心血管病住院患者肺部感染的原因分析

目的 分析心血管病患者住院期间并发肺部感染原因,提出防治对策,以期为降低心血管病住院患者医院感染的发生提供参考依据.方法 对432例心血管病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析患者肺部感染发生情况.结果 432例患者住院期间发生肺部感染者64例,感染率为14.81％;患者高龄、合并有多种基础疾病、抗菌药物应用种类较多、抗菌药物应用时间较长、有侵入性操作、住院时间较长等是引起心血管病住院患者肺部感染发生的主要危险因素(P＜0.01);64例肺部感染患者痰培养共检出病原菌68株,其中革兰阳性菌45株占66.18％,革兰阴性菌21株占30.88％,真菌2株占2.94％,革兰阴性菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌,分别占25.00％、17.65％、11.76％,革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌,分别占11.76％、7.35％、4.41％,真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌,占2.94％.结论 心血管病住院患者并发肺部感染的原因主要与高龄、合并有多种基础疾病、抗菌药物应用种类较多、抗菌药物应用时间较长、有侵入性操作、住院时间较长等原因有关,感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,应针对以上高危因素进行干预,以降低医院感染发生率.     

老年患者全身麻醉腹部手术后并发肺部感染的原因分析

目的 分析老年患者全身麻醉腹部手术后并发肺部感染的原因,探讨预防感染的措施,以降低老年患者的医院感染率.方法 医院2009年8月-2011年6月226例全身麻醉腹部手术的老年患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中16例并发肺部感染,调查发生感染的原因、感染率及感染病原菌.结果 226例患者中并发肺部感染16例,感染率为7.1％,感染的危险因素主要是侵入性操作、术后疼痛、抗菌药物使用、合并上呼吸道疾病;发生肺部感染的16例患者均采用气管插管、术后经验性使用抗菌药物;从16例肺部感染患者痰培养结果显示,共培养出致病菌16株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占56.3％,其次是革兰阳性菌,占31.3％,真菌占12.5％;主要感染病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 应严格按照操作规程进行操作,对侵入性操作各环节进行严格的质量控制、消除各种易感因素是降低肺部感染的关键.     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床调查分析

目的 分析急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床特点,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2012年12月105例急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染病原菌分布和相关危险因素.结果 105例急性脑卒中患者合并肺部感染41例,感染率为39.0％;41例急性脑卒中患者合并肺部感染者共分离病原菌56株,其中革兰阴性杆菌37株,占66.1％,以铜绿假单胞菌最为多见;真菌11株,占19.6％,以白色假丝酵母菌最为多见;革兰阳性菌8株,占14.3％,以金黄色葡萄球菌最为多见,急性脑卒中并发肺部感染与疾病类型、年龄、意识障碍、发病时间及合并糖尿病明显相关(P＜0.05),而与性别、合并冠心病无相关性.结论 医院急性脑卒中并发肺部感染为多种因素共同作用的结果,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌多见,应加强临床防护工作.     

住院脑出血患者肺部感染的病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的 了解住院脑出血患者引起肺部感染的病原菌分布及危险因素.方法 选取医院2009年5月-2011年8月脑出血采取保守治疗患者共132例,按是否发生肺部感染分为两组,感染组31例,非感染组101例;根据收集的相关资料进行回顾性分析.结果 感染组共检出病原菌49株,肺炎克雷伯菌12株占24.5％,鲍氏不动杆菌9株占18.4％,铜绿假单胞菌8株占16.3％,大肠埃希菌7株占14.3％,粪肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌各4株,各占8.2％,奇异变形菌和鲁氏不动杆菌各1株,各占2.0％;肺部感染的危险因素为慢性疾病史、使用≥3种抗菌药物、吞咽障碍、年龄＞60岁,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 针对引发肺部感染的病原菌分布及相关危险因素进行预防,给予患者更好的护理,以降低医院肺部感染的发生.     

急性脑梗死老年患者肺部感染的病原学特征及影响因素分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死老年患者肺部感染的病原学分布特征、影响因素及对预后的影响,为临床有效防治提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析2015年3月-2017年3月医院神经内科住院治疗的年龄60岁急性脑梗死患者200例,分析肺部感染率,检测感染患者感染病原菌类型,并行药敏分析。单因素分析老年急性脑梗死患者发生肺部感染的相关因素;多因素逻辑回归分析并筛选影响预后的独立影响因素。结果 200例老年急性脑梗死患者中,80例发生肺部感染,感染率为40%。共培养出98株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌75株占76.53%,革兰阳性菌17株占17.35%,真菌6株占6.12%。排名前4位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。男性、重度脑梗死、合并糖尿病和肺部疾病、昏迷、吞咽功能障碍、肺部感染前行侵入性治疗是患者发生肺部感染的影响因素;合并糖尿病、昏迷和肺部感染前行侵入性治疗是影响患者预后的独立影响因素。结论老年急性脑梗死患者肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,应根据培养及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药物;患者发生肺部感染与多种因素相关,需采取积极的防治措施。     

老年脑梗死并发肺部感染病原菌耐药性与影响因素

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者合并肺部感染病原菌耐药性与影响因素分析,为脑梗死患者肺部感染的预防提供依据。方法选择2017年1月-2018年6月天津市宝坻区人民医院收治的老年脑梗死患者189例,分析患者并发肺部感染情况,检测患者病原菌感染类型,并分析病原菌耐药性,归纳老年脑梗死患者并发肺部感染的影响因素。结果 189例患者中,其中发生肺部感染患者72例,肺部感染率为38.10%。72例肺部感染患者中分离病原菌85株,其中革兰阴性菌61株占71.76%,以肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌19株占22.35%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌5株占5.88%。肺炎克雷伯菌对呋喃妥因耐药率较高为64.71%,铜绿假单胞菌对呋喃妥因耐药率为100.00%,鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢曲松、呋喃妥因耐药率为100.00%,均对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和亚胺培南敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、氨苄西林耐药率较高为100.00%、85.71%。侵入性治疗、糖尿病、中重度脑梗死及昏迷是老年脑梗死患者肺部感染的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论老年脑梗死合并肺部感染患者病原菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,临床治疗应根据病原菌药敏结果进行抗菌药物的选择;感染影响因素较多,应针对各因素采取有效的防治措施。     

中晚期痴呆患者院内获得性肺炎的高发因素及应对策略

目的 探讨中晚期痴呆患者院内获得性肺炎的高发因素,为痴呆患者临床康复提供应对策略.方法 回顾性分析436例中晚期痴呆患者的临床资料,分析院内获得性肺炎的发生率和病原菌特征,采用x2检验分析相关影响因素.结果 436例痴呆患者发生肺部感染75例,感染率为17.20％;共分离出88株病原菌,革兰阴性菌59株占67.05％,革兰阳性菌22株占25.00％,真菌7株占7.95％;排名前5位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和表皮葡萄球菌,分别占29.55％、17.05％、13.64％、10.23％和9.09％;肺部感染与年龄、病程、住院时间、合并疾病情况、吞咽困难、侵入性操作、预防性使用抗菌药物和抗精神药物使用时间有关(P＜0.05).结论 中晚期痴呆患者院内获得性肺炎的感染率较高,应针对其高发因素,采用相应的应对策略,降低肺部感染的发生率.     

颅脑外伤患者发生肺部医院感染的危险因素与预防对策

目的 分析颅脑外伤患者发生肺部医院感染的感染发生率、病原菌特点以及危险因素,并探讨其相对应的预防对策,以便为其肺部医院感染的管理与控制提供依据.方法 选择2010年1月-2011年12月医院收治的颅脑外伤患者108例为研究对象,采用回顾性与前瞻性相结合的调查方法对其发生肺部医院感染及危险因素进行分析.结果 颅脑外伤患者发生医院感染32例,感染率29.63％,检出病原菌30株,检出率为93.75％,以革兰阴性菌为主,占63.33％,其中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌分别占30.00％、10.00％、10.00％,革兰阳性菌占30.00％,粪肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌分别占13.33％和10.00％,真菌占6.67％；通过对肺部医院感染危险因素分析,其中年龄、GCS评分、住院时间、受伤方式、意识障碍、呼吸机应用、气管切开、手术史、合并基础疾病、休克、抗菌药物预防性应用和病房入住条件等因素与引起颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的发生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的发生率高,应针对相关危险因素采取应对措施,以有效预防其肺部医院感染的发生,促进患者早日康复,从而提高患者的生活质量.     

骨科住院患者合并医院感染临床分析

目的 探讨骨科住院患者合并医院感染的特征及预防对策,以降低医院感染率.方法 回顾性分析2470例骨科患者的临床资料,观察医院感染发生率、部位、病原菌分布及感染对预后的影响.结果 发生医院感染90例,感染率为3.64％,感染部位分别为呼吸系统40例占44.44％、泌尿系统16例占17.78％、消化系统14例占15.56％、穿钉部位11例占12.22％、切口9例占10.00％;80例进行病原菌培养,培养出53株病原菌,前3位病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌15株、金黄色葡萄球菌12株、铜绿假单胞菌8株,检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS) 34株,检出率为64.15％;年龄大、预防应用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、住院时间长是医院感染的危险因素;医院感染组死亡率为8.89％,高于未发生医院感染的1.47％(P＜0.05).结论 骨科住院患者常合并一定程度的医院感染,可加重病情,其发生发展与多种因素相关,应针对相关特点实施干预.     

重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的危险因素与控制对策

目的 探讨重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的危险因素,为肺部医院感染的预防与控制提供有效依据.方法 选择医院2011年1-12月收治的135例重型颅脑外伤患者并发肺部医院感染的危险因素分析,并寻找控制对策.结果 135例重型颅脑外伤患者发生肺部感染49例,感染率为36.3％;49例患者送检痰标本154份,经细菌学检验共分离病原菌124株,引起重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的病原菌为革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌,分别占66.94％、14.52％、18.54％;发生肺部感染危险因素为年龄、激素及抗菌药物应用、呼吸机应用、住院时间、昏迷、气管切开等.结论 加强对危险因素的控制,可有效降低重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.