肾移植术后肺部感染的原因与特征分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后患者发生肺部感染的原因,为临床诊治提供参考.方法 将2010年9月—2012年6月接受肾移植术治疗的252例患者作为研究对象,对术后并发肺部感染的50例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,针对患者的个人信息、发病时间、症状和体征、影像学检查结果、病原学检查报告进行详细的记录和分析,从而分析肾移植术后肺部感染的原因及特征.结果 肾移植术后2～6个月内肺部感染的发病率为58.0％,表明肾移植术后肺部感染的高发时间为2～6个月;肺部感染主要呈现中、重度发热状态,占总数的88.0％,具有不同程度的咽部疼痛、胸闷、呼吸急促、咳嗽、咳痰、肺部哕音等临床表现;病原体主要为病毒和革兰阴性杆菌,其中病毒感染18例、革兰阳性菌感染5例、革兰阴性菌感染12例、混合细菌感染2例、真菌感染4例、结核分枝杆菌感染1例,无病原体感染8例;通过单因素分析可知影响肾移植术后肺部感染的原因主要为糖尿病、术前NEU值、术前腹水、手术时间、急性排斥、术后尿量和血透时间,这些检测指标合并感染组与无感染组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肾移植术后患者发生肺部感染的原因颇多,特征复杂,临床应根据患者的具体情况,合理用药,一旦发现典型临床表现,应及时进行检查和治疗,提高治愈率.     

老年患者全身麻醉腹部手术后并发肺部感染的原因分析

目的 分析老年患者全身麻醉腹部手术后并发肺部感染的原因,探讨预防感染的措施,以降低老年患者的医院感染率.方法 医院2009年8月-2011年6月226例全身麻醉腹部手术的老年患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中16例并发肺部感染,调查发生感染的原因、感染率及感染病原菌.结果 226例患者中并发肺部感染16例,感染率为7.1％,感染的危险因素主要是侵入性操作、术后疼痛、抗菌药物使用、合并上呼吸道疾病;发生肺部感染的16例患者均采用气管插管、术后经验性使用抗菌药物;从16例肺部感染患者痰培养结果显示,共培养出致病菌16株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占56.3％,其次是革兰阳性菌,占31.3％,真菌占12.5％;主要感染病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 应严格按照操作规程进行操作,对侵入性操作各环节进行严格的质量控制、消除各种易感因素是降低肺部感染的关键.     

老年麻醉患者术后肺部感染的流行病学调查

目的 调查麻醉患者术后肺部感染的流行病学,为控制老年患者肺部感染提供参考.方法 对医院2006年1月-2013年1月9260例＞60岁麻醉患者资料进行分析,对各年肺部感染情况及相关流行病学资料进行汇总分析.结果 2006-2011年共发生肺部感染752例,感染率为8.12％;患者肺部感染率呈逐年上升趋势,到2012年起较2011年有所下降,男性感染率略高于女性;年龄≥70岁、使用呼吸机、合并糖尿病、合并慢性肺部疾病、营养状况差、术后疼痛、手术时间长、静脉复合全身麻醉等因素是肺部感染的高危因素(P＜0.05),同时静脉复合全身麻醉患者肺部感染发生率明显高于硬膜外阻滞麻醉(P＜0.05);老年肺部感染患者中有201例取分泌物进行细菌培养,共分离病原菌216株,以革兰阴性菌为主,156株占72.22％,其次为革兰阳性菌33株占15.28％,真菌27株占10.19％,排名前5位病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占22.69％、16.67％、11.11％、10.19％、9.72％.结论 随着年龄的增大,肺部感染发生的概率也随之增加,加强术前评估、积极治疗基础疾病、增加营养、加强术中无菌管理、合理使用抗菌药物是降低术后肺部感染的有效措施.     

肾移植术后早期肺部感染的预防性治疗

目的 评价肾移植术后早期肺部感染预防性治疗的有效性.方法 选取2003年1月至2004年6月247例患者为常规治疗组,2005年1月至2006年12月227例患者为预防治疗组,随访4年,回顾性分析不同组别的感染率、感染时相、病原体以及预后.结果 常规治疗组患者中发生肺部感染84例,感染率34.0％,其中重症肺炎30例;预防治疗组患者中发生肺部感染40例,感染率17.6％,其中重症肺炎8例.预防治疗组重症肺炎发生率较常规治疗组明显偏低（35.7％ vs20％）,且病死率低（4.05％ vs 0.88％,x2=4.81,P＜0.05）.术后30 d内,常规治疗组与预防治疗组的感染发生率差异无统计学意义,但在30 d后,预防治疗组的肺部感染发生率要低于常规治疗组,尤其是在移植后30 ～ 180 d内预防治疗组的感染率明显低于常规治疗组.结论 肾移植早期为发生肺部感染尤其是重症肺部感染的高风险时期,预防性应用更昔洛韦、增效联磺片可明显降低早期肺部感染发生,尤其是重症肺部感染的发生,降低患者的死亡率,值得在临床上广泛应用.     

心脏大血管术后肺部感染病原学及危险因素

目的探讨心脏大血管术后患者肺部感染的病原学及危险因素。方法选取2017年10月-2020年3月海南医学院第一附属医院收治的心脏大血管手术患者247例的资料进行回顾性分析。分析患者的手术类型及相应的肺部感染情况。统计并分析肺部感染患者的病原学及药敏试验结果。筛选心脏大血管术后患者肺部感染的影响因素。结果 247例患者术后共有32例发生肺部感染,感染率为12.96%。不同手术分类的感染率比较差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=22.834,P0.001),其中主动脉置换手术后发生肺部感染的比例最高。肺部感染患者痰液标本中共分离出58株病原体,革兰阴性菌34株,占58.62%,革兰阳性菌19株,占32.76%,真菌5株,占8.62%。最常见的病原体为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,共12株,占20.69%。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄较大、手术类型为主动脉置换、手术耗时较长、住院时间较长、呼吸机使用时间较长,均为心脏大血管术后患者肺部感染的影响因素(P0.05)。结论心脏大血管手术后患者出现肺部感染的风险较高,感染的病原体以革兰阴性菌为主。心脏大血管手术后患者出现肺部感染的影响因素较多,应在工作中采取针对性的预防措施。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的调查与分析

目的 分析肾移植术后肺部感染尤其卡氏肺孢子虫性肺炎发生的特点,探讨有效控制措施,降低感染的发生.方法 对2004年1-2月肾移植术后发生肺炎的患者进行前瞻性调查,对2003年1月-2004年12月所有肾移植术后患者进行回顾性调查,并比较卡氏肺孢子虫性肺炎与其他类型肺部感染的特点.结果 2003年1月-2004年12月肾移植术后病例92例,发生肺部感染19例,感染率20.7%;其中卡氏肺孢子虫性肺炎8例,占42.1%;卡氏肺孢子虫性肺炎发生感染时间的中位数为术后61 d.结论 肾移植术后感染以肺部感染为主,而在肺部感染的病例中,提示预防肾移植术后发生肺部感染,尤其是控制卡氏肺孢子虫性肺炎的发生,是降低肾移植术后感染的关键.     

腹部手术全身麻醉患者术后并发肺部感染相关因素分析

目的 分析腹部手术全身麻醉患者术后并发肺部感染的情况,探讨预防的措施,以降低感染发生率.方法 以2007年1月-2012年1月全身麻醉下行腹部手术的800例住院患者为研究对象,回顾性分析患者的临床资料与肺部感染发生的关系.结果 800例患者中术后并发肺部感染56例,感染率为7.0％;检出革兰阴性菌32株,占57.1％,包括铜绿假单胞菌16株、大肠埃希菌13株、阴沟肠杆菌3株;革兰阳性菌18株,占32.1％,包括金黄色葡萄球菌14株、表皮葡萄球菌2株、溶血性链球菌2株;真菌6株;肺部感染年龄≥50者发生率为11.7％,高于年龄＜50者的3.3％;有吸烟史者发生率16.0％,高于无吸烟史者的2.9％;上腹部手术患者9.0％,高于下腹部的3.6％;手术时间≥2h者为10.0％,高于＜2 h者的4.1％;术后锻炼开始时间较晚者感染率9.8％,高于锻炼开始较早者的3.4％;伴有呼吸系统基础疾病者肺部感染率为30.0％,高于无呼吸系统基础疾病者的3.7％;有其他合并症者19.3％,高于无合并症者的4.1％,且差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 腹部手术全身麻醉患者肺部感染的发生与患者年龄、吸烟史、手术部位、手术时间、术后锻炼开始的时间、呼吸系统基础疾病、其他合并症相关.     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后肺部感染的分析及护理对策

目的 总结分析重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后并发肺部感染相关因素及护理对策.方法 回顾性总结景德镇第二人民医院神经外科重症监护病房2007年6月-2010年12月60例重型颅脑损伤患者并气管切开术后肺部感染资料.结果 60例重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后并发肺部感染48例,感染率为80.0％;检出57株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌35株,占61.4％,革兰阳性菌16株,占28.1％,真菌6株,占10.5％.结论 重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后患者是肺部感染的高危人群,要采取及时有效的护理对策,以降低肺部感染的发生.     

老年患者腹部手术与麻醉相关肺部感染病原学分析与控制

目的分析老年患者腹部手术全身麻醉后肺部感染的病原学及预防对策,为降低老年患者术后肺部感染提供试验数据和临床经验。方法对2010年4月-2013年6月200例腹部手术全身麻醉的老年患者临床资料进行分析,根据术后是否发生肺部感染分为感染组40例和非感染组160例,同时分析肺部发生感染的原因、感染率及感染病原菌;并依据感染原因提出针对性的预防和治疗措施,采用SPSS15.0软件进行统计分析。结果 200例患者中发生肺部感染40例,感染率20.0%,感染的主要因素是侵入性操作、合并呼吸道疾病、控制麻醉易感因素不当、术后处理不合理等;40例感染患者痰培养出病原菌40株,以革兰阴性菌为主占60.0%,其次是革兰阳性菌占30.0%,真菌占10.0%,主要感染病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占45.0%、15.0%、10.0%。结论做好术前的准备、术中的操作规范、术后的合理及时护理措施,能有效地预防老年术后的肺部感染的发生。     

喉癌患者术后肺部感染病原菌分布与预防

目的探讨喉癌患者术后肺部感染病原菌分布及预防对策,为预防喉癌患者术后肺部感染发生提供参考。方法选取2012年1月-2015年6月行喉癌手术的患者345例,观察患者术后发生肺部感染率,并进行呼吸道分泌物细菌培养及药敏试验,分析其结果;数据采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行分析。结果 345例喉癌患者术后发生肺部感染28例,感染率为8.12%,其中男性、≥60岁、全喉切除术+颈部淋巴结清扫、术前行放疗、有气管切开的患者感染率明显高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);28例肺部感染患者细菌培养阳性26例,阳性率为92.86%,共培养出病原菌33株,其中革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌分别占63.64%与36.36%;26例病原菌培养阳性患者中单一感染22例、混合感染4例,分别占84.62%、15.38%。结论喉癌患者术后肺部感染病原菌主要以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等为主,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌等,对术前放疗、行气管切开等治疗措施者,应加强各项护理措施以预防及降低术后肺部感染的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.