胰十二指肠术后胰瘘合并腹腔感染的诊疗分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘合并腹腔感染患者的诊断与治疗方法,以采取有效措施.方法 回顾性分析医院2008年1月-2011年12月137例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,对于临床怀疑胰瘘合并腹腔感染的患者行血液及引流液培养、腹部CT等检查,一经确诊,即给予充分引流、抗菌药物等综合治疗措施.结果 19例胰瘘合并腹腔感染的患者中,发生胰瘘31例,胰瘘发生率为22.6％,其中19例合并腹腔内感染,感染率为13.9％;137例患者送检标本中检出阳性标本26例次,包括单一菌感染12例、混合感染7例；共培养出病原菌26株,其中粪肠球菌11株占42.3％,大肠埃希菌8株占30.8％,金黄色葡萄球菌3株占11.5％,18例患者经治疗后好转,死亡l例.结论 对于胰瘘合并腹腔感染的患者,影像学检查及病原学检查尤为重要,保持充分引流和应用抗菌药物是治疗的有效措施.     

肝胆外科术后腹腔感染的综合护理

目的 探讨肝胆外科术后腹腔感染的综合护理方法.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2011年12月51例肝胆外科术后出现腹腔感染患者的临床资料,所有患者术后采用通畅引流、负压吸引、理疗等综合护理方法.结果 51例腹腔感染患者中送检标本培养阳性67例次,其中单一菌感染35例次,混合感染16例次;共检出病原菌67株,位居前3位的病原菌分别为粪肠球菌22株占32.8％、大肠埃希菌16株占23.9％、屎肠球菌12株占17.9％;所有患者经积极综合护理治疗后,47例治愈,治愈率为92.2％,4例死亡.结论 对肝胆外科术后腹腔感染的患者采用综合护理措施,有助于控制和治疗感染,降低患者的死亡率.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者革兰阳性球菌感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者革兰阳性球菌感染病原菌的种类、分布及耐药状况,指导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物.方法 应用ATB Expression自动细菌鉴定系统对菌种进行鉴定,用K-B纸片扩散法对病原菌进行药物敏感性试验.结果 481例SLE患者并发革兰阳性球菌感染122例,感染率为25.4%,例次感染率54.5%;共分离出病原菌262株,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌;179株葡萄球菌属中检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)124株,占69.3%;57株对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌属中,D试验阳性26株,占45.6%;替考拉宁和万古霉素对MRSA和MRCNS的抗菌活性高;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率低;屎肠球菌仅对替考拉宁和万古霉素敏感;粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率为62.5%和74.2%;未检出耐替考拉宁及万古霉素肠球菌.结论 调查结果表明,SLE患者并发细菌感染的临床表现无特异性,对SLE患者并发革兰阳性球菌感染的治疗和抗菌药物的选用具有重要参考价值.     

重症颅脑外伤在ICU发生肺部感染临床分析

目的探讨重症颅脑外伤患者在ICU发生肺部感染的特点和防治方法。方法该院ICU收治重度颅脑损伤患者252例,对所有患者的临床资料进行分析和痰致病菌培养。结果 252例患者中共有58例患者发生肺部感染,感染率为23.02%。58例患者共检出83株病原菌,其中58株病原菌为G-杆菌,占69.88%;18株病原菌为G＋球菌,占21.69%;7株病原菌为真菌,占8.43%。其中G-杆菌中,以鲍氏不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌最为常见,分别占27.71%和20.48%;G＋球菌中,以金黄色葡萄球菌最为常见,占12.05%;真菌主要为白色念球菌,占8.43%。给予抗生素治疗后,临床治疗效果良好。结论重症颅脑外伤患者在ICU发生肺部感染具有多重耐药、多重感染的特点,需要根据患者的药敏培养结果进行抗生素治疗,以促进患者病情的恢复。     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床调查分析

目的 分析急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床特点,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2012年12月105例急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染病原菌分布和相关危险因素.结果 105例急性脑卒中患者合并肺部感染41例,感染率为39.0％;41例急性脑卒中患者合并肺部感染者共分离病原菌56株,其中革兰阴性杆菌37株,占66.1％,以铜绿假单胞菌最为多见;真菌11株,占19.6％,以白色假丝酵母菌最为多见;革兰阳性菌8株,占14.3％,以金黄色葡萄球菌最为多见,急性脑卒中并发肺部感染与疾病类型、年龄、意识障碍、发病时间及合并糖尿病明显相关(P＜0.05),而与性别、合并冠心病无相关性.结论 医院急性脑卒中并发肺部感染为多种因素共同作用的结果,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌多见,应加强临床防护工作.     

肝移植患者术后感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后感染患者病原菌的分布及耐药性特点,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析医院2007年1月-2011年12月肝移植术后感染患者送检的各类标本分离的病原菌分布及耐药性.结果 307例肝移植患者中有112例术后发生感染,感染率36.5％;分离出196株病原菌包括176株细菌和20株真菌,其中,铜绿假单胞菌43株占21.9％,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌24株占12.2％,粪肠球菌24株占12.2％,白色假丝酵母菌12株占6.1％,曲霉菌属5株占2.5％;病原菌耐药性较高,碳青霉烯类与大环内酯类抗菌药物是治疗革兰阴性杆菌与革兰阳性球菌最有效的抗菌药物,氟康唑与伏立康唑是治疗真菌感染最有效的抗菌药物.结论 感染是肝移植术后主要并发症之一,其病原菌呈多药耐药性,有效预防与早期治疗是控制感染的关键.     

颅脑外伤后肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨颅脑外伤患者发生肺部感染的病原菌分布及药敏结果,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对2002年1月-2012年8月收治的颅脑外伤合并肺部感染患者下呼吸道分离的病原菌进行培养,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准判断结果.结果 897例颅脑外伤患者有79例发生肺部感染,感染率为8.81％;分离79株病原菌,革兰阴性菌49株占62.03％,革兰阳性菌21株占26.58％,真菌9株占11.39％;多数病原菌对抗菌药物呈多药耐药性,对革兰阴性菌耐药率较低的有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南,均＜40.00％,对革兰阳性菌耐药率较低的药物有万古霉素、替考拉宁,均＜5.00％.结论 引起颅脑损伤并发肺部感染患者的病原菌耐药性严重,对多种抗菌药物耐药,革兰阴性菌感染比例增高,临床应加强病原菌培养及药敏监测,合理使用抗菌药物,采取有效措施减少感染发生.     

早产儿医院感染的临床分析

目的 分析早产儿医院感染发生情况,为医院感染的控制提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月-2011年12月医院新生儿重症监护病房内住院的231例早产儿临床资料及医院感染发生情况.结果 231例早产儿中发生医院感染者39例,感染率为16.88％,其中男24例占61.54％,女15例占38.46％;医院感染患者住院时间＜7 d者感染率28.21％,≥7d者感染率71.79％,医院感染住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(x2=14.82,P＜0.05);检出病原菌44株,其中5例存在混合感染,革兰阳性球菌占36.36％,主要以链球菌属及肠球菌属为主,革兰阴性菌占63.64％,主要以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等为主;医院感染疾病主要是肺炎、泌尿系感染等,导致肺炎的主要病原菌是克雷伯菌属,泌尿系感染病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属,导致败血症、皮肤感染的病原菌有链球菌属、肠球菌属、溶血葡萄球菌等,坏死性小肠炎患儿病原菌为溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 革兰阴性菌是导致早产儿医院感染的主要病原菌,肺炎、泌尿系感染等疾病是临床常见医院感染疾病.     

慢性肝硬化患者肠球菌属感染及体外药敏分析

目的 分析慢性肝硬化患者肠球菌属感染的现状及体外药敏特点,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 采集慢性肝硬化患者的各类标本进行细菌培养,并测定对常用抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 所有研究的慢性肝硬化患者共检出肠球菌属138株,其中粪肠球菌102株,比例最高,占73.91％;屎肠球菌32株,占23.19％,居第2位;腹水中肠球菌属检出率最高,达到60.15％;检出高耐庆大霉素肠球菌属55株,占55.80％,耐氨苄西林肠球菌属30株,占21.74％,庆大霉素高水平耐药合并氨苄西林耐药肠球菌属28株,占20.29％;肠球菌属对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁的敏感率最高,均＞90.00％;检出耐万古霉素肠球菌属2株,万古霉素中介肠球菌属3株.结论 肠球菌属是慢性肝硬化患者感染的重要致病菌,尤以粪肠球菌为主;并发肠球菌属感染时,应高度重视细菌培养和药敏试验,为合理使用抗菌治疗提供依据;万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁是治疗肠球菌属感染的首选药物.     

肠瘘患者腹腔感染的病原学调查与危险因素分析

目的 研究分析肠瘘病发腹腔感染的危险因素及主要病原菌分布、常用抗菌药物的耐药性,以降低感染率.方法 对2002年1-11月在医院就诊的肠瘘并发腹腔感染患者119例,留取患者的腹腔引流脓液等标本做培养,应用ABBott(MS-2 System)系统做细菌鉴定及抗菌药物药敏试验,分析腹腔感染的细菌及其引起腹腔感染的危险因素和对抗菌药物耐药特点.结果 肠瘘并发腹腔感染的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占23.02％、7.19％、7.19％、7.19％、6.48％、6.84％、6.84％,其中革兰阴性菌占58.63％,革兰阳性菌占41.37％;革兰阴性菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出阳性率为46.01％,大肠埃希菌的耐药性高于肺炎克雷伯菌与阴沟肠杆菌,对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮、亚胺培南耐药性较低,并且亚胺培南(碳青霉烯类)显示了较强的抗菌作用;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮、亚胺培南的耐药率＜30.00％;鲍氏不动菌对头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮的耐药率＜30.0％;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药率为18.18％、头孢哌酮为36.36％;革兰阳性菌对替考拉宁与万古霉素耐药率均为0,金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率整体高于表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌均为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;屎肠球菌整体耐药性高于粪肠球菌;对青霉素敏感的链球菌属对氨苄西林的耐药率较低,无耐万古霉素的菌株.结论 肠瘘并发腹腔感染主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,且ESBLs检出阳性率达46.0％;检出病原菌均呈现多药耐药性,因此对肠瘘并发腹腔感染的患者在更改引流方式等手术治疗外,需合理应用抗菌药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.