重症监护病房医院感染病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)患者医院感染及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性调查医院ICU 2009年6月-2010年5月感染患者分离的病原菌,检测其耐药性并进行统计分析。结果共分离出病原菌105株,医院获得性感染中仍以革兰阴性菌为主,占67.6%,其次革兰阳性菌,占29.5%,真菌占2.9%;革兰阴性菌以鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南较敏感;革兰阳性球菌仍对万古霉素最为敏感,尚未发现耐药株。结论 ICU医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药严重,且呈多药耐药;应加强ICU细菌耐药性检测,严格掌握抗菌药物使用原则。     

2007-2009年重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2009年12月医院ICU分离的514株病原菌的耐药性,细菌药物敏感性测定采用K-B纸片扩散法。结果 514株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌377株,占73.35%,革兰阳性球菌75株,占14.59%,真菌62株,占12.06%;革兰阴性杆菌以鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为主;各类病原菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多药耐药。结论 ICU分离病原菌耐药情况严重,病原菌分布及耐药性的监测对临床合理用药、降低医院感染率有重大的指导意义。     

尘肺病合并肺部感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 研究尘肺病合并肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床医师早期经验性抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 对医院2010-2011年尘肺病合并肺部感染患者痰标本检出的269株病原菌进行回顾性分析,药敏判断采用CLSI标准.结果 269株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌177株占65.8％、革兰阳性球菌70株占26.0％、真菌22株占8.2％;革兰阴性杆菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等,革兰阳性球菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌等;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率达63.0％;主要革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率为4.3％～18.2％,阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟耐药率为25.8％～51.6％,其他耐药率均较高为50.0％～100.0％;其中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为9.7％、8.7％、17.1％和18.2％,对美罗培南耐药率分别为6.5％、4.3％、14.3％和18.2％;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产ESBLS菌株检出率分别为54.8％和65.2％;革兰阳性球菌未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药菌株,其他抗菌药物除氯霉素、左氧氟沙星外耐药率均较高为57.7％～96.3％.结论 尘肺病合并肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,常用抗菌药物耐药现象严重,应加强患者个人防护并合理使用抗菌药物,提高患者生存质量.     

ICU病房2012株病原菌耐药性分析

目的调查ICU病房临床分离株分布及对临床常用药物耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物、预防和控制感染提供依据。方法对本院2009年6月至2011年6月ICU病房送检的各种标本进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,对分离出的病原菌及其耐药情况进行统计分析。结果2012株病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占70．1％;其次是革兰阳性球菌,占18．2％;真菌占11．7％。分离率居前6位的依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白色念珠菌;病原菌主要来自呼吸道和血液标本。革兰阴性杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药严重,耐药率大多在40％以上。肠杆菌科细菌和铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、美洛培南和亚胺培南耐药率较低,均低于16．0％;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率最低（8．8％）。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的检出率为75．2％,检出两株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌。结论ICU病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌为最多,主要病原菌耐药情况严重。     

中医院ICU医院感染常见病原菌耐药性监测

目的 了解中医院重症监护病房(ICU)患者医院感染常见病原菌的分布及抗菌药物敏感性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据.方法 细菌培养鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用常规方法进行;药敏试验采用CLSI推荐的K-B法,结果判断依据CLSI 2010-2011年标准进行,并制定医院感染预防控制措施.结果 分离出常见病原菌459株,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占70.6％,其中铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分离率最高,分别占25.1％、14.8％、10.5％和9.6％;革兰阳性球菌次之,占21.4％,其中分离率最高的为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌,分别占8.9％、5.5％和3.9％;真菌占8.0％,主要为白色假丝酵母菌占6.3％;多数病原菌呈严重耐药和多药耐药,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类亚胺培南、美罗培南已产生了22.6％～30.9％的耐药率;革兰阳性球菌对糖肽类抗菌药物100.0％敏感.结论 中医院ICU医院感染病原菌的耐药性已十分严重,应重视ICU病原菌耐药性监测,制定预防控制措施,以指导临床医师合理用药.     

综合性医院ICU常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某综合性医院所有专科ICU送检感染病原菌类型、分布及对抗菌药物耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 对2009年1月-2011年12月ICU住院患者各类感染性标本分离的4116株病原菌分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 在分离出的4116株病原菌中革兰阴性菌2791株占67.81％;革兰阳性菌979株占23.78％;真菌346株占8.41％,其中常见病原菌前5位为鲍氏不动杆菌802株占19.48％;金黄色葡萄球菌699株占16.98％;铜绿假单胞菌640株占15.55％;肺炎克雷伯菌468株占11.37％;大肠埃希菌303株占7.36％;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株分别占61.54％和68.65％,金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA占91.42％;耐万古霉素屎肠球菌4.09％,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 在ICU内感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,药敏试验对多种药物耐药,治疗上应根据药敏结果选择敏感抗菌药物,加强抗菌药物合理使用.     

前臂开放性创伤患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨前臂开放性创伤患者的病原菌分布和耐药性,为临床中合理地指导抗菌药物使用提供参考.方法 将2009年2月-2010年2月120例开放性手及前臂创伤感染的患者伤口分泌物进行细菌培养,并进行药敏试验的分析.结果 通过细菌的培养鉴定,共分离出142株病原菌,主要有金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等,分别占22.5％、12.7％、7.0％、25.4％、17.0％、7.7％、7.7％;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属对青霉素类的抗菌药物的耐药率分别为90.6％、94.4％、90.0％;革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对青霉素类抗菌药物的耐药率分别为86.1％、87.5％、81.8％、81.8％;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素的耐药性最低,革兰阴性细菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最低.结论 开放性手及前臂创伤患者发生感染比较常见,而且病原菌的分布也比较广泛,对病原菌耐药性有效地监测,能正确地指导患者用药.     

重症脑外伤并发肺部感染患者病原菌测定、耐药性与抗菌药物应用分析

目的对重症脑外伤并发肺部感染患者病原菌、耐药性与抗菌药物分析,为合理用药提供依据。方法分析425例重症脑外伤并发肺部感染患者资料。结果共分离病原菌744株,主要是革兰阴性杆菌597株(80.2%),以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍氏不动杆菌为主;其次是革兰阳性球菌140株(18.8%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌7株(1.0%),以白色念珠菌为主。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦耐药性低;肺炎克雷伯杆菌对美洛培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星耐药性低,对头孢药物耐药性高;鲍氏不动杆菌对测定药物均耐药;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁、复方新诺明耐药性低;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对青霉素G耐药性高。结论重症脑外伤并发肺部感染患者常见病原菌耐药性高,应依据药敏试验合理用药。     

医院常见感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院2010年病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对医院2010年检出病原菌及耐药性进行统计分析.结果 医院临床分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占77.6％,其次是革兰阳性球菌,占16.5％;最常见的病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率均＜20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药情况较严重,对所检测抗菌药物的耐药率在25.8％～90.3％,MRSA及MRSE均为多药耐药菌,其耐药率除万古霉素为0外,对其他抗菌药物均≥50.0％.结论 医院应加强临床微生物学的检查,合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌耐药性的发生.     

2016-2020年热带地区医院呼吸道感染病原菌及其耐药性

目的 明确热带地区呼吸道感染检出病原菌及耐药情况,为指导合理选择抗菌药物治疗医院呼吸道感染提供参考。方法 收集2016-2020年某医院发生呼吸道感染住院患者检出的病原菌,并对主要病原菌耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 2 857例次医院呼吸道感染患者共分离出病原菌2 992株,其中革兰阴性菌1 839株占61.46%,以鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌527株占17.61%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌12株);真菌626株占20.92%,以白假丝酵母为主;近5年鲍氏不动杆菌、白假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母检出率显示下降趋势(P<0.05)。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为12.40%、77.90%和28.46%。结论 热带地区检出病原菌主要是革兰阴性菌,以鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主;检出菌对广谱青霉素类抗菌药物的耐药性较高,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的耐药率相对较低,近5年鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药趋势逐年下降,但仍处于较高状态,应加强呼吸道感染耐药菌...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.