肺炎衣原体和肺炎支原体感染与儿童哮喘的关系研究

目的:研究肺炎衣原体(CP)和肺炎支原体(MP)感染与儿童哮喘的关系。方法:收集门诊哮喘发作期儿童136例,其中男96例,女40例,年龄(4.9±2.5)岁。分成1～3岁组41例,3～5岁组50例,5～15岁组45例;其中病程≤3月29例,35例按GINA方法使用吸入激素。对照组为无明显呼吸道症状的内分泌门诊儿童,共67例,男34例,女33例,平均年龄(5.4±2.6)岁,其中1～5岁35例,5～10岁32例。用酶联免疫分析法检测血清中肺炎支原体IgM、肺炎衣原体IgM。结果:①哮喘发作期儿童136例中有CP-IgM阳性28例,单纯CP-IgG阳性10例,其中1～3岁组急性CP感染率为14.6%,3～5岁组22.0%,5岁以上组24.4%。3组既往CP感染率分别是0.6%和15.5%;年龄因素与CP感染率呈弱相关(R=0.26,P<0.01)。对照组67例中急性感染3例,占4.5%,既往CP感染2例占3.0%,合计阳性率7.5%,其中1～5岁35例中未检出CP感染者;两组比较P<0.0001。哮喘儿童中MP-IgM阳性15例,阳性率11.0%,对照组阳性5例,阳性率7.4%,P>0.05。②哮喘发作期患儿病程≤3月的29例,CP感染者12例占41.3%,较病程长者CP感染率要高,P<0.05。③在吸入激素治疗时仍有哮喘频发的35例哮喘儿中,7例有急性CP感染(20.0%),4例有既往CP感染(11.4%),合计占31.4%,5例有MP感染(14.3%)。结论:肺炎衣原体是一种常见的呼吸道病原体,肺炎衣原体感染与部分哮喘儿童的哮喘发作有密切关系,尤其是5岁以下儿童因其免疫力薄弱,CP的致病作用更应予以重视。在新诊断的儿童哮喘中有较高比例的肺炎衣原体感染。对使用吸入激素控制不住的儿童哮喘应注意肺炎衣原体和肺炎支原体感染评估,用大环内脂类抗生素控制感染。     

小儿支气管哮喘急性发作与肺炎支原体感染的相关性研究

目的 探讨小儿支气管哮喘急性发作与肺炎支原体(MP)感染之间的相关性,为小儿支气管哮喘急性发作的诊治提供参考依据.方法 对324例小儿支气管哮喘急性发作期患儿(哮喘组)与100例呼吸道感染患儿(对照组)在入院后7d进行血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)、咽拭子肺炎支原体-DNA、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞及血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)检测.结果 肺炎支原体检测结果比较,哮喘组阳性率为37.65％,对照组阳性率为24.00％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);哮喘组＞6岁患儿肺炎支原体阳性率最高为46.67％,3～6岁患儿阳性率为27.12％,＜3岁患儿阳性率为23.08％,不同年龄段肺炎支原体阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);哮喘组肺炎支原体阳性患儿血嗜酸性粒细胞计数为(486.29±242.18)×109,免疫球蛋白E为(650.96±257.84)U/ml,阴性患儿分别(368.52±129.76)×109、(417.42±274.46) U/ml,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 小儿支气管哮喘发作与肺炎支原体感染关系密切,在哮喘发作时常伴有肺炎支原体感染,对小儿支气管哮喘急性发作期患儿进行肺炎支原体检测有助于为临床治疗提供科学依据.     

儿童哮喘发作与肺炎衣原体感染的关系

目的:了解支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发作时肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae,CP)感染的状况,明确儿童哮喘发作与CP感染的关系。方法:对188例哮喘发作患儿和同期53例无呼吸道感染患儿进行血清CP-IgM的ELISA检测及咽拭子CP-DNA的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测,进行统计学分析。结果:①哮喘发作组188例患儿中,存在急性上呼吸道感染7例(3.72%)、急性支气管炎67例(35.64%)、支气管肺炎114例(60.64%),绝大多数为下呼吸道感染。②哮喘发作组188例患儿中,CP急性感染67例,阳性率为35.64%;对照组53例患儿中,CP急性感染8例,阳性率为15.09%;两组阳性率比较存在显著性差异。③哮喘发作组188例患儿中,CP急性感染67例,其中0-3岁13例,阳性率为19.40%;4-7岁17例,阳性率为25.37%;>7岁37例,阳性率为55.22%,CP感染主要发生在7岁以上年龄组,0-3岁和4-7岁年龄组之间比较无显著性差异。结论:哮喘发作多由下呼吸道感染诱发,CP感染可发生于各年龄段,但以7岁以上年龄段为主。哮喘患儿应重视下呼吸道感染的预防,在急性发作时应重视CP急性感染的检测,并及时给予大环内酯类抗生素治疗。     

小儿哮喘急性发作期肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体感染血清学变化研究

目的探讨小儿哮喘急性发作期肺炎支原体（MP）、肺炎衣原体（OF）感染血清学变化。方法选择265例哮喘急性发作期患儿（哮喘组）和90例健康体检儿童（对照组）,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测入选儿童血清中的肺炎支原体抗体（MP—IgM）、肺炎衣原体抗体（CP-IgM）,按照阳性结果标准比较分析。结果哮喘组MP阳性率为32．1％（85／265）,CP阳性率为14．0％（37／265）,均高于对照组的14．4％（13／90）和4．4％（4／90）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;不同年龄段的哮喘急性发作期患儿MP阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而CP阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对急性发作期的哮喘患儿进行MP—IgM、CP-IgM检测,能指导临床用药,有利于治疗。     

肺炎衣原体感染与哮喘急性发作的相关性研究

目的探讨肺炎衣原体(CP)感染与哮喘急性发作相关性,以期提高临床诊治水平。方法选取2011年3月-2013年3月47例哮喘急性发作患者为哮喘急性发作组,另外选取同时期哮喘缓解期患者45例为哮喘缓解组和43名健康体检人员作为对照组,运用微量免疫荧光法测定血清CP特异性抗体IgA、IgM和IgG,观察3组在感染相关指标的变化。结果哮喘急性发作组和哮喘缓解组的CP-IgA、CP-IgG、CP-IgM阳性率相近,健康对照组与以上两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3组CP-IgA、CP-IgG、CP-IgM滴度两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CP感染率哮喘急性发作组66.0%、哮喘缓解组68.9%、健康对照组仅为9.3%,哮喘急性发作组以急性感染为主,而哮喘缓解组患者中则有51.1%以慢性感染为主。结论急性CP感染是哮喘急性发作重要诱因,而慢性CP感染是支气管哮喘急性发作期和缓解期重要影响因素,参与了支气管哮喘发病机制和病理过程。     

冠心病患者肺炎衣原体感染的研究

目的：研究冠心病与肺炎衣原体感染的关系。方法：应用微量免疫荧光试验，检测冠心病患者血清中肺炎衣原体IgG、IgA抗体，并与病毒性心肌炎和对照组比较。结果：214例冠心病患者肺炎衣原体IgG、IgA抗体阳性率分别为86．9％和39．7％，显著高于病毒性心肌炎组（分别为62．7％和8．2％）和对照组（分别为72．6％和13．7％），冠心病患者IgG、IgA抗体阳性率与其他两组抗体阳性率差异显著（P＜0．010。此外，冠心病患者IgG、IgA抗体几何平均滴度亦明显高于病毒性心肌炎组患者和对照组。结论：冠心病与肺炎衣原体感染存在一定的关系。     

儿童急性呼吸道肺炎患者衣原体感染临床诊断分析

目的 分析和研究儿童肺炎衣原体感染在不同的急性呼吸道感染患者中的状况和临床特点.方法 选取自从2011年10月-2012年9月确诊为急性呼吸道感染的患者共279例,在患者住院一星期以后,留取患者的血清送往医学检测中心进行检测,通过采用酶联免疫吸附法来对患者的肺炎衣原体特异性抗体IgM等指标进行检测.以检测患者的肺炎衣原体特异性抗体IgM.结果 全部急性呼吸道感染患者中,共有47例IgM显示为阳性,感染率为16.3％,其中肺炎患者IgM的阳性率为18.1％,急性支气管炎的IgM阳性率为13.9％,上呼吸道感染IgM的阳性率为22.7％.结论 儿童肺炎衣原体急性感染通常表现为不同的急性呼吸道感染,其临床表现没有特异性,该症状以发热和咳嗽为主,且高热为多见,特别是在上呼吸道感染中很容易被忽视,而特异性抗体IgM的检测属于确诊肺炎衣原体急性感染患者的重要依据和途径.     

呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体的检出率分析

目的 对呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体(MP)抗体检测,调查该地区肺炎支原体感染与患儿性别、年龄和季节的关系.方法 采用MP抗体检测试剂,对2010年3月-2011年2月在医院就诊的2139例呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体IgM抗体的检测.结果 在2139例患儿中,检出MP抗体阳性637例,阳性率为29.78％;男性阳性率为27.46％,女性为34.52％,全年均可发病,但以春夏季节为高,4个季节阳性率依次为40.21％、37.54％、21.45％、14.94％;各年龄组间,以＜1岁组最低,为5.52％,1～3岁和4～6岁组最高,分别为40.65％和43.14％;对呼吸道感染者进行MP抗体检测,支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高,达35.24％,肺炎MP感染阳性率其次,占28.35％.结论 该地区呼吸道感染患者中MP感染率较高,性别间阳性率差异有统计学意义;各年龄组均有感染,以1～3岁和4～6岁组感染率最高;季节以春夏季感染率最高;支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高.     

血清肺炎衣原体感染与急性冠脉综合征的关系研究

目的为探讨肺炎衣原体感染与急性冠脉综合征的关系. 方法应用间接微量免疫荧光法测定92例急性冠脉综合征(病例组),其中不稳定型心绞痛组50例,急性心肌梗死组42例患者,72例健康人(对照组)血清肺炎衣原体特异性IgG、IgM抗体滴度. 结果对照组、不稳定型心绞痛组及急性心肌梗死组肺炎衣原体总感染率分别为30.60%、86%、88.1%,其中既往感染率分别为30.6%、62.0%、71.4%,急性感染率分别为0%、24.0%、16.7%;总感染率、既往感染率及急性感染率病例组明显增高(优势比分别为15.15、4.47、18.48,可信区间分别为6.9～33.29、2.31～8.67、2.41～141.73);与对照组比较病例组各亚组血清肺炎衣原体IgG抗体平均几何滴度差异有非常显著性(P<0.01),IgM抗体病例组仅4例阳性,对照组无1例阳性;不稳定型心绞痛患者与急性心肌梗死患者血清肺炎衣原体平均几何滴度及感染阳性率差别均无明显性. 结论研究结果表明急性冠脉综合征组肺炎衣原体感染率及血清肺炎衣原体平均几何滴度均较高,肺炎衣原体感染可能是构成冠心病发生的一个危险因子,但抗体滴度与病情的进展无明显关系.     

肺炎衣原体感染与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关性研究

目的研究肺炎衣原体(CP)感染与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关性,为更好的指导临床治疗。方法从医院2011年9月-2013年9月收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中随机选择100例进行研究,按照实际情况分为急性加重期组(60例)和稳定期组(40例),并选择50名健康人员设为健康对照组;检测所有研究对象的CP抗体水平,采用SPSS 15.0进行分析。结果 CP-IgM检出阳性率急性加重期组为61.7%,显著高于健康对照组的10.0%,(P<0.05);CP-IgA和IgG检出阳性率健康对照组分别为20.0%和22.0%,均显著低于稳定期组的52.5%、57.5%和急性加重期组的53.3%、55.0%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CP感染和慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间具有一定的相关性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.