老年住院患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨心内科老年住院患者医院感染的高危因素,为可行的预防措施提供依据。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年1月在心内科进行治疗的1 365例老年住院患者临床资料,比较患者性别、心功能、住院时间、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病等,对可能导致医院感染发生的影响因素进行非条件logistic回归分析,确定影响心内科老年患者医院感染的独立因素。结果心内科1 365例老年患者中108例发生医院感染,感染率7.91%;感染患者心功能减低、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病、非单间病房是发生感染的相关危险因素;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,心功能降低、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病是心内科老年患者发生感染的独立危险因素。结论心功能低下、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病是心内科老年住院患者医院感染的高危因素,针对以上因素,做好预防和控制措施能够有效地减少医院感染的发生,确保医疗安全。     

老年冠心病患者医院感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨高龄冠心病患者医院感染的相关影响因素,为其临床预防与治疗提供指导意义。方法回顾性分析医院心内科2012年1月-2013年9月收治入院的625例老年冠心病患者临床资料,对其医院感染的相关危险因素进行分析。结果 625例老年冠心病患者中发生医院感染96例,感染率为15.4%;单因素分析显示,年龄≥80岁、有吸烟史、糖尿病、住院时间≥30d、心功能Ⅲ^Ⅳ级、有侵入性操作的患者感染率分别为20.3%、21.0%、23.4%、23.9%、25.1%、22.8%,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄大、有吸烟史、有糖尿病、住院时间长、心功能ⅢⅣ级、有侵入性操作的患者感染率分别为20.3%、21.0%、23.4%、23.9%、25.1%、22.8%,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄大、有吸烟史、有糖尿病、住院时间长、心功能Ⅲ^Ⅳ级、侵入性操作是影响老年冠心病患者医院感染的独立因素(P<0.05)。结论老年冠心病患者易发生医院感染,其医院感染的危险因素较多、较复杂,临床应采取有效措施,以降低医院感染率。     

老年重症患者医院感染的影响因素

目的分析老年重症患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性,探究医院感染影响因素,为临床预防感染及合理选择抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析医院2016年11月-2017年11月收治的330例老年重症患者的临床资料,统计感染病原菌的分布,单因素及多因素Logistics回归分析患者发生医院感染的影响因素。结果 330例老年重症患者共发生医院感染62例,感染率为18.79%。送检标本中共分离出病原菌107株,革兰阳性菌37株占34.58%、革兰阴性菌59株占55.14%、真菌11株占10.28%。多因素Logistics回归分析结果,患者合并糖尿病、心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、住院时间≥15d、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病、进行侵入性操作、意识障碍、呼吸机辅助呼吸、患者营养不良、贫血、低蛋白血症、应用抗菌药物种类≥2种、抗菌药物应用时间≥7d是老年重症患者发生医院感染的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论老年重症患者容易发生医院感染,影响因素较多,选择抗菌药物应当联合使用敏感度较高的药物,并且控制用药时间和避免无指征用药。     

慢性心力衰竭患者合并医院感染相关因素及预防对策

目的 探讨引起慢性心力衰竭患者医院感染的危险因素及预防对策.方法 选择420例慢性心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,总结医院感染发生率、感染部位分布,对医院感染可能因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 420例患者医院感染60例,感染率为14.23％,感染部位构成下呼吸道28例、上呼吸道12例、泌尿道10例、胃肠道8例、口腔2例;logistic回归分析影响医院感染因素包括:年龄≥60岁、心功能分级差、实施侵入性操作、预防应用抗菌药物、住院时间长,OR值分别为3.56、3.23、3.04、2.78、2.69.结论 慢性心力衰竭患者医院感染发生率较高,影响因素复杂,加强老年患者管理、积极纠正心力衰竭、严格侵入性操作的指征、合理应用抗菌药物、缩短住院时间以减少医院感染的发生.     

老年冠心病患者医院感染的危险因素分析及护理干预措施

目的 探讨老年冠心病患者医院感染的危险因素及护理干预措施.方法 对635例老年冠心病患者医院感染情况进行回顾性调查.结果 635例老年冠心病患者中有84例发生医院感染,医院感染率为13.2％,以下呼吸道感染为主;老年冠心病患者的医院感染发生与患者住院天数、侵入性操作、合并心力衰竭、使用抗菌药物密切相关,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 住院天数、侵入性操作、合并心力衰竭、使用抗菌药物是老年冠心病患者医院感染发生的危险因素,医护人员应给予患者针对性的预防保护措施,控制相关危险因素,以有效地降低医院感染的发生.     

心内科住院患者合并医院感染相关因素的多元回归分析

目的探讨心内科住院患者合并医院感染的影响因素。方法回顾性分析心内科住院患者的临床资料;将发生医院感染的患者作为观察组,无医院感染的患者作为对照组,比较两组患者相关因素及治疗过程等变量上的差异。结果 1240例心内科住院患者发生医院感染110例,感染率为10.5%,单因素检验11个变量是影响医院感染危险因素(P<0.05),logistic回归分析筛选出医院感染独立危险因素:年龄大、侵入性操作、心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、预防性抗菌药物,OR值分别为3.56、2.78、2.34、1.98。结论心内科患者医院感染较高,影响因素较多,应针对上述因素纠正心力衰竭;对高龄密切监测,加强支持治疗;合理应用抗菌药物;减少侵入性操作严格遵守操作规程和无菌操作原则。     

老年科住院患者医院感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨老年科住院患者医院感染的相关因素及预防策略。方法回顾性分析765例老年科住院患者的临床资料,对合并医院感染及无医院感染两组患者可能影响医院感染的相关变量进行单因素分析与logistic回归分析。结果 765例住院患者中有62例发生医院感染,相关变量单因素检验13个变量是影响医院感染的相关因素,多元回归分析显示住院时间>30 d、营养不良、糖尿病、侵入性操作、预防应用抗菌药物是医院感染的危险因素。结论老年科住院患者医院感染有多种因素,做好病房消毒及相应预防策略,以降低医院感染率。     

老年冠心病患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年冠心病患者医院感染的危险因素及防治对策,为预防老年冠心病患者医院感染提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2011年2月-2013年2月464例60⁸5岁的老年冠心病患者临床资料,统计其医院感染率,采用SPSS19.0软件对所有数据进行统计分析。结果 464例老年冠心病患者中有64例发生医院感染,感染率为13.8%;发生呼吸系统感染42例、泌尿系统感染11例、胃肠道感染5例、口腔感染3例、其他部位3例,分别占65.6%、17.2%、7.8%、4.7%、4.7%;感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主占55.3%;老年冠心病患者医院感染的发生与患者年龄、住院天数、合并基础疾病、心功能低下、抗菌药物使用以及侵入性操作有关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论年龄、住院天数、合并基础疾病、心功能低下、抗菌药物的使用以及侵入性操作是老年冠心病患者医院感染的危险因素,针对以上环节采取相应的措施,对于预防医院感染具有重要意义。     

心内科住院患者合并医院感染的临床特征分析

目的探讨心内科住院患者合并医院感染的临床特征和相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析1370例心内科住院患者的临床资料。结果 1370例患者有37例发生医院感染,医院感染率为2.70%;感染部位以呼吸道为主,占45.95%,其次为泌尿道,占18.92%;单因素χ2检验结果显示,年龄>60岁、心功能Ⅲ和Ⅳ级、住院时间>30 d、合并其他疾病、预防应用抗菌药物、侵入性操作和低蛋白血症是医院感染的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心内科住院患者医院感染发生与多种因素有关,加强抗菌药物的合理利用、加强基础疾病治疗、减少侵入性操作、缩短住院时间等,才能有效降低医院感染的发生。     

老年冠心病患者医院感染的病原学特点与影响因素及预防对策

目的探讨老年冠心病患者发生医院感染的病原学特点,探究其影响因素及相应的预防措施,为临床防治提供参考依据。方法选取2014年4月-2017年4月医院收治的老年冠心病患者840例为研究对象,通过对感染部位标本的培养及鉴定,探讨感染的病原学分布,回顾性分析患者的性别、住院时间、应用激素、合并糖尿病等临床病例资料,运用单因素及多因素Logistic线性回归分析方法探讨感染发生的影响因素。结果 840例老年冠心病患者中发生感染82例,感染率9.76%,感染部位以呼吸系统感染28例占34.15%为主;82例医院感染患者共培养出病原菌89株,其中革兰阴性菌58株占65.17%、革兰阳性菌27株占30.34%、真菌4株占4.49%;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,住院时间≥7天、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作、三支病变血管是老年冠心病患者发生医院感染的影响因素(P0.05)。结论老年冠心病患者住院期间发生院内感染的主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌,临床工作中在无病原菌培养结果时,可预防性使用对肺炎克雷伯杆菌敏感的抗菌药物。感染与住院时间、病情、侵入性操作、糖尿病有关,临床应针对上述高危因素采取对应的预防措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.