中医医院急诊室医护人员锐器伤后报告及处理的调查

目的 了解中医医院急诊室医护人员发生锐器伤后报告与处理,以提高医护人员职业防护意识,有效地减少锐器伤的发生.方法 采用自行设计现状调查表对枣庄市5所中医医院急诊窒医护人员发生锐器伤后上报及处理等进行调查分析.结果 152名医护人员锐器伤发生率为100.0％,其中针刺伤占首位为49.46％,其次为玻璃伤占37.77％、刀割伤占8.15％;发生锐器伤后上报率仅为36.18％,及时处理应用药物仅为65.13％;职称、工龄、年龄与锐器伤的发生成反比,与上报及处理成正比.结论 急诊室医护人员发生锐器意外伤害率高,防范意识差,应强化急诊室医护人员的职业防护教育,增强防护意识;建立和强化防护制度,做好标准预防,减少锐器伤的发生,保证职业安全.     

临床医护人员锐器伤的危险因素及防护措施

目的了解医护人员工作中发生锐器伤的情况、防护意识及处理措施。方法对本院2002-2006年参加工作和实习的医护人员共721名进行问卷调查。结果被调查的医护人员中发生锐器伤的人数为667（92．51％）。共发生锐器伤3868次，受伤2次以上的占92．05％。锐器伤以注射器针头刺伤为主，占57．94％；其次为手术时缝合针刺伤，占25．41％。发生锐器伤上报的占10．79％；在有潜在血液接触操作中每次均戴手套的仅占24．69％。结论临床医护人员个人防护意识不强，锐器伤的发生率高。因此加强医护人员全面性防护意识，有效降低医护人员锐器伤发生率和伤害程度势在必行。     

新医护人员锐器伤调查及预防措施

目的了解新医护人员诊疗工作中发生锐器伤情况及其防护意识和处理措施。方法自行设计问卷，对某校3所附属医院工作3年以内的668名新医护人员进行回顾性调查。结果被调查的新医护人员中发生锐器伤人数为639人(95．66％)，共发生4476次，受伤2次以上者占90．87％。锐器伤种类以注射器针头刺伤为主，占63．43％，其次为手术时缝针刺伤和刀片划伤(32．77％)。发生锐器伤后上报者仅占7．67％。结论临床新医护人员锐器伤发生率高，受伤后汇报率低；加强全面性防护意识教育，建立并执行全面性防护措施，减少医护人员职业性、血源性疾病的传播是当前职业防护的重要课题。     

80例医务人员锐器伤环节调查与分析

目的 调查分析锐器伤环节,为进一步预防锐器伤提供参考依据.方法 对2008-2010年80例医务人员锐器伤资料进行统计分析.结果 80例锐器伤中护士占52.5％、医师占18.8％;工作年限中5～10年占47.5％;发生场所病房占41.3％、手术室占32.5％;暴露源HBV占57.5％、苍白密螺旋体占17.5％;各类穿刺及手术过程中锐器伤发生率为44.3％,操作后锐器处置时锐器伤发生率为38.8％.结论 医护人员是锐器伤的高危人群,手术及穿刺过程中的不规范行为、操作后锐器的不当处置,是锐器伤的主要环节;加强医务人员职业防护知识培训,普及预防接种,落实标准预防措施,能有效预防医务人员血源性感染.     

医护人员血源性职业暴露监测分析与预防策略

目的 了解建立防止血源性职业暴露防护体系后医护人员职业暴露情况,为完善职业防护策略提供科学依据,实现规范化职业安全管理模式.方法 建立血源性职业暴露防护体系,采用前瞻性和回顾性调查相结合的方法,调查医院522名医护人员2009年7月-2011年6月医源性锐器伤发生、血液/体液暴露、锐器伤人员的防护意识、全员标准预防依从性执行情况.结果 522名医护人员中,共发生职业暴露180人,发生率为34.48％,其中锐器伤152人,发生率为29.12％,血液/体液暴露28人,发生率为5.36％;锐器伤种类主要是注射针头、玻璃,其次为带翼针头及缝合针,分别占34.25％、27.12％、13.70％及10.41％;锐器伤操作环节主要是掰安瓿,其次为配加药时和处理使用后锐器,分别占26.58％、14.25％、11.23％;职业暴露人员中,69.44％未进行乙型肝炎疫苗预防接种、6.67％未穿戴防护用品、3.89％未规范处理伤口.结论 职业安全防护体系的建立与实施,有效地预防与减少了医护人员血源性职业暴露的发生,降低了职业暴露的风险.     

持续质量改进对降低医院工作人员锐器伤发生率的效果研究

目的 通过持续质量改进(CQI)的实施与效果评价,降低医院工作人员锐器伤发生率.方法 调查医院工作人员锐器伤发生基本情况,分析发生原因,制定计划和方案,应用PDCA循环进行质量持续改进,对比调查评价措施效果.结果 经过一个阶段的实践,医院工作人员锐器伤发生率从13.7％下降至9.3％,锐器伤发生后上报率从1.4％上升至9.3％,防护知识培训率从87.7％上升至96.3％.结论 应用持续质量改进的方法,可有效降低医院工作人员锐器伤发生率,从而降低血源性职业暴露的发生率.     

临床医务人员锐器伤现状调查分析

目的 了解临床医务人员锐器伤现状及相关影响因素,为进一步制定职业防护措施提供科学依据.方法 按照分层整群抽样抽取一定数量的医务人员,采用填写调查问卷的方式收集资料.结果 571名调查对象中,发生锐器伤者389人,锐器伤发生率为68.13％,共计发生1058人次,人均被刺伤2.72次;工作年限≤5、6～10、≥11年的医务人员锐器伤的发生率为78.73％、71.52％、46.05％,差异有统计学意义(x2=48.790,P＜0.01);318人被污染的锐器损伤,270人进行上报,上报率为84.91％,被HBV、HCV患者污染的锐器致伤的上报率均为100.00％,被其他不明感染患者污染的锐器致伤上报率为75.76％;医务人员锐器伤主要发生于操作前准备用物时及操作中,占33.18、35.35％.结论 临床医务人员锐器伤发生率较高,应加强对医务人员的职业防护教育,规范操作流程,实施标准预防,降低锐器伤的发生率.     

医务人员锐器伤监测分析及其对策

目的 了解医务人员发生锐器伤状况,探讨有效预防对策.方法 对医院2011年8-9月1141名医务人员锐器伤发生情况进行了回顾性调查,并对照医院近9个月的上报数据进行分析.结果 共发生锐器伤73人次,人群分布以实习生和护士为主,发生率为8.33％和7.88％;科室分布以普通病房、手术室和补液室为主,分别占38.36％、19.18％和16.44％;补液配置和一次性注射器引起的锐器伤概率最大;9个月的上报结果显示,医务人员中护士上报最多,科室类型中手术室上报最多.结论 应加强医务人员职业防护培训,提高医务人员对锐器伤的正确认识,增强防护措施,以降低锐器伤的发生.     

医务人员锐器伤危险因素调查及防护体系应用研究

目的 了解医务人员锐器伤危险因素,探讨防护体系的应用.方法 应用开放式问卷调查2011年1-12月医务人员锐器伤发生频次、环节、防护处理等.结果 调查1314人,发生锐器伤1071人,锐器伤发生率为81.51％,护理人员及初级医务人员锐器伤发生率为90.32％、84.23％,高于其他组别;发生科室以普通病房最多,占36.29％,其次是手术室,占19.93％;锐器伤器具以头皮针及针头最高,占54.97％,其次是玻璃片,占16.64％;操作环节以拔针及拔针后处理最高,占55.20％,双手回套针帽占11.58％,不同器具及不同操作环节之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);发生锐器伤后,挤压、冲洗、消毒3项应急处理措施均实施的占38.56％,以护理组最高,为44.29％;血源性病原体暴露率为48.30％,血源性病原体损伤后护理组上报率高于其他两组,总上报率为55.93％.结论 医务人员对锐器伤导致的损害认识不到位,缺乏紧急处理知识,防护体系存在不健全现象,应建立锐器伤防护体系,积极降低发生率.     

口腔医护人员职业暴露与防护措施调查分析及对策

目的 了解口腔医护人员职业暴露与防护措施执行情况,探讨预防对策,为建立职业安全管理模式提供依据.方法 对石家庄市1所口腔专科医院及6所综合医院口腔科的临床医护人员进行问卷调查.结果 共调查医师149名、护士137名,1年内医师与护士皮肤锐器伤发生率分别为87.92％与85.40％,医师与护士黏膜暴露发生率分别为85.23％与68.61％;医师锐器伤种类占前3位的是注射器针头、钻针、扩大针和锉,分别占18.94％、16.71％、16.16％,护士锐器伤种类占前3位的是注射器针头、扩大针和锉、探针,分别占22.52％、13.74％、12.21％;乙型肝炎疫苗平均注射率为92.72％,注射后确定抗体阳性的占50.00％;临床上正确的防护措施执行率较低.结论 口腔医护人员职业暴露的发生率较高,职业防护知识缺乏,防护措施执行不到位,应加强职业安全教育,提高防护意识,规范操作技术,建立职业安全管理机制,减少职业暴露的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.