海上泅渡训练对某部战士心理健康状况的影响

目的 :了解海训前后战士的心理状况变化及其与个性的关系。方法 :采用SCL - 90、EPQ对参加海训的战士作团体评定。结果 :海训前SCL - 90中的 7项因子分均高于全国常模 (P<0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;海训后SCL - 90中的 6项因子分较海训前均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;不同个性组海训后强迫、敌对、偏执因子分均高于海训前 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,中间型组人际关系、外向型组精神病性因子分训练后高于训练前 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :对参加海训的战士进行心理教育 ,对于提高战士心理承受能力具有积极意义 ;制定行之有效的军人心理危机干预措施迫在眉睫     

某部官兵心理健康状况调查

目的 :了解部队官兵心理健康状况 ,为探讨预防官兵心理不良的有效对策提供依据。方法 :运用军人心理症状问卷 (SCL— 90 )并采取集中答卷方式 ,对西北地区某部 1986名官兵心理健康状况及心理不良发生率进行了调查。结果 :心理不良发生率为 31.6 % ,其中士兵发生率 37.6 % ,士官发生率 2 5 .0 % ,军官发生率为 16 .9%。步兵分队发生率 (36 .1% )明显高于技术分队 (2 1.0 % ) ,两组比较差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。发生率与入伍时间、所处环境、从事职业等关系密切。SCL - 90因子总分士兵最高 (136 .4 2± 36 .70 ) ,士官其次 (12 1± 5 .0 2 ) ,军官最低(10 9.4 5± 2 2 .0 8) ;阳性项目数也是士兵高于士官与军官。与全国青年常模比较 ,士兵的躯体化、忧郁、焦虑和精神病性等因子分值偏高 ,士官的躯体化、忧郁、人际关系等因子分值偏高 ,军官的躯体化、人际关系 ,偏执等因子分值偏高。结论 :某部官兵心理不良发生率较高 ,应加强心理卫生知识的宣传、教育 ,做好心理咨询和心理保健 ,减少心理不良的发生 ,提高官兵心理素质     

军事应激条件下军人心理健康特点及其相关因素

目的研究军事应激条件下军人的心理健康特点及其影响因素 ,为开展心理健康教育和提高军事训练的效率提供科学依据。方法采用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 ) ,对参加军事演习的某部队 985名军人进行现场测试 ,与SCL - 90中国常模、军人常模比较各因子分的差异 ,并按军龄、兵种、职位、集体氛围、管理方式、人际交往等分组 ,进行组间比较。结果 (1)军事应激条件下除恐怖因子外 ,军人SCL - 90各因子分、总均分和阳性项目数均非常显著地高于全国常模(P <0 .0 1) ;除抑郁因子外 ,军人SCL - 90各因子分、总均分和阳性项目数均非常显著高于军人常模 (P <0 .0 1) ;(2 )军事应激条件下军人心理卫生水平表现出明显的军龄、兵种和职别特征 ,表现为 :军龄上 ,军人的心理健康水平由低到高依次是 :2年兵 ,1年兵 ,3年以上兵 ;兵种上 ,军人的心理健康水平由低到高依次是 :步兵 ,侦察兵 ,炮兵 ;职别上 ,军人的心理健康水平由低到高依次是 :士兵、士官、军官。 (3)军人的心理健康水平与集体氛围、部队管理方式、军官对军人的态度、人际交往等因素有密切关联。结论军事应激条件下军人心理卫生水平总体较差 ,并呈现明显的军龄、兵种和职别特征 ;应激军人心理问题产生的军事相关因素可能有管理方式、集体氛围、军官对军人的态度、     

太原市中小学教师心理健康状况分析

作者采用精神症状自评量表（SCL－90）对太原市442名中小学教师的心理健康状况进行了调查。结果表明：中小学教师存在一定的心理问题。除“人际敏感”因子外，中小学教师的SCL一90各因子分和阳性项目数均值都显著高于全国常模（P＜0．01）。女教师的“恐怖”因子分显著高于男教师（P＜0．01）。普通学校教师的“人际敏感”、“偏执”、“精神病性”因子分显著高于重点学校（P＜0．05）。不同执教年限教师的“躯体化”、“人际敏感”、“偏执”、“精神病性”因子分阳性项目数均值间也存在着一定的差异。     

成教和高职教医学生心理健康状况调查分析

[目的]探讨成教和高职教大学生心理健康状况,为有关部门提供依据。[方法]采用SCL—90自评量表进行测试。[结果]⑴成教组除敌对因子分高于全国常模外(P<0.001),其余各因子均低于全国常模(P≤0.026)。高职教组中敌对因子分高于全国常模(P<0.001),躯体化、人际关系敏感、偏执低于全国常模(P≤0.005),强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性与全国常模差别无统计学意义(P≥0.304)。⑵成教组和高职教组两组各因子比较,成教组总均分及强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对因子分均低于高职教组(P≤0.023),躯体化、恐怖、偏执、精神病性、阳性项目数差异无统计学意义(P≥0.117)。[结论]医学生的心理状态较好。同一医学院中,成教学生的心理状态较高职教学生好。     

可疑冠心病患者行冠状动脉介入手术前后的心理状况调查

目的　了解可疑冠心病患者行冠状动脉介入手术前后的心理状况及影响因素。方法15 8例患者入选 ,术前 2 4h内及术后第 3天分别用 90项症状清单评价患者的心理状况。结果　 ( 1)术前躯体化、焦虑、恐怖等因子分高于常模 ,术后躯体化因子分仍高 ;( 2 )男性患者强迫、精神病性因子得分高于女性 ,而女性则恐怖因子分较高 ;( 3 )冠状动脉造影示冠状动脉正常者躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、恐怖、偏执、精神病性、总均分及阳性项目数等评分高于冠心病患者 ;( 4)手术后强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、总均分、阳性症状均分得分较术前减低 ;( 5 )单纯行冠状动脉造影术者恐怖因子分 ( 1.3 4± 0 .3 8)高于同时行冠状动脉成形术及支架植入术者 ( 1.15± 0 .2 3 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;( 6)详细谈话组阳性症状均分低于常规谈话组 (分别为 2 .46± 0 .3 7,2 .5 6± 0 .48,P =0 .0 2 ) ;( 7) 70岁以上的患者阳性症状均分 ( 2 .62± 0 .45 )高于 60岁以下 ( 2 .47± 0 .43 ,P <0 .0 5 )及 60～ 69岁组 ( 2 .45± 0 .40 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　冠状动脉介入手术前后的心理症状是多因素共同作用的结果 ,其中手术的心理刺激是最重要的原因 ,女性、高龄以及合并的心理疾病所起的作用不容忽视 ,术前谈话时详细介绍手术并发症不会增加     

医科专业研究生心理健康状况调查

目的 :了解目前医科专业研究生的心理健康状况 ,从而有针对性地对其进行心理咨询和心理教育。方法 :采用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 ) ,对该专业研究生 313名进行心理健康状况的自测 ,并与中国正常成人的心理健康状况进行比较。结果 :(1)研究生组的总分、总均分和阳性项目数高于正常成人组 ,但差异无统计学意义。研究生组的阴性项目数和阳性症状均分低于正常成人 ,差异无统计学意义。 (2 )研究生组的人际敏感和焦虑两项因子分高于正常成人组 ,差异有统计学意义 ,P <0 0 5。 (3)女生组总分高于男生组 ,但差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;2 8～ 32岁组总分高于 2 3～ 2 7岁组 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。 (4)女生组因子分中躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、敌对、恐怖高于男生组 ,但差异无统计学意义 ,(P >0 0 5 ) ;2 8～ 32岁组中强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子分高于 2 3～ 2 7岁组 ,但仅焦虑 1项有统计学意义 ,(P <0 0 5 )。结论 :多数研究生的心理健康状况与中国正常成人的心理健康状况相近 ,但有焦虑症候群特点。     

急进高原作业对官兵心理健康的影响

目的调查急进高原对部队官兵心理健康的影响,以便针对性地开展心理健康教育和临床心理辅导。方法采用随机整群抽样法抽取驻高原部队官兵190名(高原组)和平原急进高原部队官兵103名(平原组),应用SCL-90进行心理测试。结果全体参试官兵躯体化因子分显著高于全国常模,但与军人常模相比差异无显著性;其余强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑和偏执等因子分都显著低于军人常模和全国常模。平原组官兵在强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执等各因子分及阳性均分、阳性项目数和SCL-90总分上均低于高原组;在躯体化、精神病性和代表睡眠等状况的其他因子分上,均略低于高原组,但差异无统计学意义。结论此次急进高原官兵整体心理状态较为稳定,躯体化和敌对等方面的心理问题比较突出,可能和任务环境改变有关。     

海训应激对某部陆军士兵心理健康的影响

目的了解海上训练应激对陆军士兵心理健康水平的影响.方法应用SCL-90量表对参加海训的陆军士兵进行心理测试分析.结果陆军士兵参加海训1个月时,其诸多因子分显著高于海训前得分.海训过程中北方籍士兵的忧郁(1.93±0.55)、焦虑(1.92±0.62)和恐怖(1.63±0.63)因子分显著高于南方籍士兵同因子分(1.77±0.71、1.70±0.63、1.51±0.60);独生子女士兵忧郁(1.97±0.61)、焦虑(1.94±0.58)和偏执(1.60±0.58)因子分显著高于非独生子女士兵同因子分(1.76±0.62、1.70±0.65、1.49±0.52);一年兵躯体化(2.08±0.68)、焦虑(1.87±0.66)、恐怖(1.62±0.53)因子分显著高于二年兵的同因子分(1.96±0.59、1.75±0.61、1.53±0.47);步兵、装甲兵躯体化、恐怖、忧郁因子分显著高于炮兵.结论高强度海训应激可使军人心理健康水平降低;北方籍士兵、独生子女士兵、一年兵及步兵和装甲兵对海训应激的心理反应较大.应针对不同士兵对海训应激的心理反应特点,做好心理教育和心理调节工作.     

某部新兵心理健康状况的追踪调查

目的 对某部2011年度新兵心理健康状况进行追踪调查,为新兵的心理健康服务提供依据.方法 应用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某部新兵在入伍后1个月、3个月及6个月时分别进行测评,比较各次测评结果,并与中国军人常模比较.结果 (1)与中国军人常模比较:2011年度新兵入伍1个月时强迫症状、人际敏感、敌对、偏执因子分低于中国军人常模,差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);入伍后3个月总分及各因子分均低于中国军人常模,差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);入伍后6个月(野外训练时)强迫、偏执因子分低于中国军人常模,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).(2)各阶段SCL-90得分比较:入伍后3个月总分及各因子分均低于入伍1个月时得分,差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);入伍6个月(野外训练时)除偏执外,其他各因子分及总分均高于入伍3个月时,差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);入伍1个月与野外训练时总分及各因子分差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).(3)各阶段个体阳性症状的分布情况:调查对象中3次得分≥160分的4人,占0.62％;3次得分＜160分的438人,占67.38％;随入伍时间延长,心理健康状况有所下降的67人,占10.31％;心理健康状况有所提高的108人,占16.62％;3次调查SCL-90阳性症状因子分布略有不同.结论 该部2011年新兵整体心理健康状况较好,但各阶段心理应激反应不同,应根据不同阶段心理应激反应特点进行有针对性的心理干预.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.