一个遗传性蛋白C缺陷症家系表型与基因突变分析

目的：对一个遗传性蛋白C（PC）缺陷症家系进行实验室表型检测和基因突变分析,探讨其分子发病机制。方法：对先证者及其家系成员（共3代6人）进行血浆蛋白C活性（PC:A）、蛋白C抗原（PC:Ag）含量及其他相关凝血指标检测。采用DNA直接测序法分析先证者蛋白C基因（PROC）9个外显子及侧翼序列,发现突变位点,再对其家系成员进行该位点的突变检测。用ClustalX-2.1-win软件分析氨基酸突变位点的保守性;用PolyPhen-2在线生物信息学软件分析突变对蛋白质功能的危害程度;用Swiss-PdbViewer软件和PIC程序进行蛋白模型分析。结果：先证者、其儿子和二姐的血浆PC:A与PC:Ag均平行下降,介于39%～58%。这3人的PROC基因第9外显子携带c.997G＞A杂合错义突变（p.Ala291Thr）。生物信息学软件分析提示：p.Ala291Thr为有害突变;Ala291在同源物种间不高度保守;蛋白模型分析显示：p.Ala291Thr突变导致Thr291与Pro327之间新增一氢键,改变了氨基酸的空间构型,使PC的稳定性下降。结论：该先证者PROC基因第9外显子存在c.997G＞A杂合错义突变,导致p.Ala291Thr;p.Ala291Thr为未报道过的新突变,是该家系遗传性PC缺陷症的主要原因。     

Pro 275 Ser纯合突变导致的Ⅱ型遗传性蛋白C缺陷症

目的 对1例Ⅱ型遗传性蛋白C（PC）缺陷症家系进行基因突变的检测。方法 分别用发色底物法和ELISA测定血浆蛋白C活性和抗原。用PCR法对先证者PROC基因的9个外显子及其侧翼序列进行扩增,PCR产物经割胶纯化后直接测序,检测其基因突变。家系成员DNA在先证者PROC基因突变区域扩增后测序。突变位点经限制性内切酶分析证实,并经105例健康体检者作对照以排除基因多态性。结果 先证者的蛋白C活性和抗原分别为5％和13．9％。PROC基因测序分析发现先证者表现为外显子9区C12625T纯合错义突变,该突变引起编码的蛋白CPro275Ser氨基酸替换。结论 Pro275Ser纯合突变是导致该例先证者Ⅱ型遗传性Pc缺陷症的分子机制,该突变为国际首报。     

蛋白C基因复合杂合突变导致的肺栓塞及家系研究

目的了解1例肺栓塞患者及其家系成员发生蛋白C缺陷症的分子发病学机制。方法收集先证者及其家系成员的枸橼酸钠抗凝血,采用发色底物法检测PC活性(PC∶A)、蛋白S活性(FPS∶A)和抗凝血酶活性(AT∶A),采用ELISA方法检测PC抗原(PC∶Ag)水平。采用PCR方法对先证者PC基因所有9个外显子及其侧翼序列进行扩增、测序,发现突变后,对先证者家系成员的PC基因有关外显子片段进行PCR扩增和测序。结果先证者及其父亲、母亲和妹妹均为Ⅱ型PC缺陷症患者。PC基因测序结果显示先证者的PC基因分别出现了位于3号外显子第5540位碱基的G→A的杂合突变和位于第7号外显子第10230位碱基C→T的杂合突变,导致PC E29K和R147W双杂合突变。先证者父亲携带PC E29K杂合突变,而先证者母亲和妹妹均为PCR147W杂合突变的携带者。结论先证者为PC E29K和R147W基因复合杂合突变携带者,且这两种突变分别遗传自其父母。其中,PC E29K错义点突变为目前国际上尚未见报道的新突变,而PC R147W是一种已报道的常见于遗传性易栓症患者的可导致Ⅱ型PC缺乏的错义点突变。     

蛋白C基因复合杂合突变导致的肺栓塞及家系研究

摘要：目的了解1例肺栓塞患者及其家系成员发生蛋白C缺陷症的分子发病学机制。方法收集先证者及其家系成员的枸橼
酸钠抗凝血,采用发色底物法检测PC活性（PC∶A）、蛋白S活性（FPS∶A）和抗凝血酶活性（AT∶A）,采用ELISA方法检测PC抗原
（PC∶Ag）水平。采用PCR方法对先证者PC基因所有9个外显子及其侧翼序列进行扩增、测序,发现突变后,对先证者家系成员
的PC基因有关外显子片段进行PCR扩增和测序。结果先证者及其父亲、母亲和妹妹均为Ⅱ型PC缺陷症患者。PC基因测序
结果显示先证者的PC基因分别出现了位于3号外显子第5540位碱基的G→A的杂合突变和位于第7号外显子第10230位碱基
C→T的杂合突变,导致PC E29K和R147W双杂合突变。先证者父亲携带PC E29K杂合突变,而先证者母亲和妹妹均为PC
R147W杂合突变的携带者。结论先证者为PC E29K和R147W基因复合杂合突变携带者,且这两种突变分别遗传自其父母。
其中,PC E29K错义点突变为目前国际上尚未见报道的新突变,而PC R147W是一种已报道的常见于遗传性易栓症患者的可导
致Ⅱ型PC缺乏的错义点突变。
     

蛋白C基因C5498T致Ⅰ型遗传性蛋白质C缺陷症

目的 对一个遗传性Ⅰ型蛋白C(PC)缺陷症家系进行基因突变的检测。方法 分别用ELISA和发色底物法测定血浆蛋白Ｃ活性和抗原。用PCR法对先证者PC基因的9个外显子及其侧翼、内含子2序列进行扩增,PCR产物纯化后直接测序,检测其基因突变。突变位点经限制性内切酶分析证实。结果先证者的蛋白C活性和抗原分别为26％和1．43g／L。先证者表现为PＣ基因外显子3区杂合错义突变Ｃ5498T,引起Arg15→Ｔrp。在基因启动子区存在2405C／T、2418A／G、2583A／T多态性。结论 该突变导致遗传性Ⅰ型PC缺陷症。     

一个遗传性抗凝血酶缺陷症家系的表型与基因突变分析

目的：对一例遗传性抗凝血酶（AT）缺陷症患者及其家系成员进行凝血指标和基因表型分析,初步探讨其分子发病机制。方法：在Stago仪器上检测家系各成员外周血的血浆AT活性（AT:A）、AT抗原（AT:Ag）等凝血指标;提取外周血DNA并测序,定位基因突变位点;利用生物信息学软件分析突变对蛋白功能的影响。结果：先证者及其外祖母、父亲、母亲和弟弟的AT:A均有不同程度降低,且AT:Ag同步下降,所有家系成员蛋白S活性（PS:A）和蛋白C活性（PC:A）指标均无明显异常,表现为I型AT缺陷症。基因分析显示：先证者SERPINC1 基因存在第1号外显子c.1A＞G杂合错义突变（p.Tyr2stop）以及第5号外显子c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变;其父亲携带c.1A＞G杂合错义突变,其外婆、母亲和弟弟携带c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变。保守性分析显示,Tyr2在同源物种间高度保守;MutationTaster、PolyPhen-2和LRT三个在线生物信息学软件分析均显示p.Tyr2stop突变为“致病的、有害的”;蛋白模型分析显示,p.Tyr2stop突变会引起AT基因翻译过程提前终止,产生截短蛋白。结论：该先证者及家系成员AT:A和AT:Ag不同程度降低与SERPINC1 基因上存在的c.1A＞G杂合错义突变和c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变有关。     

近亲结婚1家系Leber先天性黑矇TULP1基因新突变

目的 检测近亲结婚Leber先天性黑矇(LCA)家系致病基因突变。方法 选择近亲结婚Leber先天性黑矇家系作为研究对象,收集家系成员眼科检查资料和病史,采集外周静脉血,提取DNA。先证者采用全基因组外显子测序技术进行致病基因突变筛查;通过生物信息学分析后得到候选致病突变位点。运用Sanger测序进行验证及家系共分离分析,确定致病性突变位点。结果 基因检测在先证者TULP1基因(MIM#602280)第11号外显子检测到新的纯和错义突变c.C1024G(p.R342G),编码区第1024位的核苷酸C(胞嘧啶)变异为G(鸟嘌呤),变异导致编码蛋白序列内的氨基酸改变p.R342G,第342号氨基酸由精氨酸(Arg)变异为甘氨酸(Gly)。342号氨基酸位点在不同物种间具有高度保守性。生物学信息预测提示为致病性。结论 TULP1基因纯和错义突变c.C1024G:p.R342G是该家系的致病原因。该纯合突变国内外均未见报道,是一种新发现的LCA致病基因突变。本研究扩大了LCA基因突变谱,为LCA基因治疗及发病机制研究提供了依据。     

一个新的双重杂合突变Met306Val和Thr181Asn导致的遗传性凝血因子Ⅶ缺乏症

目的 对1例遗传性凝血因子Ⅶ（FⅦ）缺乏症患者及其家系成员进行凝血因子Ⅶ（FⅦ）基因分析,揭示其发病的分子机制。方法提取先证者及其家系成员外周血基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应（PCR）法扩增FV0基因8个外显子及其侧翼序列,核苷酸序列分析检测FV0基因异常;将先证者突变序列、家系成员和100名正常人相应序列的PCR产物用限制性内切酶EC091I消化,以进一步确定基因突变位点并排除基因多态性;用蛋白质分子模型模拟软件对基因突变的分子结构病理学进行分析。结果先证者FV0基因8号外显子的10833位核苷酸发生A→G杂合突变,导致Met306Val;先证者7号外显子的9643位核苷酸发生C→A杂合突变,导致Thr181Asn。家系分析前者遗传于母亲,后者遗传于父亲,先证者胞妹为A10833G（Met306Val）杂合子。蛋白质空间构型模拟分析发现,Met306Val突变位于FⅦ分子的表面,产生空间位阻影响蛋白的结构和功能。结论FⅦ基因Met306Val和m18lAsn双重杂合突变是导致该遗传性凝血因子Ⅶ缺乏症的分子机制;推测Met306Val突变改变了蛋白质分子的空间构型,从而影响FⅦ蛋白的功能。Met306Val突变是一种国际上尚未报道的新的突变类型。     

中国人HNPCC家系中hMSH2基因新突变及其功能分析

目的:报道1个在中国人遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(HNPCC)家系中发现的基因突变,并对其功能进行分析.方法:抽提1组符合Amsterdam标准的HNPCC家系先证者和其他家系成员的基因组DNA,PCR扩增先证者hMLH1 19个外显子和hMSH2 16个外显子,利用变性高效液相技术(dHPLC)筛查,对异常峰型利用DNA测序方法检测基因突变.发现先证者hMSH2基因存在错义突变后,对家系中其他成员和50名散发性大肠癌患者和100名正常成年人进行相同位点的检测,以判定是单核苷酸多态性位点(SNP)还是突变.利用5对微卫星标记对该家系中的2例肿瘤进行微卫星不稳定分析,免疫组化检测蛋白表达,利用同源建模方法对发现的突变位点进行功能分析,以研究突变的病理意义. 结果:在该家系的2例结肠癌患者中均发现hMSH2基因第13外显子2 108位出现C-A的错义突变,导致703位Ser变异为Tyr,即C.2 108C>A(p.Ser703Tyr),微卫星结果显示2例肿瘤均为微卫星高度不稳定(MSI-H),肿瘤免疫组化结果显示hMSH1基因表达正常而hMSH2基因不表达.同源建模发现该位点与目前报道的hMSH2基因突变不同,突变位于第Ⅳ结构域,Ser突变为Tyr后空间位阻增大,影响了蛋白的正常折叠和功能.结论:Ser703Tyr是中国人HNPCC的一个新的病理性突变.     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病四个家系的NOTCH3基因突变研究

目的 报告4个伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)家系的NOTCH3基因突变特点。方法 对4个经临床和病理检查证实的CADASIL家系中的先证者作NOTCH3基因编码区外显子1～12的聚合酶链反应(PCR)和DNA测序,对家系2和4中的部分亲属也作了同样的检查。结果 4个家系中的先证者均发现有NOTCH3基因的杂合性错义突变,先证者1为外显子3的268C→T突变,先证者2为外显子3的322C→T突变,先证者3为外显子3的328C→T突变,先证者4为外显子11的1819C→T突变,分别造成Notch3蛋白质R90C、C108R、R110C和R607C4个位点氨基酸的替换。其中先证者2的C108R突变尚未见文献报道。在家系2和家系4中,部分成员也携带与先证者同样的突变。结论 这4个家系的CADASIL病均由NOTCH3基因的突变引起,不同位点的基因突变导致相似的临床表现。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.