拉莫三嗪单药治疗儿童癫癎的系统评价

目的 系统评价拉莫三嗪单药治疗儿童癫癎的有效性和安全性。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane 图书馆、CNKI、VIP、CBM、万方等中英文数据库,获得拉莫三嗪单药治疗儿童癫癎的随机对照试验。应用Cochrane 协作网推荐的方法进行文献筛选,资料提取和文献质量评估,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入9个RCTs （1016例）。拉莫三嗪的癫癎发作完全控制率明显低于乙琥胺,与卡马西平和丙戊酸钠的差异均无统计学意义。拉莫三嗪的不良反应发生率明显低于卡马西平,与丙戊酸钠和乙琥胺的差异均无统计学意义;3种药物的退出率比较差异无统计学意义。结论 对于传统抗癫癎药物治疗无效、不良反应明显患儿,拉莫三嗪是一种较为理想的替代药物。但仍有待高质量、大样本及较长随访时间的随机对照试验予以证实。     

儿童失神癫(癎)240例治疗及预后随访报告:应用改良的1989年儿童失神癫(癎)诊断标准

目的 总结儿童失神癫(癎)(CAE)的治疗和预后,为CAE的合理用药和评价远期预后提供依据.方法 对1999年10月至2005年12月北京市3家医院为研究CAE易感基因收集的CAE患儿的治疗用药、疗效及预后进行随访.CAE诊断标准参考1989年国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)提出的癫(癎)及癫(癎)综合征分类诊断标准,并制定了统一的CAE纳入标准和排除标准.根据CAE的选药原则进行治疗,评估CAE患儿的远期预后.结果 3家医院共收集符合ILAE CAE诊断标准的患儿339例,其中296例符合本研究制定的CAE纳入标准.296例患儿中有56例患儿因失访未得到远期预后随访结果 ,有随访结果 者240例(81.1%),其中男94例(39.2%),女146例(60.8%).失神发作起病年龄为3岁3个月至12岁,其中4～8岁174例(72.5%).39例(16.2%)有热性惊厥史,18例(7.5%)有热性惊厥家族史和(或)癫(癎)家族史,5例(2.1%)有失神癫(癎)家族史.失神癫(癎)发作频率为每日5～50次,其中每13发作10～30次占80%.出现失神持续状态1例.伴全面强直-阵挛发作12例(5.0%).所有患儿发作期EEG均表现为双侧对称同步的3 Hz棘慢波爆发,头颅影像学检查均未见异常.治疗首选丙戊酸234例,其中217例(92.7%)于服药后3 d至6个月发作完全控制,15例加用另一种药物(其中氯硝西泮7例、硝西泮4例及拉莫三嗪4例)后发作控制,余2例单用丙戊酸2年后仍有发作,但发作次数明显减少;首选拉莫三嗪4例,其中3例发作控制,1例服药1年发作未控制,改用丙戊酸1周后发作控制.2例首选托吡酯治疗,其中1例发作控制,1例服药5个月效果不明显,改用丙戊酸2个月后发作控制.240例患儿随访时间为2～7年,158例(65.8%)已停用抗癫(癎)药物,其中停药1年以上者96例,停药后均无复发;82例尚未停用抗癫(癎)药物患儿中,80例发作完全控制2年以上,仅有2例仍有失神发作.随访的240例患儿在校学习成绩为中等及以上者有171例(71.3%).结论 丙戊酸是治疗CAE的首选药物,对绝大多数患儿疗效好.少数用丙戊酸发作未控制者可选用拉莫三嗪或苯二氮革类药物.典型CAE患儿远期预后良好.     

拉莫三嗪和丙戊酸钠治疗典型失神发作疗效比较

拉莫三嗪是一种新型的抗癫(癎)药,能有效地控制各种类型的癫(癎)发作,并且对儿童具有良好的耐受性.与传统的抗癫(癎)药物相比,副反应少,尤其对认知功能无影响,在临床上日益广泛应用.笔者对拉莫三嗪和丙戊酸钠单药治疗的疗效、副反应和认知功能进行观察.现将结果报道如下.     

儿童失神癫240例治疗及预后随访报告：应用改良的1989年儿童失神癫诊断标准

目的总结儿童失神癫（CAE）的治疗和预后，为CAE的合理用药和评价远期预后提供依据。方法对1999年10月至2005年12月北京市3家医院为研究CAE易感基因收集的CAE患儿的治疗用药、疗效及预后进行随访。CAE诊断标准参考1989年国际抗癫联盟（ILAE）提出的癫及癫综合征分类诊断标准，并制定了统一的CAE纳入标准和排除标准。根据CAE的选药原则进行治疗，评估CAE患儿的远期预后。结果3家医院共收集符合ILAE CAE诊断标准的患儿339例，其中296例符合本研究制定的CAE纳入标准。296例患儿中有56例患儿因失访未得到远期预后随访结果，有随访结果者240例（81.1%），其中男94例（39.2%），女146例（60.8%）。失神发作起病年龄为3岁3个月至12岁，其中4~8岁174例（72.5%）。39例（16.2%）有热性惊厥史，18例（7.5%）有热性惊厥家族史和（或）癫家族史，5例（2.1％）有失神癫家族史。失神癫发作频率为每日5~50次，其中每日发作10~30次占80%。出现失神持续状态1例。伴全面强直12例（5.0%）。所有患儿发作期EEG均表现为双侧对称同步的3 Hz棘慢波爆发，头颅影像学检查均未见异常。治疗首选丙戊酸234例，其中217例（92.7%）于服药后3 d至6 个月发作完全控制，15例加用另一种药物（其中氯硝西泮7例、硝西泮4例及拉莫三嗪4例）后发作控制，余2例单用丙戊酸2年后仍有发作，但发作次数明显减少；首选拉莫三嗪4例，其中3例发作控制，1例服药1年发作未控制，改用丙戊酸1周后发作控制。2例首选托吡酯治疗，其中1例发作控制，1例服药5个月效果不明显，改用丙戊酸2个月后发作控制。240例患儿随访时间为2～7年，158例（65.8%）已停用抗癫药物，其中停药1年以上者96例，停药后均无复发；82例尚未停用抗癫药物患儿中，80例发作完全控制2年以上，仅有2例仍有失神发作。随访的240例患儿在校学习成绩为中等及以上者有171例（71.3％）。结论丙戊酸是治疗CAE的首选药物，对绝大多数患儿疗效好。少数用丙戊酸发作未控制者可选用拉莫三嗪或苯二氮类药物。典型CAE患儿远期预后良好。     

�����������ƶ�ͯʧ����ڼ����Ч

目的观察丙戊酸钠单剂治疗儿童失神癫癎的疗效.方法选择1990-04-2004-05在首都儿科研究所儿童医院诊断失神癫癎并首选口服丙戊酸患儿123例,发作未能完全控制者加用氯硝西泮,观察其疗效并进行追踪.结果123例患儿中,丙戊酸单药治疗后发作完全控制者105例,发作完全控制率84.4%,其余18例单用丙戊酸发作未能完全控制者,加用氯硝西泮后,发作均得到完全控制,全部患儿发作完全控制率为100%.追踪34例停药后的患儿9个月至10年,其中2例复发,占5.9%.结论丙戊酸单药治疗失神癫癎能使84.4%的患儿发作完全控制,发作不能完全控制者应加用氯硝西泮,二者联合用药可使患儿的临床发作得到完全控制,且起效快.     

癫癎儿童发作间期癫癎样放电特点初步研究

目的：癫癎发作及癫癎样放电具有昼夜倾向,睡眠是诱发癫癎的重要因素之一,但睡眠触发癫癎的易感性在不同的睡眠时相对发作及发作间期癫癎样放电的影响并不相同。该文主要研究局灶性及全面性癫癎儿童发作间期睡眠和觉醒状态癫癎样放电的特点。方法：采用24 h动态脑电图、多导睡眠脑电图及长程视频脑电图仪描记48例原发性癫癎儿童的全夜睡眠（至少一个完整的睡眠周期）和睡眠前后觉醒状态的脑电资料,统计分析觉醒期及各睡眠期棘/尖波、棘/尖慢波等癫癎样波的放电指数的差异,比较局灶性和全面性发作类型癫癎儿童癫癎样放电阳性率的差异。结果：局灶性癫癎儿童组发作间期脑电图癫癎样放电的阳性率高于全面性癫癎儿童组（16/25,64.0%）vs（9/25,36.0%）,（P<0.05）。癫癎患儿非快速动眼睡眠各期（S1~S4）癫癎样波放电指数为21.13±19.96,19.59±17.76,22.85±18.99,20.37±16.63,均高于觉醒期的8.20±6.21（P<0.05）。非快速动眼睡眠期S3期癫癎样波放电指数明显高于快速动眼睡眠期（22.85±18.99 vs 12.91±10.95）,（P<0.05）。结论：局灶性癫癎儿童发作间期脑电图癫癎样放电的阳性率较全面性癫癎儿童癫癎样放电阳性率高。睡眠,尤其是非快速动眼睡眠期对癫癎儿童癫癎样放电具有易化作用。     

儿童失神癫240例治疗及预后随访报告:应用改良的1989年儿童失神癫诊断标准

目的总结儿童失神癫(CAE)的治疗和预后,为CAE的合理用药和评价远期预后提供依据。方法对1999年10月至2005年12月北京市3家医院为研究CAE易感基因收集的CAE患儿的治疗用药、疗效及预后进行随访。CAE诊断标准参考1989年国际抗癫联盟(ILAE)提出的癫及癫综合征分类诊断标准,并制定了统一的CAE纳入标准和排除标准。根据CAE的选药原则进行治疗,评估CAE患儿的远期预后。结果3家医院共收集符合ILAECAE诊断标准的患儿339例,其中296例符合本研究制定的CAE纳入标准。296例患儿中有56例患儿因失访未得到远期预后随访结果,有随访结果者240例(81.1%),其中男94例(39.2%),女146例(60.8%)。失神发作起病年龄为3岁3个月至12岁,其中4～8岁174例(72.5%)。39例(16.2%)有热性惊厥史,18例(7.5%)有热性惊厥家族史和(或)癫家族史,5例(2.1%)有失神癫家族史。失神癫发作频率为每日5～50次,其中每日发作10～30次占80%。出现失神持续状态1例。伴全面强直-阵挛发作12例(5.0%)。所有患儿发作期EEG均表现为双侧对称同步的3Hz棘慢波爆发,头颅影像学检查均未见异常。治疗首选丙戊酸234例,其中217例(92.7%)于服药后3d至6个月发作完全控制,15例加用另一种药物(其中氯硝西泮7例、硝西泮4例及拉莫三嗪4例)后发作控制,余2例单用丙戊酸2年后仍有发作,但发作次数明显减少;首选拉莫三嗪4例,其中3例发作控制,1例服药1年发作未控制,改用丙戊酸1周后发作控制。2例首选托吡酯治疗,其中1例发作控制,1例服药5个月效果不明显,改用丙戊酸2个月后发作控制。240例患儿随访时间为2～7年,158例(65.8%)已停用抗癫药物,其中停药1年以上者96例,停药后均无复发;82例尚未停用抗癫药物患儿中,80例发作完全控制2年以上,仅有2例仍有失神发作。随访的240例患儿在校学习成绩为中等及以上者有171例(71.3%)。结论丙戊酸是治疗CAE的首选药物,对绝大多数患儿疗效好。少数用丙戊酸发作未控制者可选用拉莫三嗪或苯二氮类药物。典型CAE患儿远期预后良好。     

口服抗癫癎药物治疗儿童热性惊厥的临床与脑电图分析

目的：了解有癫癎高危因素的热性惊厥患儿应用丙戊酸钠与托吡酯口服治疗4年的临床与脑电图改变情况。方法：对2004~2005年的132例有应用抗癫癎药物指征的热性惊厥患儿给予丙戊酸钠与托吡酯口服治疗,每半年随访一次病情变化、血常规和肝肾功能;每一年随访一次睡眠脑电图,共随访4年。结果：随访时间1~10年,丙戊酸钠口服液单药治疗110例,长期控制率为98.2%,95例已停药,10例正处在减药过程中。托吡酯单药治疗13例,均发作控制,顺利停药。无一例出现血常规和肝肾功能异常表现。治疗后睡眠脑电图恢复正常者102例,出现局灶性改变者8 例,两侧同步性棘慢波4例,3 Hz棘慢波及多棘慢波2例。结论：对于癫癎高危因素的热性惊厥患儿,早期使用抗癫癎药物丙戊酸钠或托吡酯,疗效确切,无明显不良反应。抗癫癎药物治疗后大部分患儿睡眠脑电图恢复正常。     

甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征合并睡眠期癫癎性脑电持续状态

目的：LennoxGastaut综合征(LGS)为一种难治性的儿童癫癎综合征,部分患儿合并睡眠期癫癎性电持续状态(electricalstatusepilepticusduringsleep,ESES)增加了治疗的难度。该文观察了大剂量甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗LGS合并ESES的近期疗效。方法：22例经视频脑电图或动态脑电图证实合并ESES的LGS患儿,给予甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗以及口服泼尼松维持治疗。冲击治疗后两周评价临床发作并复查脑电图。结果：22例患者中,15例临床发作减少,16例癫癎样放电减少,未见严重不良反应。结论：甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗可减少LGS患儿发作及脑电图放电,在抗癫癎药物治疗无效时可考虑使用。     

癫癎夜间发作患儿癎样放电及睡眠结构特征分析

目的：研究癫癎夜间发作患儿的癎样放电及其睡眠结构特征。方法：选取2009年12月至2011年6月接受夜间12 h视频录像脑电图及整夜多导生理参数睡眠监测仪监测的癫癎夜间发作患儿54例为病例组,对其脑电图癎样放电及睡眠结构进行研究。选取同期年龄、性别与病例组相匹配的正常儿童40例为对照组。结果：（1）病例组患儿均出现癎样放电及次数不等的临床发作,其癎样放电与临床发作均以非快速眼动睡眠期的S1、S2期最多。（2）与对照组比较,病例组睡眠结构中S1期和S2期所占百分比明显增高,而(S3+S4)期和快速眼动睡眠期所占百分比明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：夜间发作性癫癎患儿在非快速眼动睡眠期更易出现癎样放电及临床发作,且伴有明显睡眠结构紊乱。     

Typical absence epilepsy presenting prior to age of 3 years: An uncommon form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy

PURPOSE: An attempt to allocate patients with the clinical features and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities of typical absence epilepsy presenting before the age of 3 years, similar to childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) and delineate the clinical manifestations, EEG abnormalities, therapy and outcome of such an epileptic disorder by conducting a nationwide survey. RESULTS: Overall, eight infants, six males and two females, abided by the inclusion criteria of typical absence epilepsy: They were born after an unremarkable pregnancy and labor presenting at the age of 12-34 months (mean: 19.6 months) with frequent absences time-linked with an EEG demonstrating generalized occasionally irregular epileptiform discharges of 3-4 Hz spike/wave and normal background activity along with an electrographic photosensitive response in one patient. Neurological examination was intact in all infants. All eight infants were initially treated with valproic acid, of whom seven immediately responded and one had increase in frequency and duration of absences completely aborted with treatment of lamotrigine. Three relapsed after termination of therapy of whom two again presented with recurrent absences and another one with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and as such these children had virtually transformed into a later form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) during childhood. All eight patients are seizure-free, seven still on therapy; seven children within a follow-up period of 2-7 years and the most recently diagnosed infant for 6 months. Cognitive skills were found normal in all children within the low normal range in three children with short attention and concentration spans. CONCLUSION: The data presented here delineate a very rare form of idiopathic benign generalized epilepsy presenting with typical absences before age of 3 years and a favorable outcome, similar to childhood and JAE, recognized as distinct IGE syndromes by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification.     

������ʧ�������48�����Ƽ�Ԥ�����

目的 总结肌阵挛失张力癫痫(MAE)的治疗、脑电图(EEG)演变及预后,为选择治疗方案及预后评估提供参考。方法 对2005年11月至2010年12月北京大学第一医院儿科收集的MAE患儿48例,随访其治疗用药、疗效、EEG演变及预后。结果 48例中,男41例,女7例。随访时间8个月至5年5个月。应用抗癫痫药物(AEDs)发作控制42例(87.5%),其中单用或联合应用丙戊酸38例,联合应用拉莫三嗪25例、左乙拉西坦10例、氯硝西泮9例、托吡酯8例。应用促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)发作控制2例。在应用AEDs和ACTH发作控制的44例中,36例EEG全导棘慢波、多棘慢波于病程7～49个月时消失,30例EEG于病程7～44个月时恢复正常,6例遗留背景θ节律。随访发现,有认知损伤11例(22.9%)。病程中出现癫痫持续状态、强直发作、EEG持续痫样放电及发作未控制与出现认知损伤相关(P<0.05或0.01)。结论 丙戊酸和拉莫三嗪对MAE疗效好,ACTH对少数难治性MAE有效;MAE发作控制后,EEG全导棘慢波、多棘慢波发放首先消失,背景θ节律恢复较晚;合理选择AEDs治疗,多数MAE患儿预后良好,仅少数出现认知损伤。     

Pediatric temporal lobectomy for epilepsy

BACKGROUND: Temporal lobectomy in adults is an accepted form of treatment for patients with intractable complex partial seizures. There have been few long-term studies of children undergoing temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. METHODS: We reviewed the pediatric cases of temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy performed by the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at the University of Alberta Hospitals between 1988 and 2000. All patients had preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluations, seizure charts, drug levels, EEG, CT/MRI, long-term video EEG monitoring and neuropsychological testing. The patients were reassessed at 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, then yearly. The duration of follow up was 1-10 years (mean 5 years). RESULTS: Forty-two patients were studied (25 males and 17 females). Age at surgery ranged from 18 months to 16 years. The interictal EEG was abnormal in 38 of the 42 patients. Twenty-two patients had focal epileptic discharge and 1 had generalized epileptic discharge. Focal slowing was seen in 9 patients and diffuse slowing in 5 patients. CT scan was abnormal in 17 of 39 patients and normal in 22 of 39. MRI was abnormal in 34 of 42 patients and normal in 8 of 42. Pathology included brain tumors in 14 patients, mesial temporal sclerosis in 8, focal cortical dysplasia in 4, tuberous sclerosis in 4, dual pathology in 4, porencephalic cyst in 1 and normal pathology or gliosis in 6. Thirty-three of 42 patients (78%) were seizure-free following surgery and an additional 5 (12%) had a decrease in seizure frequency. Three patients had complications, but there were no deaths. CONCLUSION: Temporal lobectomy is a safe and effective treatment for children with intractable complex partial seizures. Seventy-eight percent of patients are seizure-free following the surgery and there are few complications. MRI is superior to CT scan for detection of temporal lobe pathology yet failed to detect abnormalities in some patients. The most common pathologies found were brain tumors, mesial temporal sclerosis and developmental lesions. In addition to seizure control, many patients experienced improvement in cognitive and psychosocial function following surgery.     

Derzeitige Behandlungsstrategien bei Anfällen und Epilepsien im Kindesalter

Over the last years the therapy of epileptic seizures and syndromes has become much more effective by the development of new AED and the better knowledge of their pharmacokinetic properties. In addition many patients with lesional epilepsy who are refractory to medication have become seizure-free by epilepsy surgery. Before starting treatment the classification of seizure-type and epilepsy syndrome is absolutely necessary. There is no indication for long-time treatment of febrile seizures, just in the beginning of epilepsy. Therapy of choice for all epilepsies with generalized seizures is valproate, because of side-effects of valproate lamotrigine may be used alternatively. In epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures phenobarbital and topiramate are drugs of second choice, in infancy and childhood bromide could be used as well. In children with absences, myoclonic and myoclonic-astatic seizures you could use ethosuximide or mesuximide besides lamotrigine. In patients with localisation-related epilepsies carbamazepine is most efficacious; in severe cases one should use oxcarbazepine because of the positive pharmacokinetic properties with regard to combination with other AED. Further drugs should be valporate, sulthiame and topiramate. In severe cases you should involve monitoring for epilepsy surgery at an early stage. The idiopathic (“benign”) partial epilepsies should be treated with sulthiame or further with valproate and clobazam. In these patients the intention is to get the children not only seizure-free but also normalizing or improving the EEG. Evidently there is a relationship between the extent of EEG-abnormalities and the occurrance of cognitive deficits. The West syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome are encephalopathies of (multi-) focal origin and in most cases are drug-resistant. A successful drug therapy will not be sufficient unless it is combined with an adaequate advice on dealing with the epileptic child.     

Epilepsy in Hydrocephalic Children

ABSTRACT. Epilepsy and epileptogenic activity in EEGs were studied in 168 shunt treated hydrocephalic (HC) children, the mean age at first operation 1.62 years (SD 1.87). 80 patients (47.6%) suffered from epileptic seizures during the follow-up period (mean 8.9 years). The epileptic seizures appeared before the initial shunting, and after the first shunt inplantation in 43 (25.6%). There was no correlation between epilepsy and the aetiology of HC, number of shunt revisions, or shunt infections. Sixteen patients suffered from seizures during the neonatal period. Generalized spike and wave activity (SWA) was seen in EEG in eight out of these, and only one was seizure-free at the end of the follow-up period. All eight patients with epileptic seizures during the neonatal period without generalized SWA in EEG were seizure-free, however. SWA was seen in the first EEG prior to shunting in 75/168 patients (44.6%). All those patients who did not receive prophylactic medication, developed epileptic seizures, whereas 68.1% of those who received prophylactic anticonvulsive medication remained free of seizures. Partial epilepsy after shunting manifested itself in 15 patients, but this did not correlate with the side of the sunt or with the side of the SWA in the EEG. Slit ventricles (SLV) developed in 75 patients during the follow-up period, while the ventricles remained normal or dilated in 66 cases (27 patients had no CT follow-up). Epilepsy manifested itself in 8 out of these 141 patients (2 SLV, 6 non-SLV) during the first postoperative year, and in 29 patients in the SLV group and one in the non-SLV group at some time after the first postoperative year.     

Epilepsy in hydrocephalic children

Epilepsy and epileptogenic activity in EEGs were studied in 168 shunt treated hydrocephalic (HC) children, the mean age at first operation 1.62 years (SD 1.87). 80 patients (47.6%) suffered from epileptic seizures during the follow-up period (mean 8.9 years). The epileptic seizures appeared before the initial shunting, and after the first shunt implantation in 43 (25.6%). There was no correlation between epilepsy and the aetiology of HC, number of shunt revisions, or shunt infections. Sixteen patients suffered from seizures during the neonatal period. Generalized spike and wave activity (SWA) was seen in EEG in eight out of these, and only one was seizure-free at the end of the follow-up period. All eight patients with epileptic seizures during the neonatal period without generalized SWA in EEG were seizure-free, however. SWA was seen in the first EEG prior to shunting in 75/168 patients (44.6%). All those patients who did not receive prophylactic medication, developed epileptic seizures, whereas 68.1% of those who received prophylactic anticonvulsive medication remained free of seizures. Partial epilepsy after shunting manifested itself in 15 patients, but this did not correlate with the side of the shunt or with the side of the SWA in the EEG. Slit ventricles (SLV) developed in 75 patients during the follow-up period, while the ventricles remained normal or dilated in 66 cases (27 patients had no CT follow-up). Epilepsy manifested itself in 8 out of these 141 patients (2 SLV, 6 non-SLV) during the first postoperative year, and in 29 patients in the SLV group and one in the non-SLV group at some time after the first postoperative year.     

卡马西平、丙戊酸钠、托吡酯对3～12岁癫癎儿童骨代谢的影响

目的探讨抗癫癎(EP)药物(AEDs)卡马西平(CBZ)、丙戊酸钠(VPA)、托吡酯(TPM)对EP患儿骨代谢影响。方法实验组为90例3～12岁原发性EP患儿,根据治疗药物不同随机分为CBZ、VPA、TPM组各30例。除口服上述药物外未予其他任何药物治疗,疗程6～12个月。于治疗前和治疗后3、6个月分别测定骨密度(BMD)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)、血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)。对照组为30例未治疗原发性EP患儿,同期检测上述指标。对上述骨代谢指标进行评价。结果实验组治疗前后BMD、BAP、钙、磷、ALP与对照组比较无显著性差异(Pa>0.05)。实验组CBZ、VPA、TPM治疗前后5种骨代谢指标比较亦无显著性差异(Pa>0.05)。结论短期服用CBZ、VPA、TPM对3～12岁EP患儿骨代谢无影响。     

Valproate in adolescents with photosensitive epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures only

AimTo assess the effects of valproate (VPA) on seizure response/control and photosensitivity (PS) in adolescents suffering from photosensitive epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures only (EGTCS).MethodsWe prospectively evaluated 55 adolescents with newly diagnosed EGTCS and PS at presentation, who received VPA monotherapy. Two phases of the study were defined and analysed separately. In the phase I, the electroclinical data of patients were compared over three time points: T1 (at 6 months of treatment); T2 (at 12 months of treatment); and T3 (at 36 months of treatment). In the phase II, only patients who stopped VPA were evaluated over a period of 12 months.ResultsAt both T2 and T3 there was a significant great percentage of seizure-free patients compared with that at T1 (78.2% vs 69.1%, p < 0.01; and 85.5% vs 69.1%, p < 0.001) and a similar trend was also noted according to PS-free patients (70.9% vs 52.7%, p < 0.01; 80.0% vs 52.7% p < 0.001). At the end of the phase II, 46.5% and 32.6% out of 43 patients who stopped VPA had seizure relapses and reappearance of PS, respectively. In particular, 78.6% of the 14 patients with PS reappearance presented the same type of EEG response showed at study entry.ConclusionsVPA monotherapy is very effective for both seizure outcome control and PS reduction in adolescents with EGTCS. Treatment discontinuation induces relapse of seizures and PS in a certain number of patients. PS reappearance presented the same type of EEG response showed before VPA treatment.     

小儿失神癫痫临床特征和药物治疗观察

目的探讨小儿失神癫痫(CAE)的临床特征及评价药物的疗效。方法对34例CAE的临床及实验室资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组起病年龄是4～11岁,4～8岁患病为多(65％);简单失神14例(41％),复杂失神20例(59％)。对25例患儿取立位进行过度换气诱发实验,目测结果15例复杂失神可伴有不同临床表现,7例为简单失神。34例异常脑电图(EEG)为突然自发或过度换气后呈现双侧对称同步的3Hz棘慢综合波。32例中28例(88％)智商(IQ)正常,4例为边缘状态。本组患儿脑CT、MRI均正常。34例均首选单药治疗26例用丙戊酸钠,5例用德巴金缓释片,用药至发作停止时间是4天至6个月,其中＜1个月者18例(58％);另3例单药治疗期间因故改用多药治疗。随访6个月至4年,单药治疗31例中25例(80％)完全控制发作平均2年。结论CAE发作分型的诊断,是依据临床表现及EEG特征。丙戊酸钠是治疗CAE反应良好的一线药物。