Protective effect of Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. (Lygodiaceae) against D-galactosamine induced liver injury in rats

The protective effect of Lygodium flexuosum n-hexane extract against D-galactosamine was evaluated in Wistar rats. In preventive groups extract was administered at 48, 24 and 2h before D-galactosamine intoxication whereas in post-treatment groups extract were administered 2, 24 and 48 h after D-galactosamine intoxication. Rats pre-treated with n-hexane extract at a dose of 200 and 100 mg/kg of Lygodium flexuosum showed a significant prevention of elevated AST, ALT, LDH levels and hepatic malondialdehyde in D-galactosamine treated rats. Hepatic glutathione levels significantly upregulated by the extract treatment in D-galactosamine treated rats. Quantification of histopathological sections supported the preventive action of n-hexane extract of Lygodium flexuosum. Rats treated with the extract at a dose of 200 and 100 mg/kg Lygodium flexuosum after the establishment of D-galactosamine induced liver injury showed complete protection of liver as evidenced from normal AST, ALT and LDH levels, hepatic GSH and MDA levels and also by normal histological index of liver in treated rats. Rats treated with n-hexane extract of Lygodium flexuosum were comparable to that of Silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug.     

Preventive and curative effect of Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

The preventive and curative effect of Lygodium flexuosum on experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was evaluated in rats. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in male Wistar rats by CCl(4) administration (150 microL/100g rat weight, oral) twice a week for 10 weeks. In preventive treatment daily doses of Lygodium flexuosum n-hexane extract (200 mg/kg, p.o) was administered for 10 weeks. In curative treatment Lygodium flexuosum extract (200 mg/kg, p.o) was given for 2 weeks after the establishment of fibrosis for 10 weeks. Treatment with CCl(4) caused a significant decrease in body and liver weight. Lygodium flexuosum n-hexane extract prevented or reversed the decline in body and liver weight. Treatment with the extract prevented or restored the elevation of serum AST, ALT and LDH levels. Lygodium flexuosum treatment remarkably prevented or reversed an increase in liver hydroxyproline content in chronically treated rats. Histopathological changes of hepatic lesions induced by CCl(4) were significantly (p < or = 0.05) improved by treatment with Lygodium flexuosum. These results support that Lygodium flexuosum exerts effective protection in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.     

Analgesic and hepatotoxic effects of Ononis spinosa L

The present study investigated the analgesic and hepatoprotective activities of a water extract of Ononis spinosa L. (OS) in mice. Analgesic activity was based on the pain thresholds measured with the tail-flick test before administration at 30, 90 and 150 min. The results were analysed with one-way variance analysis. The extract of Ononis spinosa showed analgesic activity equivalent to aspirin at 30 and 90 min and even higher than aspirin with the 50 mg/kg dose. At a dose of 100 mg/kg OS showed an analgesic effect equivalent to aspirin at all time points.The hepatoprotective influence of OS on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute liver toxicity was also studied. The extract had no significant effect on the increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin in CCl(4) treated animals (p > 0.05). Thus, the results reveal that the extract of OS had no hepatoprotective effect on CCl(4)-induced acute liver toxicity.     

Protective effects of dehydrocavidine on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the protective effects of dehydrocavidine (DC), a main active ingredient of Corydalis saxicola Bunting (Yanhuanglian), on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanisms involved in male Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 intoxication in rats. Serum biological analysis, lipid peroxides and antioxidants estimation, histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS: Both pre-treatment with DC prior to CCl4 administration and post-treatment with DC after CCl4 administration significantly prevented increases in serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TBIL). In addition, pre- and post-treatment with DC also significantly prevented formation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), depletion of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and depression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of CCl4-intoxicated rats. ALT, AST, LDH, ALP and TBILL levels, as well as MDA, SOD and GPx activities were unaffected in normal rats by treatment with DC alone. GST, a phase II enzyme, had no significant changes during our experiments. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly attenuated by DC treatment in both preventive and curative experiments. CONCLUSIONS: DC has a potent hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats through its antioxidant activity.     

酒制山茱萸水煎液对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目标：观察研究酒制山茱萸水煎液对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法：通过四氯化碳诱导昆明小鼠急性肝损伤,并连续给小鼠灌胃酒制山茱萸水煎液14 d后,测定小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性、肝组织SOD、MDA含量;并用HPLC法测定酒制山茱萸水煎液中主要指标成分的含量。结果：结果酒制山茱萸水煎液能保护四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤,表现为血清ALT,AST活力和肝脏MDA含量下降,SOD含量升高。结论：酒制山茱萸水煎液对四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤具有保护作用。     

Hepatoprotective activity of reduohanxiao-tang (yuldahanso-tang) is related to the inhibition of beta-glucuronidase

Beta-glucuronidase-inhibitory and hepatoprotective effects of Reduohanxiao-tang (Yuldahanso-tang), which has been used for liver diseases and stroke, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity of rats were investigated. Reduohanxiao-tang potently inhibited beta-glucuronidases. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels of the CCl4 group orally treated with Reduohanxiao-tang (100 mg/kg) were lowered to 54%, 71.5% and 66.1% of the CCl4-treated control group, respectively. Among the ingredients of the Reduohanxiao-tang, the rhizomes of Pueraria thunbergiana and Scutellaria baicalensis potently inhibited beta-glucuronidases and protected against CCl4-induced liver injury. Orally administered puerarin, which is a main component of Pueraria thunbergiana, showed potent hepatoprotective activity, but did not inhibit beta-glucuronidase. However, daidzein, which is produced from puerarin by human intestinal bacteria, potently inhibited beta-glucuronidase. These results suggest that beta-glucuronidase inhibition by herbal medicines may protect against CCl4-induced liver injury.     

疏肝胶囊对实验性肝损伤的保护作用

采用四氯化碳和D－氨基半乳糖诱导的大鼠实验性肝损伤动物模型研究疏肝胶囊的护肝效应,疏肝胶囊1.25、2.5和5.0g/kg显抑制四氯化碳肝损伤大鼠血清中丙氨酸转移酶、门冬氨酸转移酶活性,5.0g/kg明显抑制D－氨基半乳糖肝损伤大鼠血清丙氨酸转移酶、门冬氨酸转移酶活性,降低总胆红素含量,组织学检查也证实其护肝效应。     

Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Ballota glandulosissima

Water extract of Ballota glandulosissima Hub.-Mor & Patzak (Lamiaceae) (BG) was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test and for hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters of hepatic damage such as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin concentrations were determined. CCl(4) (0.8 mL/kg i.p. for 7 days) treatment increased the serum AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin levels significantly as compared to controls. Treatment of animals with BG (100 mg/kg, i.p.) +CCl(4) (0.8 mL/kg i.p.) for 7 days significantly ameliorated the levels of AST, ALT and ALP elevated by the CCl(4) treatment alone. The results of biochemical tests were also confirmed by histopathological examination. BG together with CCl(4) treatment decreased the balloning degeneration but did not produced apoptosis of hepatocytes, centrilobular and bridging necrosis observed in the CCl(4) treatment alone. BG, at 100 mg/kg per os, showed a significant reduction (34.22%) in rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan. The reference anti-inflammatory drugs etodolac (50 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the oedeme by 43.42 and 95.70%, respectively. The present study reveals that the water extract of Ballota glandulosissima possesses promising protective activity against CCl(4) induced hepatic damage and anti-inflammatory activity in rats.     

Protection of Citrullus colocynthis Fruit Extracts on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus Lipopolysaccharide-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Objective To investigate the hepatoprotective activities of the extracts from Citrullus colocynthis(ECC),a native plant used as traditional Uigur Medicine on acute liver injury in mice.Methods The activities of ECC of petroleum ether(ECCPE),chloroform(ECCC),ethyl acetate(ECCEA),n-butyl alcohol(ECCBA),and water(ECCW)were evaluated in vivo using two experimental models,carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-and bacillus calmette-guerin(BCG)plus lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice.The contents of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)in serum were determined and the liver histological examination was carried out,respectively.Results The pretreatment with ECC for 7 d obviously reduced the impact of CCl4toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage,ECCEA and ECCC with a significant difference of AST(P<0.01,0.05,respectively)and ALT(P<0.05,0.01,respectively).The protective activity was reconfirmed against BCG+LPS-induced injury and the serum enzymatic levels were obviously elevated,for ECCEA and ECCC with a significant difference of AST(P<0.05,0.01,respectively)and ALT(P<0.01,0.05,respectively).Conclusion That ECCEA and ECCC are the potent hepatoprotective extracts that could protect liver against the acute injury,and this ability might be attributed to their hepatoprotective potentials.     

Hot water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit liver inflammation and fibrosis in rats

Polysaccharide-rich Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa have been considered to have immune-modulating activity. This study investigated the effects of water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa (HE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: normal diet + peritoneal injection of olive oil (control), normal diet + CCl(4) injection (CCl(4)), 1 × HE (0.05% HE for each) + CCl(4) (1 × HE), and 3 × HE (0.15% HE for each) + CCl(4) (3 × HE) groups. Rats were injected with 40% CCl(4) at a dose of 0.75 ml/kg body weight once a week for seven weeks, one week after herbal extract treatment. After eight week herbal extract treatment, pathohistological examination showed that both 1× and 3 × HE treatments diminished necrotic hepatocytes, chemoattraction of inflammatory cells, and liver fibrosis. Both 1× and 3 × HE treatments decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and reduced hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines - tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β - compared to CCl(4) treatment alone. The 1 × HE treatment increased hepatic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Both the 1× and 3 × HE treatments suppressed liver fibrosis biomarkers - transforming growth factor-β1 and hydroxyproline. Therefore, treatment with water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa (0.05% and 0.15% for each) for eight weeks protects against necrotic damage, indicated by decreases in plasma ALT and AST activities, and suppresses liver fibrosis by down-regulation of liver inflammation in rats with CCl(4)-induced liver injury.     

丹参品质鉴定和评价的HPLC指纹条形码技术

目的 建立丹参水溶性有效成分HPLC指纹条形码图谱，以此图谱鉴别不同来源丹参与其他鼠尾草属丹参伪品并进行质量评价。方法 以不同产地正宗丹参和市场上充作丹参的其他鼠尾草属植物为分析对象，选择适宜的水溶性成分萃取方法和HPLC分析条件，构建丹参HPLC指纹图谱，并进行归一化处理，将相同条件下的指纹条形码图谱相互进行比较。结果 所建立的构建丹参水溶性成分HPLC指纹条形码图谱的方法有较好的重现性和稳定性。正品丹参药材有18个共有指纹峰，各峰相对保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别小于1．18％和25％。以原儿茶醛(保留时间为33．71min，RSD=1．5％)为界，指纹图谱可分为非指纹区和指纹区两个区，非指纹区主要用于有效成分的半定量，指纹区则可同时用于鉴别和成分的半定量。其他鼠尾草属植物的指纹图谱与丹参有较大差异。其差异主要表现在指纹区中。结论 指纹条形码图谱技术能对丹参的道地性进行鉴别并对有关成分进行半定量，从而能对丹参品质进行全面评定。     

Protective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Acute Liver Damage in Rats

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver injury of rats.Methods The anti-oxidative activity of CGA was investigated with several established in vitro systems.The hepatoprotective activity of CGA against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats was studied.The levels of alanine aminotranferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),and total bilirubin(TB)were measured.The histopathological examination was carried out to supplement the biochemical results.Results CGA possessed strong anti-oxidative ability in vitro.The CCl4-induced liver toxicity experiment showed that the rats pretreated with CGA(300 or 500 mg/kg)had lower levels of ALT,AST,ALP,and TB than those of the CCl4-treated group.These data were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections.CGA did not show any mortality at the dose up to 5000 mg/kg.Conclusion CGA could protect the liver against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats,and the possible mechanism of the activity may be due to its free radical-scavenging and anti-oxidative activity.     

北苍术炮制前后水提液和多糖部位保肝作用比较研究

目的 比较生苍术及麸炒苍术水提液和多糖部位的保肝作用.方法 提取制备生苍术和麸炒苍术水提液和多糖部位;采用四氯化碳(CCl4)复制急性肝损伤模型,观察不同组别药物对小鼠血清转氨酶以及摄食量、饮水量、体重、肝脏脏器系数的影响.结果 麸炒苍术水提液和多糖部位能显著降低小鼠血清AST和ALT水平.结论 麸炒苍术水提液和多糖部...     

Hepatoprotective effect of Crossostephium chinensis (L.) Makino in rats

The hepatoprotective potential of Crossostephium chinensis (L.) Makino water extract (CCW) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver damage was evaluated in preventive and curative rat models. Not only were indicators of hepatic damage including GPT, GOT, lipid peroxides and TBARS were examined, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH were examined as well. The results showed that CCW (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) significantly reduced the elevated levels of GPT and GOT by CCl(4) administration (p < 0.05). TBARS level was dramatically reduced, and SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH activities were significantly increased. In addition, CCW decreased NO production and TNF-α activation in CCl(4)-treated rats. Therefore, we speculate that CCW protects against acute liver damage through its radical scavenging ability. CCW inhibited the expression of MMP-9 protein, indicating that MMP-9 played an important role in the development of CCl(4)-induced chronic liver damage in rats. In LC-MS-MS analysis, the chromatograms of CCW with good hepatoprotective activities were established. Scopoletin may be an important bioactive compound in CCW.     

Protective effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The effect of the ethanol extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale was tested against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and acetaminophen-induced liver toxicities in rats. Increases in serum and liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase as well as sorbitol and glutamate dehydrogenases were produced in normal rats that were not pretreated with the extract. However, extract-pretreated rats attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, CCl(4) and acetaminophen-induced increases in the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and SDH in the blood serum. The protective effect of the extract on CCl(4) and acetaminophen-induced damage was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver. These results indicate that the oil from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale could be useful in preventing chemically induced acute liver injury.     

齐墩果酸对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝硬化门静脉高压的影响

目的:研究齐墩果酸(Oleanolic acid,OA)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的大鼠肝硬化门静脉高压的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法:大鼠采用CCl4灌胃给药诱发肝硬化门静脉高压,给予OA低(30 mg/kg)、高(60 mg/kg)剂量治疗,正常对照组与模型组给予等容积溶剂。1个月后分别测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)等血清生化指标及肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、NOx、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)、I型胶原蛋白的含量;采用血液动力学的方法测定大鼠主动脉的血压(MAP)、门静脉压(PP)、心率(HR)等指标;采用Western blotting技术测定肝硬化大鼠eNOS的表达;采用Masson染色对大鼠肝纤维化的进展进行研究。结果:与模型组比较,给予OA治疗1个月后显著降低血清ALT、AST、ALP、γ-GT、MDA的水平和提高肝组织中GSH-Px的含量(P0.05);显著降低模型大鼠肝脏的胶原沉积及肝纤维化的进展,进而降低了门静脉压(P0.05),而主动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)无显著变化;并能显著提高肝内eNOS蛋白表达水平,进而提高了肝硬化大鼠肝内的cGMP和NOx的含量(P0.05)。结论:OA对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝硬化门静脉高压具有良好的治疗作用,其作用机理可能是通过促进肝内的eNOS蛋白表达从而提高肝内NOx的含量。     

Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Pistacia lentiscus,Phillyrea latifolia and Nicotiana glauca

The hepatoprotective effect of the boiled and non-boiled aqueous extracts of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, and Nicotiana glauca, that are alleged to be effective in the treatment of jaundice in Jordanian folk medicine, was evaluated in vivo using carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) intoxicated rats as an experimental model. Plant extracts were administrated orally at a dose of 4 ml/kg body weight, containing various amounts of solid matter. Only total serum bilirubin level was reduced by treatment with non-boiled aqueous extract of N. glauca leaves, while the boiled and non-boiled aqueous extracts of the N. glauca flowers were non effective. Bilirubin level and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were both reduced upon treatment with boiled aqueous extract of P. latifolia without reducing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Aqueous extract of P. lentiscus (both boiled and non-boiled) showed marked antihepatotoxic activity against CCl(4) by reducing the activity of the three enzymes and the level of bilirubin. The effect of the non-boiled aqueous extract was more pronounced than that of the boiled extract.     

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. standardized extract

Orthosiphon stamineus (OS), Benth. (Lamiaceae) is widely used in Malaysia for treatments of various kidney and liver ailments. In the experiment, DPPH* radicals scavenging, Fe(3+)-induced lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of methanol/water extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (SEOS) were determined. The results indicated that SEOS exhibited antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition and free radical scavenging activities. The hepatoprotective activity of the SEOS was studied using CCl(4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. The activity was assessed by monitoring liver function tests through the measurement of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Furthermore, hepatic tissues were also subjected to histopathological studies. Pretreatment of SEOS (125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) dose-dependently reduced the necrotic changes in rat liver and inhibited the increase of serum ALT and AST activities. The results of the present study indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of Orthosiphon stamineus might be ascribable to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging property.     

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of different extracts of Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) against liver injury in hyperlipidemia rats

Objevtive

To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of the different extracts Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) against liver injury in hyperlipidemia rats.

Methods

The rats were divided into 7 groups, with 10 rats in each. Rats were treated with high-fat diet for 18 weeks besides the normal control group, then rats in both normal control and model groups were received 5 mL/kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ of saline and those in the positive control group with 2 mg/kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ of lovastatin. Rats in the positive control group and different Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) extracts treatment groups (ethyl acetate extract group, n-hexane extract group, ethanol extract group, and aqueous extract group) were treated with corresponding extract at a concentration of 5 mL/kg⁻¹·day⁻¹. After 8 weeks treatment, all rats were sacrificed and total blood samples were collected. Histological analysis of liver was underdone by hematoxylin and eosin. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glouse (GLU), cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured according to standard procedure using auto-analyzer. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver were ananlyzed by procedure instruction.

Results

The histopathological analysis implied that the administration of Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) extracts resulted in hepatoprotective role compared with that of the model group. In addition, the high-fat diet caused a remarkable increase of ALT, AST, GLU, TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA levels. A decline in HDL-C and SOD concentrations and a reversal of effects were observed in different Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) extracts groups, especially in the aqueous extract and ethanol extract groups.

Conclusions

The different extracts of Guizhencao (Herba Bidentis Bipinnatae) can play a protecting role against liver injury in hyperlipidemia rats maybe through decreasing ALT, AST, GLU, TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA levels and enhancing the liver anti-oxidative ability.     

Hepatoprotective activity of indigtone--a bioactive fraction from Indigofera tinctoria Linn.

A bioactive fraction, indigtone (FA), obtained by fractionation of a petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of Indigofera tinctoria, showed significant dose related hepatoprotective activity against CCl(4) induced liver injury in rats and mice. Hexobarbitone induced 'sleeptime', zoxazolamine induced 'paralysis time', levels of transaminases, bilirubin and total protein in serum were employed as indices of liver injury. Pre and post treatment with FA significantly reversed the majority of the parameters altered by the hepatotoxin. This indicated the preventive and restorative effect of FA in the process of CCl(4) induced liver damage. The fraction possessed a high therapeutic ratio, as no mortality was observed up to a dose of 2 g/kg p.o. in mice.