老年患者常见革兰阳性球菌耐药性监测

目的 了解安徽省2008-2010年老年患者临床分离革兰阳性球菌的耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 收集2008-2010年安徽省细菌耐药监控中心网络医院门诊或住院老年患者临床分离菌,采用琼脂稀释法对分离的革兰阳性球菌进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2010年版判断结果.结果 2008-2010年共收集老年患者革兰阳性球菌311株,金黄色葡萄球菌89株,占28.6％,溶血葡萄球菌53株,占17.0％,表皮葡萄球菌44株,占14.1％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率51.7％,MRSA耐药严重,除万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺外,对各种抗菌药物的耐药率均≥67.4％;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对大部分抗菌药物耐药率均＜30.0％;3年未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺耐药株;肠球菌属除对万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺较为敏感外,对其他各种抗菌药物耐药率均≥57.1％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌.结论 老年患者革兰阳性球菌耐药严重,加强细菌耐药性监测对指导临床用药十分重要.     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:革兰阳性菌耐药监测

目的 总结全国2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌耐药性.方法 用常规方法培养分离革兰阳性菌;采用纸片法、微量稀释法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性;用WHONET 5.6软件,对卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网所属129所医院2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌的药物敏感性进行分析.结果 临床共分离83 195株革兰阳性菌,葡萄球菌属51 570株,占62.0％,肠球菌属20 315株,占24.4％,链球菌属9004株,占10.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌的检出率分别为54.9％、79.4％和88.7％;未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌属;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为3.8％和0.8％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属.结论 利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁对革兰阳性菌仍有很高抗菌活性,葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药率仍然较高,耐万古霉素肠球菌属分离率仍很低.     

2010-2012年革兰阳性球菌的分布及耐药性变迁

目的了解医院2010-2012年临床分离主要革兰阳性球菌的分布及耐药性变迁,为临床用药提供依据。方法收集2010-2012年418例住院患者各类标本中分离的革兰阳性球菌相关资料进行回顾性分析,细菌鉴定采用API系统,细菌对药物敏感性测定采用纸片扩散法;WHONET5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 2010-2012年分离革兰阳性球菌418株,其中葡萄球菌属占79.9%,肠球菌属占13.4%,链球菌属占6.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率3年分别为68.6%、52.3%、64.1%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率3年分别为84.1%、75.4%、74.3%;MRSA对抗菌药物耐药性显著高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),MRCNS对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星敏感率较高,未发现利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株;肠球菌属对青霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星和氨苄西林耐药率>50.0%,链球菌属对青霉素和红霉素耐药率均>70.0%,未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株。结论 2010-2012年分离出的革兰阳性球菌对抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势,加强医院感染病原菌耐药性监测,及时了解耐药性变迁,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物及减缓耐药菌的产生尤为重要。     

2008-2009年肝胆外科病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的调查肝胆外科医院近2年病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2009年12月医院肝胆外科患者各类送检标本的病原菌种类、分布和对25种抗菌药物的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出病原菌594株,其中革兰阴性菌418株(70.4%),革兰阳性菌142株(23.9%),真菌34株(5.7%);革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌(19.9%)居多、革兰阳性菌以屎肠球菌(10.1%)居多,真菌主要为热带假丝酵母菌和白色假丝酵母菌;主要分离部位为腹腔引流液、痰液和胆汁;革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类以及含有酶抑制剂的药物耐药率较低,鲍氏不动杆菌对目前的抗菌药物耐药率高达81.7%～99.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对常用抗菌药物耐药性高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);没有检测到对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属;肠球菌属对利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论肝胆外科患者医院感染主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,定期监测病原菌并按照药敏结果选择药物治疗很有必要。     

骨科病房患者常见临床分离菌株的耐药性检测

目的 了解骨科病房患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用纸片扩散法对临床分离菌株进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2008版判断结果.结果 73株分离病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌46株占63.0％,革兰阳性球菌22株占30.1％;革兰阴性菌中含假单胞菌属、克雷伯菌属等,革兰阳性菌中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属是主要菌种;大多数病原菌耐药性高,假单胞菌属对阿米卡星耐药率最低为5.6％,其次头孢他啶为11.1％,亚胺培南的耐药率为27.8％;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、阿米卡星100.0％敏感,对庆大霉素耐药率为37.5％,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均＞62.4％.结论 条件致病菌成为骨科病房中主要的分离菌株,革兰阴性菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌引起的感染耐药率高,应以药敏试验结果为依据合理选用抗菌药物.     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:尿标本细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国尿路感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 59所卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位分离自尿标本的细菌,常规鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,按CLSI 2010年版折点判断结果并采用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离到细菌19 621株,其中革兰阳性菌5887株占30.0％,革兰阴性菌13 734株占70.0％,分离率最高的依次为大肠埃希菌8338株占42.5％、粪肠球菌1569株占8.0％、屎肠球菌1521株占7.8％、肺炎克雷伯菌1358株占6.9％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为67.8％、65.6％,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最敏感(耐药率＜5.0％),对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率＜20.0％;屎肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,万古霉素(VRE)耐药株检出率分别为4.6％、0.8％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例分别为54.6％、76.9％,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株.结论 我国尿路感染致病菌以大肠埃希菌为代表的革兰阴性杆菌为主,但肠球菌属等革兰阳性菌所占比例有所增多,多药耐药菌株增加,细菌耐药性监测对及时了解病原菌及其耐药性非常重要.     

革兰阳性球菌的耐药性调查分析

目的 了解2010年住院患者感染性标本中分离的革兰阳性球菌分布及耐药特征,为临床抗感染治疗选择抗菌药物提供实验室参考依据.方法 革兰阳性球菌培养及鉴定严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用常规方法进行;药敏试验和结果判断采用CLSI推荐的K-B法进行.结果 分离的178株革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌居多,占62.9％,其次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属,占22.5％、14.6％;革兰阳性球菌对常用抗菌药物大多数呈现多药耐药现状,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为60.5％,未发现对糖肽类抗菌药物中介和耐药的葡萄球菌属,耐万古霉素肠球菌属检出率为3.8％.结论 临床医师应及时送检感染性标本进行病原菌培养和药敏试验,根据病原菌类型及耐药特征合理选择使用抗菌药物.     

2011年山东省三级医院ICU病原菌耐药性监测

目的 了解2011年山东省34所医院来源于重症监护病房(ICU)临床分离病原菌的耐药性,为制定抗感染方案提供参考依据.方法 采用纸片扩散法对临床分离菌株进行药敏试验,使用WHONET 5.6软件进行分析.结果 共收集临床分离病原菌11 407株,其中革兰阴性杆菌9688株占84.9％,革兰阳性球菌1205株占10.6％,真菌514株占4.5％;前5位病原菌依次为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占26.37％、22.45％、17.77％、7.84％、7.37％;鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率分别为81.28％、81.91％,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率分别为46.09％、45.76％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌的检出率分别为81.43％、79.82％、93.62％,未检出耐万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌属;屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌对替考拉宁耐药率分别为4.03％、1.23％,对万古霉素耐药率分别为3.81％、3.13％,对利奈唑胺耐药率分别为0.53％、1.59％.结论 山东省ICU临床分离病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌的耐药呈明显增长趋势,必须给予重视.     

Mohnarin 2011年度报告:血流感染细菌构成及耐药性

目的 了解我国血流感染患者细菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床使用抗菌药物.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.6软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属49所三级甲等医院2011年1月1日-12月31日分离的血及骨髓培养菌株进行分析.结果 共分离细菌10 783株,包括革兰阳性菌5389株占50.0％、革兰阴性菌5374株占49.8％和厌氧菌20株占0.2％;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离最多,共3098株占28.7％,其次为大肠埃希菌2066株、克雷伯菌属1018株、金黄色葡萄球菌828株和肠球菌属730株,分别占19.2％、9.4％、7.7％和6.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为50.8％和67.4％,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中分别有0.5％和3.7％对万古霉素耐药,0.6％和3.1％对替考拉宁耐药;监测到利奈唑胺耐药的粪肠球菌1株及屎肠球菌7株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率分别为69.0％和48.0％,耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的主要肠杆菌科细菌明显增加;成人葡萄球菌属对喹诺酮类药物的耐药率明显高于儿童.结论 我国血流及骨髓感染细菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属最多见;血、骨髓培养大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率高,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率增加.     

临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的监测医院临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性,为指导临床治疗提供依据。方法对2011年7月-2012年6月所分离临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,采用Microscan WorkAway 40全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析仪对病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,运用WHONET 5.4对药敏结果进行分析。结果临床分离病原菌1926株,革兰阴性杆菌占49.9%,革兰阳性球菌占25.7%,其中革兰阴性杆菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,革兰阳性球菌前3位为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率分别为45.0%和44.6%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为为45.9%和39.6%;革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和阿米卡星较敏感,耐药率均<50.0%;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺非常敏感,耐药率为0。结论临床常见病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,其对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,必须加强耐药性监测,指导合理用药。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.