血管内皮生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞培养的影响

目的 探讨不同培养条件对大鼠外周血来源内皮祖细胞（EPC）生长情况的影响。 方法 密度梯度离心法获得大鼠外周血单个核细胞,根据培养基中是否添加血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）及培养板是否预铺纤连蛋白（FN）分组培养。观察记录细胞生长情况并进行统计分析,以免疫组化和免疫荧光法进行鉴定。 结果 大鼠外周血来源的单个核细胞在体外呈现贴壁生长,培养第7天各组细胞数及细胞集落数提示,在相同培养条件下,预铺FN可以促进EPC的贴壁增殖（t = 4.43,P < 0.05;t = 3.70,P < 0.05）。在同样预铺或未铺FN的情况下,在培养液中加入生长因子可促使单个核细胞更好地向EPC分化（t = －10.96,P < 0.01;t = －13.22,P < 0.01）。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示,细胞培养第4、7、10天,细胞表面CD34、CD133表达不断增强[（35.7±4.2）%、（60.1±3.8）%、（81.8±6.4）%;（3.2±0.9）%、（18.4±7.3）%、（32±3.8）%],第14天下降[（32.1±5.4）%,（1.9±2.7）%];而Flk-1表达在第4、7、10、14天均不断增强[（31.2±3.5）%、（40.6±5.3）%、（71.2±8.4）%、（81.5±4.1）%]。 结论 FN有利于内皮祖细胞的贴壁生长和增殖。VEGF及bFGF促进其增殖分化。内皮祖细胞的体外成功培养将为其应用于血管组织工程提供足够数量的种子细胞来源,并为外周血干细胞移植治疗多种疾病提供新的思路。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye (Aflibercept) for the management of diabetic macular edema

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of visual loss among working age individuals. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is an important complication of DR that affects around one third of the patients with DR. Several treatments have been approved for DME ranging from blood pressure and glycemic control to photocoagulation and more recently the use of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists. The index review discusses aflibercept (EYLEA^®-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, NY, and Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany) in the context of other VEGF antagonists currently available for the treatment of DME. A systematic search of literature was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with no limitation on language or year of publication. Pre-clinical studies of aflibercept have shown a higher affinity of this molecule for vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) along with a longer duration of action as compared to other VEGF antagonists. Recent clinical trials have shown visual outcome results for aflibercept to be similarly favorable as compared to other available agents with the added benefit of fewer required injections and less frequent monitoring. Aflibercept presents a potential exciting new addition to the armamentarium of current VEGF antagonists available for the treatment of DME and other retinal vascular diseases. However, further studies are indicated to confirm the role, safety, and efficacy of aflibercept for DME.     

VEGF在皮肤恶性黑色素瘤的表达和意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在皮肤恶性黑色素瘤中的表达以及与其发病的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法检测68例恶性黑色素瘤和40例色素痣中VEGF的表达。结果:在68例黑色素瘤中有42例VEGF表达阳性(61.8%),而在40例色素痣中仅有5例表达为阳性(12.5%),恶性黑色素瘤VEGF阳性率高于色素痣(P<0.01);转移性黑色素瘤VEGF阳性率(32/4571.1%)高于原发性黑色素瘤(10/2343.5%)(P<0.05)。结论:VEGF在恶性黑色素瘤的发展和转移中起着重要作用。     

Cox-2和VEGF在胃肠道间质瘤中的表达及其相关性研究

目的：探讨环氧合酶-2（Cox-2）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系,分析两者在GIST中的作用及相关性。方法：用免疫组织化学染色检测104例GIST中Cox-2和VEGF的表达．分析Cox-2和VEGF的表达与GIST临床病理特征的关系及其相关性。结果：①104例GIST中Cox-2和VEGF的阳性表达率分别为76．0％、68.3％。②Cox-2和VEGF的表达与病人的性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、大小等临床病理特征无关．而与组织学分级有关。③Cox-2和VEGF的表达呈正相关。结论：Cox-2和VEGF的表达与组织学分级相关,提示Cox-2和VEGF在GIST的发生、发展中发挥重要作用,可作为GIST组织学良恶性评价的潜在指标.     

Promotion of tracheal cartilage growth by intra-tracheal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF)

Purpose

Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) is a very effective growth factor that induces the proliferation of chondrocytes. This study aimed to investigate whether intra-tracheally-injected b-FGF solution promotes the growth of tracheal cartilage.

Methods

Group 1: 500 μl of distilled water was injected at the posterior wall of the cervical trachea of New Zealand white rabbits by using a tracheoscope (n = 5). Group 2: 100 μg/500 μl of b-FGF solution was injected at the posterior wall of the cervical trachea (n = 5). Group 3: Biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres incorporating 100 μg/500 μl of b-FGF solution were injected at the posterior wall of the cervical trachea (n = 5). All animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later, and the outer diameter and luminal area of the cervical trachea at the site of b-FGF injection were measured.

Results

The cervical tracheas in the two b-FGF injection groups were spindle-shaped and had a maximum diameter at the injection site. The median outer diameter of the cervical trachea in Groups 1, 2, and 3 was 7.3, 8.0, and 8.0 mm, respectively, showing a significant difference among Groups 1, 2, and 3 (P = 0.04). The median luminal area in Groups 1, 2, and 3 was 27.4, 29.4, and 32.1 mm², respectively. The ad hoc test showed a marginally significant difference only between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.056).

Conclusion

Intra-tracheal injection of slowly released b-FGF enlarged the tracheal lumen.     

血管内皮生长因子促进预构皮瓣成活的实验研究

目的　研究使用重组人类血管内皮生长因子 (Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)对预构皮瓣存活的作用 ,探讨VEGF能否促进正常血供组织的血管化。方法　取大鼠自体尾动脉 8cm移植 ,两端分别与股动、静脉吻合 ,成环状植入下腹部皮下组织 ,对照组局部应用 0 9%NaCl和16 %聚乙烯乙醇 ,实验组将VEGF分别溶于 0 9%NaCl和 16 %聚乙烯乙醇局部应用。分别于术后 3,4 ,5周以植入的尾动脉为血管蒂于下腹部形成 3cm× 4cm大小皮瓣 ,游离掀起皮瓣后缝回原处 ,7d后运用面积仪测出存活皮瓣面积的百分比。结果　第 5周后的皮瓣存活率VEGF组 (75 0 0 % ,5 8 4 1% )明显优于实验组 (10 % ,2 5 % )。结论　VEGF有利于预构皮瓣的存活。     

血管内皮生长因子C参与肾间质纤维化的进程

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF-C）在大鼠。肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转化（EMT）过程中的变化及其作用通路,并利用动物模型研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂替米沙坦对VEGF-C的影响,从而探讨VEGF-C在肾间质纤维化中的作用。方法体外培养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK52E）,用转化生长因子B1（TGF-β1）孵育不同时间,观察其对VEGF-C、上皮型钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）、波形蛋白（vimentin）、磷酸化AKT（P-AKT）等表达的影响,并在TGF-131作用同时加入PBK抑制剂Wortmannin,观察上述指标的变化;用单侧输尿管结扎术（UUO）制作SD大鼠肾间质纤维化模型,将21只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和替米沙坦治疗组,每组7只。2周后,用免疫组织化学法检测α平滑肌肌动蛋白（mSMA）及VEGF-C在肾组织的分布,用RT-PCR和Westernblot—ring法检测其mRNA和蛋白表达。结果TGF-β1促进EMT的同时促进VEGF-C的表达增加。加入Wortmannin后EMT被抑制,同时VEGF-C的表达减低。动物模型组α-SMA和VEGF-C表达较假手术组高,替米沙坦治疗组α-SMA和VEGF-C表达较模型组低。结论TGF-β1可通过P13K—AKT通路促进VEGF-C的表达,VEGF-C与α-SMA的变化有同步性,提示VEGF-C可能参与肾间质纤维化的进程。     

血管内皮生长因子和雌二醇促进血管内皮祖细胞分化生成血管的对比研究

目的：对比研究常规剂量下血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和雌二醇对血管内皮祖细胞（EPCs）分化生成血管的促进作用。方法：分离培养人外周血EPCs,与基质胶混匀后注射到9只裸鼠双侧下腹部,另设2只注射等体积培养液与基质胶的混合液。将9只注射细胞的裸鼠随机分为3组,每组分别定期局部注射VEGF、雌二醇,生理盐水,定期观察记录血管组织块的生长状况。移植6周后取材,测量计算血管组织块的体积、HE染色观察血管组织块的血管增殖状况,各组之间进行对比。结果：给药组血管组织块体积与注射生理盐水组相比,具有显著性差异,体积明显偏大,而给药组之间体积未见显著性差异。HE染色观察可见各组的血管组织块内血管增殖明显,血管排列紊乱的,管腔大小不一。给药组血管密度明显大于注射生理盐水组,而给药组之间的血管密度差异较小。结论：VEGF和雌二醇组具有促进EPCs分裂增殖形成血管的能力,常规剂量下两者促进EPCs分裂增殖生成血管的能力无显著性差异。     

Hyaluronic acid modulates gene expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human fibroblast‐like synovial cells from advanced‐stage osteoarthritis in vitro

Intraarticular injection of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid; HA) is the common way to treat osteoarthritis (OA) of knees. This treatment cannot only maintain the viscoelastic properties of knee but also release the OA pain. However, the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, after human synovial cells were stimulated with HA and Hylan (Synvisc®) for 24 h, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR) was used to detect the alteration of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression, which were specific genes related to pathogenesis of OA knees. Our results illustrated that both HA and Hylan might not cause cytotoxicity or apoptosis of synovial cells in serum deprivation environment. The gene expressions of TGF‐β1 and VEGF were significantly increased at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL HA and 0.1 mg/mL Hylan, respectively (α < 0.05). The synovial cells with treatment of 0.1 mg/mL Hylan decreased the CTGF gene expression (0.66‐fold) and VEGF (0.78‐fold) compared to 0.1 mg/mL HA (α < 0.05). We suggested that the profile of CTGF, TGF‐β1, and VEGF gene expressions in our study might provide the rational mechanism for the therapeutic effect of hyaluronan on OA knees. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:492–496, 2010     

血管内皮生长因子在人工骨血管化中的应用

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF)在人工骨血管化中的作用。方法：(1)将人工骨材料用鼠尾胶原预湿3d后与血管内皮细胞(endothelial cells，ECs)悬液在体外进行复合；(2)在培养液中加入VEGF，并设立对照组；(3)1周后对人工骨材料表面进行电镜扫描，观察细胞生长情况。结果：实验组内皮细胞在人工骨材料表面呈片状生长，细胞形状呈梭形，而对照组内皮细胞黏附较差，细胞形状不规则。结论：VEGF可以促进内皮细胞在胶原包埋的生物陶瓷表面黏附形成血管内皮样结构。     

Increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, VEGF-C and VEGF receptor-3 in prostate cancer tissue are associated with tumor progression

Aim： To investigate the differences in microvessel densities （MVD） and the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, VEGF-C and VEGF receptor-3 （VEGFR-3） between prostate cancer （PCa） tissues and adjacent benign tissues, and to explore the correlations among MVD, Jewett-Whitmore staging, Gleason scores and expressions of VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in the progression of PCa. Methods： An immunohistochemical approach was adopted to detect the expressions of CD34, VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in both cancer areas and peripheral benign areas of 71 primary prostatic adenocarcinoma specimens. A statistic analysis was then performed according to the experimental and clinic data. Results： Significantly upregulated expressions of VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were all found in malignant epithelium/cancer cells compared with adjacent benign epithelium （P 〈 0.01）. Patients in stage D had a significantly higher score than patients in stage A, B or C when comparing the expression of VEGF-C or VEGFR-3 in the tumor area （P 〈 0.01）. In addition, significant correlations were observed between Jewett-Whitmore staging and VEGF-C （rs = 0.738, P 〈 0.01）, clinical staging and VEGFR-3 （rs = 0.410, P 〈 0.01）, VEGF-C and Gleason scores （rs = 0.401, P 〈 0.01）, VEGFR-3 and Gleason scores （rs = 0.581, P 〈 0.001） and MVD and VEGF （rs = 0.492, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Increased expressions of VEGF and VEGF-C were closely associ- ated with progression of PCa. The main contribution of increased VEGF expression for PCa progression was to upregulate MVD, which maintained the growth advantage of tumor tissue. However, the chief role of increased expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was to enhance lymphangiogenesis and provide a main pathway for cancer cells to disseminate. （Asian J Androl 2006 Mar; 8： 169-175）     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in human prostate

BACKGROUND: The growth and dissemination of tumors has been associated with angiogenesis, which is regulated by a group of polypeptide factors including vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C binds its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) to promote growth of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. METHODS: In this study, microarray technology was used to build tissue arrays of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinomas (PCa) using tissues from 640 patients. Slides were sectioned and stained with a polyclonal antibody to VEGFR-3 using a standard immunoperoxidase method and digitized. Immunoreactivity was scored using a 0-3+ semiquantitation scoring system for both intensity and percentage. The sum index was obtained by totaling the scores. RESULTS: VEGFR-3 is expressed in normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, but VEGFR-3 expression is up-regulated in PCa. We also found that VEGFR-3 is correlated with pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (Pre-PSA), Gleason score, and lymph node metastasis. The recurrence-free 5-year survival in cases with lower sum index (0-3) was significantly higher than that in cases with higher sum index (4-6) (77.3, 69.6%, respectively, P = 0.037) by Kaplan-Meier actuarial model. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that VEGFR-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and may play an important role in facilitating lymphatic spread of PCa; high-level of VEGFR-3 expression in prostate cancer cells increases the risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy.     

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor decreases neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions

BACKGROUND: Hyperadhesiveness of neutrophils (PMN) to vascular endothelial cells (EC) followed by neutrophil transendothelial migration play important roles in the initiation of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-mediated injury. We investigated whether the ability of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) to decrease intestinal injury after intestinal I/R is mediated, in part, by its ability to affect PMN-EC interactions and EC junctional integrity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human umbilical vein EC monolayers were treated with HB-EGF (100 ng/mL) or phosphate-buffered saline followed by anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R). Simultaneously, labeled human PMN were treated with HB-EGF or phosphate-buffered saline and then co-incubated with EC for determination of PMN-EC adherence and PMN transendothelial migration. EC junctional integrity was also determined. RESULTS: PMN-EC adhesion increased after exposure of EC to A/R compared to EC exposed to normoxia (87% versus 64% binding, P < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). A/R-induced PMN-EC hyperadherence was significantly decreased by treatment of PMN with HB-EGF compared to nontreated cells (51% versus 87% binding, P < 0.05). HB-EGF significantly decreased PMN transendothelial migration and also augmented EC tight junctional integrity after A/R. CONCLUSIONS: HB-EGF significantly reduces A/R-induced PMN-EC adhesion and PMN transendothelial migration and augments junctional integrity in vitro. Thus, HB-EGF acts not only as a potent cytoprotective agent for the intestine, but as an anti-inflammatory agent as well.     

血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍化内皮生长因子的表达在甲胎蛋白阴性肝细胞癌根治性切除术后预后预测中的作用

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和血小板衍化内皮生长因子(PD-ECGF)在甲胎蛋白(AFP)阴性肝细胞癌切除术后预后预测中的作用.方法 利用组织微阵列技术(tissue mi-croarray)和免疫组织化学方法回顾性研究200例AFP阴性肝癌患者肿瘤中VEGF及PD-ECGF的表达情况,分析其与肝细胞癌切除术后预后的关系.结果 V EGF及PD-ECGF表达阳性组与相应阴性组患者之间的生存率和无瘤生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而VEGF及PD-ECGF表达阳性组的术后复发率比相应阴性组显著增高(P<0.05).VEGF和PD.ECGF同时阳性表达组其复发率更显著高于同时阴性组(P<0.01),其生存率和无瘤生存率亦显著降低(P<0.05).结论 对于甲胎蛋白阴性肝癌患者,VEGF和PD-ECGF同时表达阳性提示术后易发生复发,预后不佳.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer enhances surgical revascularization of necrotic bone.

Avascular necrosis of bone is a relatively common clinical condition caused by inflammatory conditions, steroid or other drug use, and trauma that affect many different sites in man. Revascularization of the necrotic bone is slow to occur, often resulting in bone resorption and eventual collapse of the involved bone. Rapid revascularization and subsequent bone remodeling may lead to improved outcomes. Surgical revascularization with arterovenous bundles (AV bundles) or vascularized bone grafts results in neoangiogenesis and bone remodeling. Gene transfer of an angiogenic factor to the vessel wall may be an additional strategy to further accelerate this process. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer to augment surgical revascularization of necrotic bone. An adenoviral vector, either with the VEGF gene (VEGF-A) or identical virus without the cDNA VEGF insert (ADV-DeltaE1) was used to transduce endothelial cells in rabbit saphenous arteries. The artery was then placed with its venae comitantes as an AV bundle into necrotic iliac crest bone in vivo. Angiogenesis in the necrotic bone was quantified by bone blood flow measurement and assessment of vessel density following microangiography. The extent of neoangiogenesis was significantly greater in the VEGF group than the control group at 1 week postoperatively.     

骨肉瘤肺转移与血管内皮生长因子和微血管密度的关系

目的 探讨骨肉瘤盱市转移与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和微血管密度(MVD)的关系.方法 用免疫组织化学法检测30例骨肉瘤组织中VEGF的表达和MVD.结果 VEGF在骨肉瘤中的阳性率表达分别为70.00%(21/30),其中有肺转移的病例阳性率为92.31%(12/13).无肺转移病例的阳性率为52.94%(9/17),差异有统计学意义(P<0:05).骨肉瘤组织中VEGF阳性表达与骨肉瘤的组织学分型无明显相关(P>0.05).骨肉瘤中VEGF表达强度与MVD呈正相关(r=0.799,P<0.01);有肺转移的骨肉瘤患者其瘤组织中MVD与无肺转移的骨肉瘤患者其瘤组织中MVD差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),有肺转移的明显高于无肺转移的病例.结论 VEGF是促进微血管生成的主要细胞因子,检测VEGF表达与MVD值可作为判断肿瘤预后的重要指标.     

骨肉瘤肺转移与血管内皮生长因子和微血管密度的关系

目的 探讨骨肉瘤盱市转移与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和微血管密度(MVD)的关系.方法 用免疫组织化学法检测30例骨肉瘤组织中VEGF的表达和MVD.结果 VEGF在骨肉瘤中的阳性率表达分别为70.00%(21/30),其中有肺转移的病例阳性率为92.31%(12/13).无肺转移病例的阳性率为52.94%(9/17),差异有统计学意义(P<0:05).骨肉瘤组织中VEGF阳性表达与骨肉瘤的组织学分型无明显相关(P>0.05).骨肉瘤中VEGF表达强度与MVD呈正相关(r=0.799,P<0.01);有肺转移的骨肉瘤患者其瘤组织中MVD与无肺转移的骨肉瘤患者其瘤组织中MVD差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),有肺转移的明显高于无肺转移的病例.结论 VEGF是促进微血管生成的主要细胞因子,检测VEGF表达与MVD值可作为判断肿瘤预后的重要指标.