甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌（附72例）

目的：探讨甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析本院2002年1月至2010年1月期间72例甲状腺全切术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的病历资料,分析甲状旁腺功能减退和喉返神经损伤的发生情况。结果：甲状旁腺功能减退发生与再次手术、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯、中央区淋巴结转移有关,与是否行颈清无关;喉返神经的损伤与上述因素无关。结论：影响甲状腺全切术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素有：手术次数、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯和中央区淋巴结转移。     

甲状腺全切治疗分化型甲状腺癌的临床意义和并发症分析

目的：探讨甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的临床意义及相关风险.方法：对2007年1月至2011年6月我院行甲状腺全切术及甲状腺次全切或近全切患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,92例患者实施甲状腺全切手术为全切组;86例患者实施次全切或近全切术为双叶组,20例患者复发后二次手术行全切术为复发组,分析患者术后甲状旁腺功能和喉返神经损伤情况.结果：甲状腺全切组术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于双叶组（P＜0.05）,而复发组则明显高于全切组（P＜0.05）;甲状腺全切组术后喉返神经损伤发生率则与另外两组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.全切组中有腺体外侵犯组的甲状旁腺功能减退及喉返神经损伤发生率明显高于无腺体外侵犯组（P＜0.05）,而根治性颈清组并发症发生率与中央区颈清组无显著统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论：甲状腺全切除术增加甲状旁腺功能减退发生率,而不增加喉返神经损伤的发生率;复发二次手术会增加甲状旁腺功能减退的发生,对喉返神经损伤的发生无显著影响;存在腺体外侵是增加并发症的危险因素,而是否行根治性颈清术不增加并发症的发生.因此在临床工作中应该有选择的施行甲状腺全切除手术.     

甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈淋巴结清扫术治疗分化型甲状腺癌

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈淋巴结清扫（颈清）术的安全性、适应证和手术难点。方法对1991年1月至2004年6月我科收治的分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈清术患者36例作回顾性分析,手术切口选择根据原发癌灶的位置及颈淋巴结可疑转移情况,选择相应的H型、L型或衣领式,甲状腺组织行近全切或全切,双侧颈清术原则上按保留颈内静脉、副神经、胸锁乳突肌改良颈清术式进行。结果全组36例患者无一例手术死亡,术后并发症为创口出血2例,一侧喉返神经损伤4例,一侧喉上神经内支损伤2例,一侧喉上神经外支损伤9例,一侧副神经损伤3例,一侧颈交感神经损伤5例,一侧膈神经损伤2例,一侧乳糜瘘6例,暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退13例,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退3例。淋巴结阳性数0-21个,平均8．3个／例,双侧淋巴结均阳性31／36,一侧淋巴结阳性,另一侧淋巴结阴性3／36,双侧淋巴结均阴性2／36。经1-13年随访,4例死亡,7例失访,25例存活,3例复发。结论分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈清术是安全的,关键是至少保留一侧颈内静脉,不要同时损伤双侧喉返神经和膈神经;对双侧颈淋巴结病理证实转移或临床判断转移（淋巴结明显肿大、质地偏硬或淋巴结为典型的紫葡萄颜色）的分化型甲状腺癌,均应行甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈清;至少保留一个有血供的甲状旁腺;尽可能将甲状腺组织近全切或全切;应兼顾手术彻底性和机体功能保留。     

双侧甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫的必要性及安全性研究

目的探讨双侧甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫的必要性及安全性。方法对81例双侧甲状腺癌和30例行全甲状腺切除的良性病变进行分析。结果双侧甲状腺癌中,肿瘤1 cm、病灶数2个、侵犯包膜、中央区有可疑淋巴结容易出现中央区淋巴结转移(P0.05),双侧甲状腺癌行中央区淋巴结清扫者一过性低钙血症明显高于单纯行全甲状腺切除者(P0.05),而喉返神经损伤及永久性低钙血症者比较,差异无统计学意义。结论双侧甲状腺癌行全甲状腺切除加中央区淋巴结清扫是必要且安全的。     

82例分化型甲状腺癌再手术临床分析

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺癌术前诊断,首次手术方式的选择及补充性二次手术的必要性.方法:分析近10年来收治的82例分化型甲状腺癌再手术的临床资料.再手术中采用快速病理检查,根据肿瘤浸润的范围及淋巴结转移情况行甲状腺残叶、峡部、对侧大部分切除,甲状腺全切及同侧淋巴结功能性清扫术.结果:58例行患侧残留腺体峡部及对侧腺体大部分切除,17例行甲状腺全切术.7例因肿瘤侵及范围较广泛仅行姑息性切除.35例因肿瘤侵及甲状腺包膜或术中发现淋巴结肿大,而行同侧功能性淋巴清扫术.术后病理:淋巴结转移22例(62.9%),癌残留52例(63.4%).再手术造成喉返神经损伤4例,其中3例半年后恢复,1例未见明显改善.甲状旁腺损伤3例,经近期处理后恢复.食管损伤1例.结论:分化型甲状腺癌术前定性诊断较困难,局部切除癌残留率较高,应及时做补充性二次手术.小于一叶切除的手术方式应废止.     

甲状腺癌局部切除术后再手术的探讨

目的:研究甲状腺癌行肿瘤切除或腺叶次全切除术后腺体残癌率和颈部淋巴结转移的情况.明确甲状腺癌的切除范围与手术方式.方法:对1996年-2005年间在外院行腺叶肿交瘤切除或次全切除术后来我院行二次手术治疗的57例甲状腺癌患者进行分析研究.结果:总的癌残留率为49.1%(28/57).原发部位残癌率为29.8%(17157),术后病理淋巴结转移癌21例,淋巴结转移率为52.5%(21/40),惠侧颈部Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率为35.0%(14/40).我院二次手术所致喉返神经麻痹的发生率为1.8%(1/57).甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移与被膜侵犯正相关.结论:甲状腺癌行肿块切除或腺叶次全切除术的术后残癌率较高.有被膜侵犯的甲状腺乳头状癌患者,应行改良性颈清扫术.术中疑为甲状腺癌时,应常规行颈部Ⅵ区探查,必要时应行该区清扫术.术中避免喉返神经和甲状旁腺的损伤.     

82例分化型甲状腺癌再手术临床分析

目的：探讨分化型甲状腺癌术前诊断,首次手术方式的选择及补充性二次手术的必要性。方法：分析近10年来收治的82例分化型甲状腺癌再手术的临床资料。再手术中采用快速病理检查,根据肿瘤浸润的范围及淋巴结转移情况行甲状腺残叶、峡部、对侧大部分切除,甲状腺全切及同侧淋巴结功能性清扫术。结果：58例行患侧残留腺体峡部及对侧腺体大部分切除,17例行甲状腺全切术。7例因肿瘤侵及范围较广泛仅行姑息性切除。35例因肿瘤侵及甲状腺包膜或术中发现淋巴结肿大,而行同侧功能性淋巴清扫术。术后病理：淋巴结转移22例（62.9%）,癌残留52例（63.4%）。再手术造成喉返神经损伤4例,其中3例半年后恢复,1例未见明显改善。甲状旁腺损伤3例,经近期处理后恢复。食管损伤1例。结论：分化型甲状腺癌术前定性诊断较困难,局部切除癌残留率较高,应及时做补充性二次手术。小于一叶切除的手术方式应废止。     

中央区淋巴结清扫在分化型甲状腺癌手术中的研究进展

甲状腺全切是分化型甲状腺癌的主要治疗方法.然而,仍有10～15%的病人出现颈部可触及的肿物引起局部复发.颈部转移占局部复发的75%,而且这部分病人最终有50%死于局部复发.因此普遍认为转移的淋巴结必须手术切除.分化型甲状腺癌的颈淋巴结转移第一站往往在中央区,所以中央区颈淋巴结清扫术对分化型甲状腺癌的治疗显得尤为重要.然而,常规中央区淋巴结清扫仍有很大的争议.近来越来越多的资料表明区域淋巴结转移与肿瘤复发有很大关联,而且区域淋巴结转移与疾病死亡率的上升有很大关系,与生存率成负相关.与单纯全甲状腺切除相比,常规中央区淋巴结清扫并不增加并发症,而且能达到降低血清甲状腺球蛋白的目的 .因此,分化型甲状腺癌应该常规同侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫.     

甲状腺乳头状癌右侧喉返神经深面淋巴结转移的临床病理因素分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌患者右侧喉返神经深面淋巴结转移的临床病理因素及其对预后的影响。［方法］ 回顾性分析191例甲状腺乳头状癌患者资料，对所有患者的手术情况、临床病理参数、随访情况进行统计分析。［结果］ 接受手术治疗患者191例，其中病理学诊断确诊右侧中央区淋巴结转移率54.9%，右侧喉返神经深面淋巴结转移率23.6%，右侧侧颈部淋巴结转移率19.9%。单因素分析显示，右侧喉返神经深面淋巴结转移与性别（P=0.001）、肿瘤直径（1.0cm为界）（P<0.001）、是否包膜外侵犯（P<0.001）、是否喉返神经浅面淋巴结转移（P<0.001）、是否侧颈部淋巴结转移（P<0.001）相关。多因素分析显示，男性（P=0.005）、肿瘤包膜外侵犯（P=0.020）、喉返神经浅面淋巴结转移（P=0.007）、侧颈部淋巴结转移（P=0.047）是喉返神经深面淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。［结论］ 对于男性、肿瘤有包膜外侵犯、喉返神经浅面淋巴结有转移、侧颈部淋巴结有转移的患者，在有效保护喉返神经及下极甲状旁腺的同时，建议清扫右侧喉返神经深面淋巴结。     

纳米炭在甲状腺癌手术中对甲状旁腺及喉返神经的保护作用

目的探讨纳米炭在甲状腺癌手术中对甲状旁腺及喉返神经保护的应用价值。方法 选取2016年10月至2018年8月于桂林医学院第二附属医院乳腺甲状腺外科行全甲状腺切除收治的甲状腺癌患者112例,随机均分为观察组和对照组。观察组注射纳米炭后行甲状腺全切及中央区淋巴结清扫,对照组未注射纳米炭,而直接手术。测量两组术前及术后第1、3和30天的血钙、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平,统计淋巴结清扫数量、淋巴结转移、甲状旁腺误切、暂时性低钙血症和永久性低钙血症及喉返神经损伤情况。结果两组患者术前及术后第30天的血钙、PTH水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>005),观察组术后第1、3天的血钙、PTH水平均高于对照组(P<005)。观察组病理检出中央区淋巴结数量多于对照组(P<005),但两组淋巴结转移率差异无统计学意义(P>005)。观察组甲状旁腺误切率、术后暂时性低钙血症和永久性低钙血症的发生率以及喉返神经损伤率均低于对照组(P<005)。结论在甲状腺癌行全甲状腺切除及中央区淋巴结清扫术中应用纳米炭,可有效降低甲状旁腺误切及喉返神经损伤率,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Surgery of lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer

Optimal treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma is controversial with respect to the extent of thyroid resection, the extent and technique of nodal dissection and use of prophylactic radioiodine treatment. Postoperative complications, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and definitive hypoparathyroidism, have carried great weight in the discussion regarding how radical the surgical treatment should be. The discussion of whether total thyroidectomy or lesser procedures should be the treatment for thyroid carcinomas has been protracted. Now, reasonable agreement exists that total thyroidectomy is the best treatment and the focus of the discussion has moved to the treatment of lymph nodes. At the time of diagnosis, node metastases are a common finding in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, in particular papillary carcinoma. The argument supporting a radical approach to lymph node excision is that the presence of node metastases increases the recurrence rate. Advocates for the conservative approach believe that little association exists between node metastases and death from thyroid carcinoma. This paper reviews relevant medical literature published in the English language on surgery of lymph nodes in differentiated thyroid cancer with well-controlled trials. Searches were last updated in June 2006.     

Surgery of lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer

Optimal treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma is controversial with respect to the extent of thyroid resection, the extent and technique of nodal dissection and use of prophylactic radioiodine treatment. Postoperative complications, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and definitive hypoparathyroidism, have carried great weight in the discussion regarding how radical the surgical treatment should be. The discussion of whether total thyroidectomy or lesser procedures should be the treatment for thyroid carcinomas has been protracted. Now, reasonable agreement exists that total thyroidectomy is the best treatment and the focus of the discussion has moved to the treatment of lymph nodes. At the time of diagnosis, node metastases are a common finding in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, in particular papillary carcinoma. The argument supporting a radical approach to lymph node excision is that the presence of node metastases increases the recurrence rate. Advocates for the conservative approach believe that little association exists between node metastases and death from thyroid carcinoma. This paper reviews relevant medical literature published in the English language on surgery of lymph nodes in differentiated thyroid cancer with well-controlled trials. Searches were last updated in June 2006.     

Lymph node dissection in papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Prospective randomized studies aimed at evaluating the different therapeutic protocols for the treatment of papillary or follicular carcinoma are lacking at the moment. Although total thyroidectomy is widely accepted, indication to locoregional lymphadenectomy is strongly debated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients with papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma (45 papillary and 9 follicular) underwent functional evaluation of the gland before intervention, FNAB included Surgical management was carried out as follows: 41 total thyroidectomy, 6 lobectomy with further totalization in 5, 6 total thyroidectomy plus central compartment lymphadenectomy and 1 left laterocervical lymphadenectomy (papillary carcinoma, treated elsewhere through total thyroidectomy plus central and right laterocervical lymphadenectomy). All operated patients were submitted to whole body scintigraphy and treated thereafter by radiometabolic therapy and chronic hormone suppressive therapy. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients are currently alive, 3 died from non-related causes; surgical complications included 1 permanent impairment of inferior laryngeal nerve function and 1 case of hypoparathyroidism. The follow-up was from 1 to 139 months. DISCUSSION: The optimal treatment of lymph node metastases, especially for papillary carcinomas, has not yet been defined. Two trends are evident concerning lymphadenectomy: the first one suggests routine lymphadenectomy, the second supports lymphadenectomy by necessity. In follicular carcinoma lymphadenectomy is recommended only in the presence of clinical evidence of lymph node involvement. Occult differentiated carcinoma does not require any further treatment of lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: Considering the high efficacy of radiometabolic treatment after total thyroidectomy combined with chronic TSH inhibition through L-tyrosine administration, lymphadenectomy is suggested only by necessity.     

Alternative surgical strategies in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: Long-term follow-up

The extent of surgical resection in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (SMTC) remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to discuss the prognosis of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma with different surgical treatments. Of 73 patients with SMTC (mean age of 43.78 years at diagnosis), 70 patients were followed up for 12.0-169.0 months (median 90.0). Having given their informed consent, 12 patients underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral central neck dissection (group?A), 40 underwent subtotal thyroidectomy preserving contralateral thyroid tissue on the entrance point of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx with ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection (group B), and 18 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy preserving contralateral thyroid tissue on the entrance point of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx with bilateral modified radical neck dissection (group?C). The diagnosis was confirmed by a pathology examination. The incidences of hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, the cancer recurrence rates and survival time were investigated post-operatively. Significant differences were found between groups A, B and C in the incidence of hypoparathyroidism (χ(2)=40.9, P<0.01), as well as that of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (χ(2)=32.9, P<0.01). The cancer recurrence rates in groups A, B and C were 75.0% (9/12), 2.5% (1/40) and 44.4% (8/18) respectively, (χ(2)=31.1, P<0.01) and the cure rates were 25, 97.5 and 55.6% respectively (χ(2)=31.1, P<0.01). The mean survival times in groups A, B and C were 77.8, 106.1 and 111.0 months respectively, but significant difference was noted (χ(2)=3.2, P>0.05). In conclusion, compared to total thyroidectomy with bilateral central neck dissection, subtotal thyroidectomy with ipsilateral/bilateral modified radical neck dissection showed a lower incidence of hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and lower rates of recurrence, along with a similar cumulative survival.     

Optimizing treatment for children and adolescents with papillary thyroid carcinoma in post-Chernobyl exposed region: The roles of lymph node dissections in the central and lateral neck compartments

There is lack of data to predict lymph node metastases in pediatric thyroid cancer. The aims are to study (1) the factors affecting the lymph node metastases in children and adolescence with papillary thyroid carcinoma in region exposed to radiation and (2) to evaluate the predictive significance of these factors for lateral compartment lymphadenectomy. Five hundred and nine patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma underwent total thyroidectomy and lymph nodes resection (central and lateral compartments of the neck) surgery during the period of 1991–2010 in Belarus were recruited. The factors related to lymph node metastases were studied in these patients. In the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, increase number of cancer-positive lymph nodes in the central neck compartment were associated with a risk to develop lateral nodal disease as well as bilateral nodal disease. Futhermore, positive lateral compartment nodal metastases are associated with age and gender of the patients, tumour size, minimal extra-thyroidal extension, solid architectonic, extensive desmoplasia in carcinoma, presence of psammoma bodies, extensive involvement of the thyroid and metastatic ratio index revealed after examination of the central cervical chain lymph nodes. The presence of nodal disease, degree of lymph node involvement and the distribution of lymph node metastases significantly increase the recurrence rates of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. To conclude, the lymph nodes metastases in young patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma in post-Chernobyl exposed region are common and the pattern could be predicted by many clinical and pathological factors.     

喉返神经旁淋巴结切除在cNo甲状腺乳头状癌手术中的价值

目的：探讨喉返神经旁淋巴结清除在临床无可触及转移淋巴结甲状腺乳头状癌手术中的意义，以及在选择术式中的价值。方法：复习186例cNo甲状腺乳头状癌的临床病理资料，分析喉返神经旁淋巴结转移同侧颈淋巴结转移的关系。结果：186例cNo甲状腺乳头状癌中喉返神经旁淋巴结转移阳性者占42．5％(79／186)。在有喉返神经旁淋巴结转移的病例中，63．2％同期或术后发生侧颈部淋巴结或远处转移，而喉返神经旁淋巴结阴性病例中仅8例发生转移。结论：喉返神经旁淋巴结转移阳性的cNo甲状腺乳头状癌，其颈部其他区域发生转移的机会明显增加。喉返神经旁淋巴结清除及术中冰冻病理检查可作为cNo甲状腺乳头状癌手术时是否施行选择性颈廓清术的参考依据。     

甲状腺癌手术后不留置引流管的安全性和可行性分析

目的:探讨甲状腺癌根治术后不留置引流管的安全性和可行性。方法:选择从2013年09月到2019年07月在我院行甲状腺癌根治术后未留置引流管的75例患者。根据手术时间分为三个阶段:第一阶段,包括15例行单侧腺叶切除术的患者;第二阶段,包括14例患者,其中9例行单侧腺叶切除术,3例行单侧腺叶切除+颈中央组淋巴结清扫术,2例行全甲状腺切除+颈中央组淋巴结清扫术;第三阶段,包括46例患者,其中44例行单侧腺叶或全甲状腺切除+单侧或双侧颈中央组淋巴结清扫术,2例行单侧腺叶切除术。收集患者的一般资料,并进行随访。结果:75例患者中有分化型甲状腺癌74例（乳头状癌72例,滤泡状癌2例）,髓样癌1例。第一、二和三阶段手术平均时间分别为（116.67±28.07）分钟、（129.29±36.31）分钟和（153.91±35.84）分钟,术中平均出血量分别为（34.33±47.09） mL、（29.29±24.09） mL和（28.70±15.03） mL,术后平均住院时间分别为（1.80±0.77）天、（2.29±1.64）天和（2.30±1.41）天。仅有第一阶段和第三阶段在手术平均时间方面存在显著性差异,其余各组间无明显统计学差异。术后血肿形成、喉返神经损伤和甲状旁腺损伤分别发生1例（1.3%）、2例（2.7%）和30例（40.0%）。均无因术后并发症需再次手术的情况。术后随访12~76个月,其中对侧甲状腺新发肿瘤1例,淋巴结转移癌2例,死亡1例,死因为脑血管意外。结论:分化型甲状腺癌的患者行单侧腺叶切除或全甲状腺切除术加颈中央组淋巴结清扫术后不放置引流管是安全和有效的。