骨折术后医院感染的危险因素分析与控制

目的 探讨骨折术后患者医院感染的危险因素并分析相应控制对策,为控制医院感染率提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月-2011年12月医院骨折1897例住院患者病历,统计患者姓名、性别、年龄、病史等临床资料以及骨折类型、手术切口类型、感染部位等可能与感染相关的因素.结果 调查1897例患者中发现医院感染68例,感染率为3.58％;患者年龄、病史、骨折类型、手术切口类型、侵入性操作、手术时间和住院时间均是可能诱发骨折术后患者医院感染的危险因素(P＜0.05);其中骨折类型和侵入性操作对医院感染的影响尤其值得注意,开放性骨折或接受了侵人性操作的患者更易发生医院感染(P＜0.01).结论 临床上应积极采取针对性措施,尽量避免或减少骨折术后患者医院感染的发生.     

胸外科术后患者医院感染的调查分析及预防

目的 了解胸外科手术患者术后医院感染发生的特点及其采取的预防与控制,以减少医院感染的发生.方法 通过回顾性调查的方法,对医院胸外科2009年1月-2011年12月住院行手术治疗的492例患者临床资料及每年医院感染监测资料进行系统的调查与分析.结果 492例手术患者术后发生医院感染22例,感染率4.47％;3年中医院感染率分别为5.63％、4.27％、3.76％,提示医院感染发病率呈逐年下降趋势;22例医院感染部位以呼吸道为主占54.54％、手术切口占22.73％、泌尿系统占13.64％、胸腔占9.09％;对492例手术患者进行单因素分析比较,发现患者的年龄偏高、有长期吸烟史、合并慢性疾病史、气管插管/机械通气、手术时间较长等与术后医院感染发生差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);说明患者的年龄偏高、长期大量吸烟史等是医院感染的相关危险因素.结论 通过了解胸外科术后患者发生医院感染的相关危险因素,针对相关的危险因素采取有效的预防控制措施,以减少医院感染的发生.     

手术切口感染相关危险因素分析

目的 对医院手术室患者切口感染相关危险因素进行分析,为制定预防控制管理措施提供参考依据.方法 回顾性分析医院2011年收治的3875例手术患者临床资料,对手术切口感染相关危险因素进行分析,并与采取预防控制管理措施后2012年手术切口感染率进行比较分析.结果 2011年共有79例患者出现切口感染、切口感染率为2.04％;单因素分析结果显示,年龄在21～50岁、骨科患者、手术时间＞5h、术中发生失血、手术切口长度＞10 cm、Ⅲ类手术切口、住院时间＞10 d、肥胖患者、留置引流管是手术患者发生切口感染的相关危险因素(P＜0.05);共检出病原菌98株,其中革兰阴性杆菌74株占75.51％,革兰阳性菌24株占24.49％;2012年手术切口感染率为1.02％,显著低于2011年感染的发生率2.04％(x2=14.312,P＜0.05).结论 根据相关危险因素制定针对性地预防控制管理措施,增强预防意识,加强培训考核;完善各种规章制度规范,加强手术室感染控制管理;合理应用抗菌药物,降低耐药性.     

骨科无菌手术切口感染的危险因素分析及防治对策

目的 分析骨科无菌手术切口感染的危险因素,探讨防治骨科无菌手术切口感染的对策.方法 回顾性分析医院2008年3月-2009年9月收治的行骨科无菌手术患者631例,按照切口感染与否,将患者分为感染组与非感染组,比较两组患者的一般资料、医疗差异,分析骨科无菌手术切口感染的危险因素,根据危险因素探讨防治切口感染的措施.结果 经比较切口感染组和未感染组患者的一般资料及医疗差异,年龄、肥胖、手术时间、抗菌药物使用例次、合并糖尿病、不问内置物、病房环境、责任护士年资、术后住院时间等因素,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);感染病原菌分布,以金黄色葡萄球菌感染率最高,占48.8％,其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,占26.8％.结论 临床在对患者行骨科无菌手术时,应综合考虑患者因素、医院感染控制规范管理、环境因素等,尽量降低骨科无菌手术切口的感染率.     

老年骨折患者术后发生医院感染的危险因素研究

目的探讨老年骨折患者术后住院期间医院感染的危险因素,为防治医院感染提供参考。方法选取南部战区陆军第74集团军医院2016年1月-2018年5月骨科收治的196例老年骨折术后患者,采用回顾性分析法对患者临床资料进行分析,了解造成患者住院期间医院感染的相关危险因素,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 196例患者中,住院期间发生医院感染19例,感染率为9.69%;Ⅲ型手术切口、手术时间180min、住院时间≥10d、开放性骨折、导管留置时间≥24h、以及全麻是老年骨折患者术后住院期间医院感染相关因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);手术切口类型、手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、骨折类型、导管留置时间是老年骨折患者术后住院期间医院感染独立危险因素差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年骨折患者术后住院期间医院感染危险因素较多,临床应当针对性给予预防措施,减少医院感染发生。     

骨科手术切口感染的预防

目的 了解骨科手术患者切口感染的相关因素,加强护理管理,降低感染.方法 对医院骨科2009年1月-2010年12月收住的骨科手术住院病例进行回顾性分析.结果 926例患者共发生手术切口J感染18例,切口感染率为1.94％,462例骨科急诊手术患者中,伤口感染15例,感染率为3.25％,464例择期手术患者中,感染3例,感染率为0.65％;切口感染的原因与环境质量、手术时间、伤口污染情况、术前住院天数、医务人员的无菌观念等因素有关.结论 针对各个环节的各种因素,做好骨科手术患者术前预防和术后护理,能有效降低手术切口感染率.     

骨科无菌手术切口感染病原菌耐药性与危险因素分析

目的探讨骨科无菌手术切口感染的病原菌类型及耐药性,术后切口感染危险因素,为降低骨科手术切口感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2014年12月800例行骨科无菌手术患者临床资料,分析患者切口感染病原菌类型、主要病原菌耐药性,切口感染危险因素进行单因素方差分析。结果 800例行骨科无菌手术患者术后发生感染30例,感染率为3.75%;共分离出病原菌33株,其中革兰阳性菌10株占30.31%,革兰阴性菌22株占66.66%,真菌1株占3.03%,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林、氨曲南的耐药率较低,耐药率均<50.00%,金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利福平的耐药率均为0;年龄>60岁、手术时间>3h、接台手术、Ⅲ类切口、植入物、伴有糖尿病是行骨科无菌手术患者术后发生医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论骨科无菌手术切口感染病原菌种类较多,感染率较高,耐药性及感染危险因素复杂,应针对感染危险因素采取有效措施,以控制切口感染率。     

315例骨科手术患者医院感染的临床分析与对策

目的 探讨骨科住院患者医院感染发生率及其相关感染因素,为临床预防医院感染提供指导.方法 回顾性统计分析2009年1月-2011年9月315例手术后发生医院感染患者的临床资料.结果 11 535例骨科手术患者中,有315例发生医院感染,医院感染率为2.73％;感染部位以切口感染为主,占61.90％,其次为下呼吸道、泌尿道,分别占17.14％、8.57％;医院感染的危险因素为年龄、手术性质、切口类型、手术及住院时间等(P＜0.05);检出病原菌349株,以铜绿假单胞菌为主,占34.07％,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及阴沟肠杆菌,分别占19.48％、17.19％及13.18％.结论 骨科以切口感染多见,发生医院感染与多种因素有关;强调加强切口感染的监测与控制、重视各环节质量是预防医院感染的关键.     

普外科及眼科Ⅰ类手术切口感染目标性监测

目的 对普外科及眼科Ⅰ类手术切口患者进行医院感染目标性监测.方法 2011年7月1日-12月31日运用目标性调查方法,对普外科、眼科Ⅰ类手术切口感染患者临床资料进行实时跟踪监测,并对监测科室进行主动干预前后的感染发生率等数据进行比较分析.结果 2011年7-9月100例Ⅰ类手术切口患者发生感染2例,感染率为2.00％,感染手术为大隐静脉曲张高位结扎抽剥术、乳腺包块切除术各1例;10-12月的239例Ⅰ类手术切口患者发生感染1例,感染率为0.42％,感染手术为大隐静脉曲张高位结扎抽剥术;发生感染的手术危险指数为0～1;半年期间Ⅰ类手术切口患者感染率明显下降.结论 对不同危险指数手术患者进行针对性主动干预,实施全程监测跟踪,及时控制和降低危险因素,可有效降低手术切口感染率     

4022例骨折术后医院感染的调查与分析

目的 为进一步做好医院预防和减少骨折术后感染工作提供科学依据.方法 从2009年1月1日-2011年8月30日对医院骨折手术4022例进行了医院感染监测.结果 在所调查的4022例骨科患者中,发生医院感染者共38例,占0.9％;其中开放式骨折29例,占76.3％,截肢术后4例,占10.5％,闭合式骨折5例,占13.2％;38例医院感染中,术后伤口感染比例最高为25例,占65.8％;不同手术部位中,下肢感染病例较为多见共27例,占71.1％,尤以下肢、足踝多见;上肢感染病例为11例,占28.9％;骨折术后感染患者发病危险因素是手术部位、手术持续时间、住院时间、骨折类型等.结论骨折术后感染是多因素所致,工作中不仅要掌握一般临床手术基本技术,还要掌握无菌操作技术及其疾病治疗基础理论和护理经验;预防骨折术后感染是防治医院感染的重要环节,严格按照安全措施,重视各环节的质量控制,可降低骨折患者医院感染率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.