浙江省基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施效果的综合评价

目的：以浙江省为例对基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度的效果进行综合评价。方法：选择反映基本药物制度实施效果的评价指标,应用因子分析法,构建基层医疗机构关于实施基本药物制度的绩效得分体系并进行评分。结果：浙江省基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度前后的绩效得分分别为5.169和8.801,实施之后的总体绩效水平提高了41.27%。从单个医疗机构来看,95.08%的机构取得了制度的阳性效果。结论：现阶段浙江省基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度效果良好,在保证基本药物制度覆盖面的同时,也在一定程度上实现了药物可及和合理使用的期望目标。     

我国基本药物制度实施效果研究进展评述

目的:系统评价国家基本药物制度实施效果的研究进展,为进一步完善该制度提供参考。方法:检索有关我国基本药物制度实施的国内外研究文献及国际组织报告,时间跨度为2009年1月—2014年12月。结果:最终纳入文献1 292篇,其中中文1 277篇,英文12篇,研究报告3篇。近年来我国基本药物制度研究文献众多,但评价技术及指标不够完善,样本代表性不足,证据连续性欠缺,利用医学大数据开展的循证评价研究刚刚起步,国际合作研究较少。结论与建议:我国基本药物制度评价研究亟待加强。基本药物制度评价既要立足国情,又要与国际的多维度评价框架相结合,从可获得性、可支付性及合理用药等方面进行深入研究,为基本药物制度的推进实施提供科学的证据支持。     

基本药物制度实施前后基层医疗机构门诊处方费用的meta分析

目的系统评价基本药物制度的实施对基层医疗机构门诊处方费用的影响。方法全面收集有关基本药物制度前后基层医疗机构门诊处方费用研究的相关文献,利用RevMan5.0进行meta分析。结果合并效应值MD=-11.42,95%CI为(-15.47,-7.10);亚组分析显示基本药物制度实施后,农村基层医疗机构门诊单张处方费用的MD=-10.56,95%CI为(-15.59,-5.53);城市基层医疗机构门诊单张处方费用的MD=-14.01,95%CI为(-17.15,-7.38),模型的稳定性较好。倒漏斗图显示文献的发表偏倚较小,可以认为结果较为可靠。结论基本药物制度实施后,基层医疗机构的门诊处方费用降低,且在城市地区的效果较农村地区相对明显。卫生行政部门应在保持基本药物政策持续性的基础上采取综合措施,进一步降低门诊处方费用。     

四川省农村基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施效果研究

目的：分析四川省农村基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施效果,为完善基本药物制度提供实证依据与对策建议.方法：比较国家基本药物制度实施前后,样本地区农村基层医疗机构基本药物可获得性、合理用药情况、基本药物可负担性等指标的变化.结果：国家基本药物制度实施后,药品收入占医疗机构总收入比例下降,财政补助占比上升;样本医疗机构国家基本药物配备率中位数为50.81%;次均处方费用从23.95元降至21.23元,含抗生素处方率从71.06%降至68.37%,含注射剂处方比率从32.27%降至29.70%.基本药物可负担性提高,但部分仍超过了农村居民收入可负担范围.结论：基层医疗机构财政补偿机制转变;基层医疗机构＂两降两升＂效果未完全显现;基层医疗机构基本药物配备使用率不足;基本药物价格下降,可负担性仍有待提高;基层医疗机构合理用药问题仍待改善.     

县级公立医院改革对基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度影响分析

在对湖北省基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度现状总结的基础上,以系统论为指导,从理论上分析县级公立医院改革对基层医疗机构实施基本药物制度的影响,得出在县级公立医院改革特别是县级公立医院取消药品加成的过程中应配套相应措施:包括合理扩大基本药物省增补目录,将基层医疗机构基本药物补助纳入预算管理,建立多元化的基层医疗机构补偿途径,建立完善的县乡双向转诊模式等,以保证基层医疗机构有效实施基本药物制度和县级公立医院改革顺利推进.基层医疗机构顺利实施基本药物制度是落实医改政策的重要工作之一,各地政府在推进县级医院改革的过程中,应系统考虑调整相关卫生政策.     

基于Meta分析《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》在基层医疗机构实施效果评价

目的评价《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》在基层医疗机构的实施效果。方法对公开发表的文献进行Meta分析,系统比较《管理办法》实施前后基层医疗机构抗菌药物使用情况。结果研究共纳入39篇文献,在《管理办法》实施前、实施节点和实施后3个时期,基层医疗机构门诊处方抗菌药物使用率分别为42.03%、39.79%和32.36%。在抗菌药物处方中,抗菌药物联合使用所占的处方比例在这3个时期分别为16.91%,19.36%和29.63%。结论《管理办法》实施后,基层医疗机构门诊处方抗菌药物使用率明显降低,但是仍高于世界卫生组织建议标准,并且抗菌药物联合使用率有升高趋势。     

基本药物制度执行后对社区居民用药行为的影响分析

目的:了解苏州市基层医疗机构基本药物制度的实施效果以及居民用药行为的变化.方法:采用定量与定性相结合的方法,通过单纯随机抽样选取1078名调查对象进行问卷调查,并从卫生行政机构和医疗机构中共选取10名知情人士进行访谈.结果:基本药物制度实施后,患者反映药物价格有所下降;在选购药品时,有494人(45.8％)最关注的是药品疗效;576人(53.4％)去社区买药频率增加;155人(32.4％)因为担心药品质量而未更换使用基本药物.结论:部分调查对象因为担心药品质量而未选择使用基本药物;选择社区卫生机构买药更方便;基层医疗机构药品种类欠缺.     

社区基本药物制度的实践探索

实施基本药物制度是解决当前医药购销领域诸多问题,规范医疗机构用药行为,降低医药费用负担的重要举措。潍坊市在普及基本医疗卫生制度实验性研究中,围绕基本药物制度原则和建立基本药物供应体系、筹资补偿机制、业务工作制度、经济管理制度等进行了创新,并率先在基层医疗机构进行了实践。文章重点对上述实践情况进行总结,对制度的实施效果进行分析评价。     

基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施的成效和存在的问题及建议

对潍城区基层医疗机构基本药物的供应、使用、报销等方面分析基本药物制度实施的成效、问题并提出建议，促进基层医疗机构国家基本药物制度的顺利实施.     

基本药物制度对基层医疗机构收支结构的影响分析：基于上海、四川与重庆地区实证研究

目的:探讨基本药物制度对基层医疗机构收支结构的影响。方法:选择上海、四川和重庆地区共12所基层医疗机构作为研究对象,收集实施基本药物制度前后的收支结余等数据进行分析。结果:实施基本药物制度前后,基层医疗机构财政补助收入占总收入比例上升了20.24%,医疗收入和药品收入占业务收入的比例分别从实施前的36.86%和49.30%增长到实施后的41.68%和52.72%,增幅分别为13.09%和6.95%。收支结余率实施前后分别为-1.06%和-5.78%,降幅为-443.39%。结论:实施国家基本药物制度后,基层医疗机构医疗财政补助收入和医疗收入比重不断升高,药品比重略有下降,但多数基层医疗机构收支亏损增大。同时,基层医疗机构在服务能力和补偿等方面面临着诸多问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.