有效处理，成功保留假体清创，24例感染控制患者功能恢复良好，未发现败血症、假体松动，软组织条件良好，控制感染成功率高达96％；而对照组控制感染成功率是60％，效果不理想。结论早期清创治疗可有效控制膝关节术后感染，感染控制的成功率越大，值得临床推广应用。     

抗生素骨水泥间隔体在全膝关节置换术后感染二期翻修中的应用

目的探讨抗生素骨水泥间隔体在人工膝关节表面置换术(TKA)术后感染二期翻修中的临床疗效。方法对2009年6月-2016年6月在医院骨科接受了TKA术后感染二期翻修的30例患者进行回顾性分析;30例(30膝)患者取出假体,彻底清创,用抗生素骨水泥的功能性假体植入,间隔期膝关节正常活动,待12周感染控制后再行膝关节翻修手术;记录和比较治疗前、间隔期、二期翻修术后的美国膝关节协会(KSS)膝关节评分、KSS膝关节功能评分、KSS膝关节疼痛评分、膝关节活动范围(ROM)值。结果 30例患者均治愈,间隔期末次随访患膝平均屈曲90°,平均美国膝关节协会评分(KSS,81.1±6.7)分,翻修术后患膝平均屈曲95°,KSS(86.3±7.4)分,平均随访时间为37.6个月(31~71)个月,无感染复发。结论采用抗生素骨水泥功能性假体治疗TKA术后感染,临床效果好,膝关节功能恢复良好,可以显著提高患者的长期预后和生活质量。     

二期翻修治疗人工全髋关节置换术后感染回顾性分析

目的 探讨二期翻修治疗人工全髋关节置换术后感染的疗效.方法 对2007年4月至2009年10月行二期翻修治疗人工全髋关节置换术后感染11例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.11例患者均行一期彻底清创,抗生素骨水泥临时假体置入后旷置,感染控制后行二期翻修术.术后采用Harrs髋关节功能评分、实验室检查、影像学检查进行疗效评价.结果 11例患者一期清创到二期翻修平均间隔5.6(4 ～ 11)个月,术后平均随访34(24～48)个月,未出现感染复发及并发症发生.术前Harris髋关节功能评分17～43(30.71±13.52)分,术后随访Harris髋关节功能评分72～96(84.38±12.85)分,手术前后Harris髋关节功能评分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其中优6例,良4例,可1例,优良率达90.91％( 10/11).结论 二期翻修治疗人工全髋关节置换术后感染能有效保留关节功能,感染清除率高,是治疗人工全髋关节置换术后感染的有效方法.     

膝关节置换术后感染的早期处理(附2例报告)

本文探讨膝关节置换术后感染的早期处理及效果。对行膝关节置换手术后2例早期感染患者，采用关节穿刺确定诊断，实施关节灌洗引流和大剂量抗生素治疗。结果2例患者感染完全控制，术后膝关节功能恢复满意，随访2年，感染无复发。认为膝关节置换术后早期感染应用关节灌洗引流、多次清创和抗生素治疗效果良好。     

人工膝关节置换治疗膝骨性关节炎

目的:分析人工全膝表面置换治疗膝骨性关节炎的临床效果。方法:对28例31膝的膝骨性关节炎病例行人工膝关节置换术,单膝关节置换25例,双膝关节置换3例,全部采用后方稳定性假体。结果:随访7-50个月,采用HSS评分系统进行分析,优22例,良6例。患者术后在疼痛、功能方面都有显著地改善。结论:人工全膝关节置换是治疗膝骨性关节炎的有效方法。。     

微创全膝关节置换术的早期临床效果研究

目的探讨QS微创全膝关节置换术及其早期的临床效果。方法2005年9月～2006年12月,完成QS微创全膝关节置换术20例25膝,年龄59～82岁,平均年龄68岁;女性患者15例(19膝),男性5例(6膝)。手术前诊断骨性关节炎18例,类风湿性关节炎2例。选取同期同等条件患者22例25膝作对照组。对照组行传统的标准全膝关节置换术。结果无一例失随访。随访时间4～9个月,平均12个月。QS组手术前KSS评分平均58分(30～65分),手术后一周达到91分(85～98分);手术切口长度为9～12cm,平均10cm;平均出血量为600ml;最后随访时无感染、下肢深静脉栓塞、假体周围骨折、假体松动、血管神经损伤和脱位等并发症发生。结论QS微创全膝关节置换术由于不损伤股四头肌,不破坏伸膝装置,较之传统全膝关节置换术具有出血少、疼痛轻、康复快等优点,早期临床效果良好。当然,QS全膝关节置换术的成功关键在于选择理想的患者和对手术技术的精益求精。     

人工全膝关节置换39例围手术期护理

目的探讨围手术期护理在全膝（关节）置换术中的作用。方法对应用人工全膝关节治疗骨性关节炎、类风湿关节炎等共39例（52膝）患者采用术前急性期护理,术后早期功能锻炼期康复护理。结果术后2周膝关节置换术后疗效评定体系（HSS）评分60～82分,平均75.3分;术后6个月膝关节HSS评分82～90分,平均87.5分。结论围手术期护理在膝关节置换中起着非常重要的作用,并可有效预防并发症。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.