原发肾小管性低钾碱中毒的临床特点

目的 探讨原发肾小管性低钾碱中毒的临床特点.方法 收集在天津市儿童医院住院治疗的原发肾小管性低钾碱中毒患儿8例,其中Bartter综合征(BS)、Gitelman综合征(GS)各4例.回顾性分析其临床表现、实验室检查、治疗方法及转归情况.结果 4例BS均婴幼儿期起病,临床表现为间断呕吐、腹泻、脱水、生长发育迟缓.4例GS发病年龄为10～15岁,临床表现为肢体无力、四肢麻木及间断手足搐搦.8例患儿血压均正常.实验室检查均表现为低血钾、代谢性碱中毒、尿钾、尿氯排出增加;4例BS息儿血浆肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮明显升高;4例GS患儿血管紧张素均升高,血浆肾素升高3例、醛固酮明显升高2例;BS患儿尿钙肌酐比>0.2,GS患儿伴低血镁、尿钙肌酐比<0.2.2例BS患儿B超示双肾回声均匀增强,其中1例左肾盂扩张.单纯补钾或联合补镁、吲哚美辛、螺内酯和卡托普利后症状缓解.结论 原发肾小管性低钾碱中毒主要表现为低血钾、代谢性碱中毒、血压正常.检查其血镁、尿钾、尿氯、尿钙肌酐比和血浆肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮水平可帮助诊断.BS和GS的发病机制、临床表现、治疗及预后均有不同.     

儿童Bartter综合征13例综合报告

目的探讨儿童Bartter综合征临床表现特点及诊断.方法收集本院1例及全国其他地区12例Bartter综合征患儿,对其发病情况,临床表现,实验室检查,治疗及预后等进行综合分析.结果儿童Bartter综合征以男性为多(9例).首发症状12例(92.3%)为多饮多尿.主要表现有①水、电解质及酸碱失衡,包括低钾血症、低钠血症、低氯性碱中毒及脱水等;②血肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮等均明显升高,而血压正常;③生长发育迟滞较突出,其中4例有智力低下;④以消炎痛,安体舒通及补钾等综合治疗效果显著.结论儿童Bartter综合征首发症状多为多饮多尿.低钾血症,低氯性碱中毒,肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮等升高,血压正常,有诊断价值.     

儿童Gitelman综合征6例临床分析

目的分析Gitelman综合征的临床表现、实验室检查、诊断和治疗方法,进一步提高诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2014年6月苏州大学附属儿童医院肾脏科收治的6例Gitelman综合征患儿的临床资料。结果 6例均存在全身乏力等临床表现,以双下肢乏力为主,生化检查示不同程度的低血钾、低血镁及代谢性碱中毒,肾素-醛固酮-血管紧张素Ⅱ水平见不同程度的升高,SLC12A3基因测序阳性,经对症治疗后长期随访,未出现相关并发症。结论儿童Gitelman综合征以双下肢乏力为主要临床表现,伴有低血钾、低血镁等,通过检查尿钙与肌酐比值、血镁、尿镁、肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平,结合检测到血清SLC12A3基因上的变异等可确诊。该病治疗以补钾、补镁、醛固酮拮抗剂等多种药物联合应用为主,虽不能治愈,但预后良好。     

儿童Bartter综合征15例临床分析

目的探讨儿童Bartter综合征的临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析15例Bartter综合征患儿的临床资料。结果 15例患儿中表现为生长发育迟滞14例(93.3%),纳差12例(80.0%),呕吐7例(46.7%),腹泻5例(33.3%),多饮多尿5例(33.3%),乏力4例(26.7%)。15例患儿均有低氯血症、低钾血症,其中重度低钾血症10例,12例患儿出现代谢性碱中毒。15例患儿中经典型Bartter综合征10例、新生儿型Bartter综合征3例、变异型Bartter综合征(Gitelman综合征)2例。15例患儿均给予大剂量补钾等纠正水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱,口服螺内酯、布洛芬悬液及卡托普利后,症状基本控制。结论儿童出现不明原因持续性低钾低氯性代谢性碱中毒及生长发育迟滞时需警惕该病可能,结合临床表现及氢氯噻嗪试验基本可诊断,基因诊断是最可靠的方法。目前主要以补钾、补镁、醛固酮拮抗剂、前列腺素拮抗剂等综合治疗为主,需终生治疗。     

呋塞米/ 氢氯噻嗪负荷试验在儿童Bartter 综合征和Gitelman 综合征鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验对Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征临床分型和选择目标基因检查的意义。方法回顾性分析2012年至2014年5例临床诊断为Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征患儿的临床表现、生化指标、呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验和基因检测结果。结果 5例患儿均表现为低钾血症、代谢性碱中毒,基础肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮升高,血压正常。大部分患儿有多饮、多尿,并伴有不同程度的生长迟缓。5例患儿基因诊断均与临床上根据呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验作出的诊断吻合。结论呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验,能较好地将Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征相鉴别,进行初步分型,并指导选择较有针对性的目标基因检测。     

儿童遗传性肾小管碱中毒诊疗进展

儿童遗传性肾小管碱中毒为临床罕见的肾小管疾病,是肾小管上皮细胞离子通道基因变异导致蛋白质功能异常引起的临床综合征。Bartter综合征、Gitelman综合征和Liddle综合征属于其中较常见的几种类型,均是以肾小管碱中毒为临床特征的遗传性失钾性疾病。文章综述上述三者的发病机制、临床表现及诊断和治疗的最新进展。     

儿童假性巴特综合征9例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童假性巴特综合征(Pseudo-Bartter syndrome,PBS)的临床特征及实验室检查特点,提高临床医师对本病的认识.方法 收取首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2008年11月至2013年9月收治的PBS患儿9例,对患儿的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗等相关临床资料进行回顾性分析.应用SPSS 19.0软件分析数据.结果 1.临床特征:本组病例共9例,其中女4例,男5例;就诊年龄4个月～8岁8个月.引起PBS的原因以呼吸道感染引起的消化道症状(如腹泻、呕吐)(7/9例)最为多见.6例患儿无明显临床表现,治疗原发病过程中发现低钾血症.2.实验室检查:均存在低钾低氯血症、不同程度的代谢性碱中毒及肾素、血管紧张素及醛固酮升高.3.治疗:在病因控制治疗、补钾对症治疗或吲哚美辛治疗[1 mg/(kg·d),分3次口服]后,患儿均达到临床好转且血电解质均恢复正常.在停补钾对症治疗后,血电解质仍正常,随访期限5～7d.结论 1.在中国儿童中,引起PBS最常见的原因以呼吸道感染所致的呕吐、腹泻等最为多见.2.儿童PBS除了病因相关的临床表现外,多无明显临床表现,常于实验室检查中偶然发现低钾血症.3.儿童PBS实验室检查表现为低钾低氯血症、代谢性碱中毒,其肾素、血管紧张素及醛固酮水平均明显升高.4.儿童PBS经祛除病因及补钾对症治疗,通常2～4d电解质恢复正常.     

Bartter综合征分子遗传学研究进展

Bartter综合征是一组以低钾性代谢性碱中毒为主要特征的遗传性肾小管疾病。近期的分子遗传学研究表明,六个编码肾小管离子通道或转运蛋白的基因突变可引起Bartter综合征,根据这些致病基因的不同。Banter综合征进一步分为六个亚型,即Ⅰ-Ⅴ型Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征。该文从分子遗传学角度阐述了各种类型Bamer综合征的临床特点和可能的发病机制。     

Dubin-Johnson综合征临床及遗传学特征（附3例报告）

目的分析Dubin-Johnson综合征(DJS)临床特点及实验室检查并进行相关文献复习,以提高对该类遗传性疾病的认识,减少误诊。方法2012年10月至2017年10月就诊于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心感染科3例临床疑诊DJS患儿,采用安捷伦外显子芯片捕获+高通量测序的方法对其及父母进行全基因医学外显子测序,分析总结其临床特点及实验室检查并进行相关文献复习。结果3例患儿均为男性,婴儿期起病,一般情况良好,其中1例合并Bartter综合征,表现为反复低钾、无力;3例肝功能均提示总胆红素升高,直接胆红素升高为主,其余酶学指标均正常。基因学检测提示ABCC2上发现基因突变(共5处),均为未见报道的新发突变。结论DJS临床表现轻微无特异性,仅表现为结合胆红素增高,由于缺乏血清学标记物,诊断较为困难。基因学检测可精确诊断,并可进行家系分析及验证,新发突变丰富了ABCC2基因突变谱。     

Dubin-Johnson综合征临床及遗传学特征（附3例报告）

目的　分析Dubin-Johnson综合征（DJS）临床特点及实验室检查并进行相关文献复习，以提高对该类遗传性疾病的认识，减少误诊。方法　2012年10月至2017年10月就诊于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心感染科3例临床疑诊DJS患儿，采用安捷伦外显子芯片捕获+高通量测序的方法对其及父母进行全基因医学外显子测序，分析总结其临床特点及实验室检查并进行相关文献复习。结果　3例患儿均为男性，婴儿期起病，一般情况良好，其中1例合并Bartter综合征，表现为反复低钾、无力；3例肝功能均提示总胆红素升高，直接胆红素升高为主，其余酶学指标均正常。基因学检测提示ABCC2上发现基因突变（共5处），均为未见报道的新发突变。结论　DJS临床表现轻微无特异性，仅表现为结合胆红素增高，由于缺乏血清学标记物，诊断较为困难。基因学检测可精确诊断，并可进行家系分析及验证，新发突变丰富了ABCC2基因突变谱。     

Noonan syndrome and its related disorders

The diagnosis of Noonan syndrome still rests on its clinical features. There are several syndromes to consider in the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. These include cardio-facial-cutaneous syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome and Costello syndrome. The facial appearance and part of the clinical features of these syndromes are very similar to Noonan syndrome. Molecular research likely will elucidate whether these syndromes are variations of Noonan syndrome or etiologically different disorders.     

48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes: not just variants of Klinefelter syndrome

Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy conditions occur in 1:18,000-1:100,000 male births. While often compared with 47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome because of shared features including tall stature and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes are associated with additional physical findings, congenital malformations, medical problems and psychological features. While the spectrum of cognitive abilities extends much higher than originally described, developmental delays, cognitive impairments and behavioural disorders are common and require strong treatment plans. Future research should focus on genotype-phenotype relationships and the development of evidence-based treatments. CONCLUSION: The more complex physical, medical and psychological phenotypes of 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes make distinction from 47,XXY important; however, all of these conditions share features of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and the need for increased awareness, biomedical research and the development of evidence-based treatments.     

Cardiac problems in genetic syndromes

Congenital heart disease affects around 0.7% of liveborn infants and is the most frequent cause of death from congenital malformations. This review will consider some of the commoner genetic syndromes associated with congenital heart disease, the spectrum of cardiac defects observed in them and the associated features and comorbidities that may impact on the outcomes of cardiac surgery.     

Kabuki make-up syndrome

Kabuki make-up syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by mental retardation, postnatal dwarfism and peculiar facies. This condition is believed to be common in Japan, but has been reported from other parts of the world. The authors report a case of this syndrome in an eight-year-old girl, with the characteristic findings from India.     

Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome (?) and Prader-Willi syndrome (?) in a single family

Mental retardation, hypogonadism, obesity, and abnormal blood sugar regulation were common findings in two siblings. In addition, the 17-year-old female patient showed short stature, muscular hypotonia in infancy, and small hands with tapering fingers suggesting Prader-Willi syndrome, and the 12-year-old male patient showed retinitis pigmentosa, normal height, and normal muscular tonicity suggesting Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, though polydactyly was absent. Possible consideration was discussed.     

Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (Sweet's Syndrome) in Myelodysplastic Syndrome

This is the first report of the rare association of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in a child. The skin lesions showed a dramatic response to colchicine.     

Co-existence of Dubowitz and hyper-IgE syndromes: A case report

A case of a 5-year-old girl is described whose clinical features included postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly and characteristic facial appearance. These are recognized as the main features of the Dubowitz syndrome. Apart from these features, our patient had recurrent infections of the sinopulmonary tract, high serum IgE levels, defective chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells and defective antibody response, findings characterizing the hyper-IgE syndrome. The co-existence of these two syndromes is rare and we suggest that this is the first such case in the literature.Conclusion Patients with the Dubowitz syndrome will require long-term follow up because there is a considerable risk for the syndrome to co-exist with primary immunodeficiency or formalignancies to develop.     

Campomelic Syndrome Associated with Potter's Syndrome and Car diosplenic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Campomelic syndrome is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by short-limbed dwarfism with congenital bowing or bending of the long bones particularly in the lower limbs and is frequently associated with a variety of non-skeletal manifestations. Two distinct types are (1) long-limbed campomelic dysplasia with bent bones of normal length and width: (2) short-limbed campomelic dysplasia in which the bent bones are short and wide. We reported an autopsy case of this syndrome.
This male baby with gestational age of 32 weeks was born to a mother with placenta previa, showing abdominal distention and short-limbed appearance. Postmortem examination revealed bilaterally enlarged Potter type 1 polycystic kidneys, a pancreatic cyst, and two spleens in the abdominal cavity. Both lungs were hypoplastic and the heart exhibited multiple congenital anomalies such as double outlet right ventricle, pulmonary artery hy-poplasia, mitral atresia, absence of ductus arteriosus, and inferior vena cava draining into the left atrium. Characteristically both femur bones were curved at proximal two-thirds with slightly shortened lengths. Both humeri also showed bending of distal one-third. Other chondro-osseous abnormalities such as small epiglottis, narrow thorax, dolichoce-phaly, and bilateral equinovarus deformity were noted. These findings were compatible with campomelic dysplasia of long-limbed type accompanying unusual sets of non-skeletal manifestations of Potter's syndrome and cardiosplenic syndrome. Key words: campomelic syndrome, Potter's syndrome, cardiosplenic syndrome     

A patient with features of both Bardet-Biedl and Alström syndromes

We describe a 30-year-old patient with acanthosis nigricans, diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, pigmentary degeneration of the retina and cerebellar, pyramidal and posteri-or columnar involvement. He had normal mental function, normal hearing and no hexadactyly. The patient had symptoms of both Bardet-Biedl and Alström syndromes, but did not manifest all the main features of either syndrome. This suggests either that the Bardet-Biedl, Alström, Laurence-Moon syndromes (including the variant described by Edwards) have a highly variable expression or that our case is a new variant within this group of syndromes.