安庆市宜秀区农村居民超重和肥胖的流行现状及影响因素分析

目的了解安庆市宜秀区农村居民超重和肥胖的流行特点及影响因素。方法采取整群随机抽样方法,抽取宜秀区年龄大于18岁农村常住居民2 905人(其中男性1 460人,女姓1 445人)测量身高、体重和血压值,分析超重、肥胖患病现况不同体质指数(BMI)对象的高血压患病率进行比较。结果安庆市宜秀区农村居民超重率为31.3%,标化率30.3%;肥胖率为9.4%,标化率9.0%。男性的超重肥胖好发于文化程度较高的已婚中年人群,女性的超重肥胖率好发于文化程度较低的已婚中老年人群。BMI大于24 kg/m2的人群高血压患病率与小于24kg/m2比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=95.7,P<0.01)。结论安庆市农村超重率和肥胖率呈现较高水平流行。     

沿海社区居民超重和肥胖及中心性肥胖与高血压关系的研究

目的了解沿海社区居民超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖分布特征与高血压的发病关系,为探索查、防、治、管的慢病社区综合防治模式提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,从烟台市芝罘区8个社区居委会抽取320个样本居民户,按照KISH表法,每户随机抽取1名调查对象。并实行全程严格的质量控制。采用Excel建立数据库,应用SPSS16.0软件进行统计学分析。结果社区居民超重率、肥胖率、中心性肥胖率、高血压患病率分别为40.31%、19.06%、63.13%、38.44%,标化率分别为30.13%、11.71%、46.37%、21.19%。上述病症≥40岁人群现患比重,分别占社区15～69岁居民的86.05%、90.16%、85.15%和87.37%,并且从40岁开始,这些病症现患率均呈随年龄增长而明显增长的变化趋势。离退休人员的超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖现患比重,分别占社区所有职业人群的56.92%、62.90%和57.21%。不同体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)水平年龄、血压均值比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=24.202,17.550,19.987,35.009,15.662,13.857,P=0.000)。高血压组与非高血压组的超重率、肥胖率、中心性肥胖率分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=3.887,P0.05;χ2=26.373、28.356、P0.01;OR=1.584,4.425,4.049)。BMI、WC与SBP和DBP呈高度线性正相关(r0.7),并能建立有统计学意义的线性回归方程。结论烟台市社区居民超重、肥胖以及中心性肥胖与高血压发病呈密切正相关,这些病症从40岁开始明显随年龄增长而增长,离退休人员属现患高峰人群,在社区实时、动态、准确地对居民BMI、WC均值进行主动监测,是综合防治高血压的重要措施之一。     

上海市城区中老年2型糖尿病合并高血压患者超重和肥胖流行现状

目的了解上海市城区中老年2型糖尿病合并高血压患者超重和肥胖现状,为制定肥胖和肥胖相关慢性病防治策略提供科学依据。方法利用分层整群随机抽样方法从上海市某城区10个街道中随机抽取4个街道,将2010-2014年纳入该区慢病管理系统的4 716名50岁及以上的2型糖尿病合并高血压患者作为研究对象。通过面对面调查收集人口学资料、既往病史、糖尿病并发症和临床症状、饮食习惯、糖尿病用药及健康教育等信息,采用标准方法测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压等指标。采用SAS 9.2软件进行χ~2检验和Cochran-Armitage趋势检验。结果中老年2型糖尿病合并高血压患者中,男、女性的体质指数(BMI)分别为(24.70±2.94)、(24.87±3.52)kg/m~2,腰围分别为(89.16±9.02)、(85.37±9.26)cm。男性患者的超重率(45.94%)高于女性(41.70%),而女性肥胖率(16.88%)高于男性(12.66%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。女性患者中心性肥胖率(49.90%)高于男性(45.90%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。女性不同年龄组超重率和肥胖率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),50~55岁组超重率和肥胖率均最高,而男性各年龄组超重率和肥胖率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);男性和女性超重率和肥胖率在不同血压情况和饮食情况各组间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。男性和女性中心性肥胖率均随血压等级升高而升高,趋势性检验有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论上海市城区中老年2型糖尿病合并高血压患者超重率和肥胖率较高,应采取针对性的措施控制该人群的血压水平,加强饮食干预,降低肥胖相关慢性病的发生风险。     

北京城区居民体质指数与慢性病危险因素关系分析

对 1 995～ 1 998年营养与食品安全所老年与临床营养室在北京地区慢性病社区防治研究中积累的1 2 4 6例 2 5～ 74岁居民的部分体检资料进行分析 ,观察不同人群体质指数 (BMI)、腰围 (WC)水平与慢性疾病相关因素 血清总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、甘油三酯 (TG)、收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)、血糖 (FBG)及与高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病的检出率的关系。结果 :该人群超重及肥胖率男性为 41 7%及1 4 6 % ,女性为 32 0 %及 2 0 4%。超重及肥胖组高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病的检出率明显高于BMI正常组。相关分析结果表明BMI、WC与TC、TG、SBP、DBP呈显著正相关 ;与HDL C、HDL C TC呈显著负相关 ,WC与FBG呈显著正相关。提示为早期预防慢性病 ,应对BMI>2 4的人群给予充分关注     

北京市朝阳区成年居民超重肥胖流行现状及其与主要慢性病的关系

目的 了解北京市朝阳区成年居民超重、肥胖流行情况及其与主要慢性病的关系。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,抽取朝阳区13个街乡18岁以上常住居民共39 000人进行问卷调查和身体测量。用χ2检验比较不同特征居民间超重率及肥胖率的差异,采用单因素方差分析比较不同BMI人群的主要慢性病指标的差异,用多因素Logistic回归分析超重肥胖与慢性病的关系。结果 朝阳区成人超重率为38.97%,肥胖率为19.66%;城市居民超重率（χ2 = 114.74,P＜0.05）、肥胖率（χ2 = 373.83,P＜0.05）低于农村居民;男性超重率（χ2 = 101.55,P＜0.05）、肥胖率（χ2 = 22.37,P＜0.05）高于女性,超重组患高血压、糖尿病及血脂异常的风险是正常组的1.50～1.84倍,肥胖组患病风险是正常组的2.06～3.20倍。超重、肥胖组患1种、2种、3种疾病的聚集率均高于体重正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。结论 朝阳区居民超重肥胖流行状况严重。随着BMI水平的升高,成人患高血压等慢性病的风险升高,应积极开展超重肥胖防控工作。     

某社区劳动力人群体质量指数和血压的调查与分析

为探讨某重工业企业劳动力人群体质量指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)和血压特征,采用多阶段整群抽样方法调查社区人群的BMI、WC及血压情况,并进行统计分析。结果显示,社区人群超重及肥胖率38.22%,高血压总患病率13.14%,其中男性患病率17.68%、女性患病率3.29%,人群中高血压患病率和血压均值随着BMI、WC的增加而升高。提示本社区男性高血压患病率显著高于女性,控制体重、腰围有利于高血压的防治。     

广西少数民族地区7 752名干部慢性病患病现状及其危险因素分析

[目的]了解广西少数民族地区干部慢性病患病现状及其相关危险因素. [方法]对自治区部份直属机关单位7 752名干部采用问卷调查与健康体检相结合的方法.问卷包括个人基本特征、既往病史、行为习惯,并进行身高、体重、血压、血糖、血脂等项目检查. [结果]7 752名干部平均收缩压为(123.3±18.6)mm Hg、平均舒张压为(75.4±9.5)mmHg、平均血糖为(5.1±11.1)mmoL/L以及总胆固醇(TC)为(4.97±1.07)mmol/L、甘油三酯(TG)为(1.46±1.20)mmoL/L.人群体重指数BMI平均为(23.5±3.2)kg/m2,总超重率为33.5%(标化率21.6%)、总肥胖率为7.5%(标化率5.4%),高血压总患病率28.1%(标化率13.1%),糖尿病总患病率6.3%(标化率2.5%),血脂异常率23.4%(标化率12.9%),标化后均低于全国平均水平.多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,男性、年龄、受教育程度、高血压和糖尿病家族史、吸烟、饮酒、不经常锻炼、超重、向心性肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常因素与患病风险有显著性相关. [结论]7 752名干部平均收缩压已处于正常高值水平,男性BMI已达到了超重水平,且收缩压、血糖、血脂(TC、TG)水平以及男性标化超重率、标化肥胖率均高于全国水平.慢性病患病风险与不良行为习惯等因素密切相关,且患病风险年轻化倾向更值得关注.在少数民族地区干部队伍中应积极推动健康生活方式行动,以维持健康体重、控制血压水平,降低心脑血管疾病的发病风险.     

浙江省居民体质指数与相关疾病关系

目的探讨浙江省居民中体质指数（BMI）的分布特征及其与主要相关疾病的关系。方法2006年1月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取浙江省30个县（市、区）,150个乡镇（街道）,9000个住户中的居民为调查对象。通过自制问卷实施入户调查及体测。结果共收集有效问卷23128份。样本人群BMI均值为（23.11±2.71）,超重和肥胖率分别为28.7%和4.8%;城市居民的超重和肥胖率高于农村居民;男性的超重比例高于女性,肥胖比例低于女性;15岁～年龄组超重和肥胖率最低,随着年龄的增长,超重和肥胖率都呈上升趋势,45岁～组超重率最高（38.7%）,55岁～组肥胖率最高（8.1%）;已婚组的超重和肥胖率都高于未婚组,与离婚组无明显差异;随着文化程度的升高男性超重率升高,而肥胖率无明显差异;随着文化程度的升高女性超重和肥胖率都呈下降趋势;超重组和肥胖组的高血压、糖尿病和胆囊炎患病率均显著高于正常组,肥胖组冠心病患病率显著高于正常组。结论近几年,浙江省居民超重率呈上升趋势,BMI与高血压等慢性病患病率呈正相关。     

贵州省社区心脑血管病防治人群超重肥胖及其与高血压流行病学关系的研究

目的调查社区人群超重肥胖的现患率并探讨其与高血压等有关因素的关系。方法采用结合省情作局部修改的卫生部预防医学科学院设计的健康行为调查表 ,应用系统抽样方法进行调查 ;对社区人群超重肥胖的现患率及其与高血压、性别、年龄、民族、文化程度等因素的关系作统计分析。结果本社区 15岁以上人群超重肥胖率已达 4 3.4 % ,人群体质指数 (BMI)均值不论男女在 5 5岁以前有随增龄而增加倾向 ;女性 35岁以上各年龄段人群平均 BMI已接近或超过2 4 ,且均显著高于男性 ,4 5岁以上更加明显 ;本社区的平均 BMI及超重肥胖的发生率高于全国水平 ;汉族男性超重肥胖率显著高于少数民族 ;随文化程度的低下 ,超重肥胖率显著增高 ;随体质指数增大 ,高血压发病率显著增高。结论防治超重肥胖已经成为预防高血压刻不容缓且有重要意义的课题。     

沈阳市城市居民行为危险因素调查——超重和肥胖的流行率分析

[目的]了解沈阳市城市居民中超重和肥胖的流行状况,为开展肥胖防治提供科学依据。[方法]利用沈阳市城市居民慢性病防制行为危险因素监测资料,了解5个城区和1个近郊区15～69岁的常住人口肥胖和超重的现患率。[结果]共调查7020人,男性、女性肥胖标化患病率分别为4.88%,5.25%均高于全国平均水平(1.97%;3.36%)。男性、女性超重标化患病率分别为18.09%、16.72%,均低干全国的平均水平;随年龄增长呈上升趋势,随文化程度增高呈下降趋势,离、退休人员的超重和肥胖率较高,学生的超重和肥胖的现患率较低。[结论]沈阳市肥胖调整现患率高于全国平均水平,存在性别、年龄、职业和文化间差别。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.