儿童原发性免疫缺陷病35例临床分析

目的：了解儿童原发性免疫缺陷病（PID）的临床特点。方法：对2005年9月至2008年12月收治的35例PID患儿的临床资料进行分析,包括现病史,个人史,家族史,临床表现,实验室检查,诊断情况,住院期间治疗和转归等情况。结果：35例PID中,T、B细胞联合免疫缺陷病6例,X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症4例,选择性IgG亚类缺陷22例,常见变异性免疫缺陷病1例,慢性肉芽肿病2例。全部病例均有发热,并伴反复感染,感染部位主要是呼吸道和消化道,其中部分患儿生长发育落后于正常同龄儿。采用人血丙种球蛋白输注、抗感染等综合治疗,除2例放弃治疗,1例转外院治疗外,其余均好转出院。结论：对反复感染或伴发自身免疫性疾病,长期使用抗生素无效的患儿,应详细询问病史、家族史,注意PID的可能,及早进行免疫功能测定,以利于早期识别和诊断。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（8）：625-629］     

原发性免疫缺陷病早期筛查技术进展

原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)是一类由于单基因突变导致免疫细胞、免疫分子数量异常和/或功能缺陷的疾病。PID患者易反复感染, 伴过敏、自身免疫、自身炎症和恶性肿瘤性疾病, 疾病的致死、致残率极高, 早期诊断和治疗有助于改善预后。目前已知的PID筛查技术包括T淋巴细胞受体剪切环筛查重症联合免疫缺陷病, Kappa重排剪切环筛查无丙种球蛋白血症, 串联质谱法筛查腺苷脱氨酶缺陷和嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶缺陷, 蛋白组学筛查特定的蛋白缺陷以及二代测序技术筛查基因变异。现就目前PID的早期筛查技术进行简要总结, 为日后我国筛查工作的开展提供参考。     

单中心174例原发性免疫缺陷病临床预警症状的初步探讨

目的 分析并总结原发性免疫缺陷病（PID）患儿的临床感染特征和预警症状,了解预警症状对PID早期识别的应用价值。方法 参考2011年免疫学会国际联合会(IUIS)PID分类委员会公布的方案、泛美免疫缺陷病组(PAGID)和欧洲免疫缺陷病协会(ESID)提出的PID诊断和分类标准,在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2000年10月至2011年11月病例检索系统检索出院诊断中含有上述PID分类疾病的病历,对于诊断低丙种球蛋白血症和联合免疫缺陷的患儿除外继发性免疫缺陷病,逐份查阅病历重新诊断,并做出明确、可以和可能诊断,以明确、可以诊断的病例进行预警症状的分析。结果 ①174例PID患儿进入分析,男女比例为4.4∶1,其中抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷101例(58.0%),严重联合免疫缺陷病（SCID）34例(19.5%),吞噬细胞功能缺陷19例(10.9%),定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征10例(5.7%),免疫失调性疾病10例(5.7%)。②75例(43.1%)存在反复呼吸道感染,以抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷最为常见,与SCID间差异有统计学意义;卡介苗接种后异常反应在慢性肉芽肿病（CGD）中最多见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷和SCID比较差异有统计学意义;腹泻病在定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征中较常见,败血症在SCID和CGD患儿中较常见,但PID各类型间比较差异无统计学意义。③72例(41.4%)患儿存在营养发育落后,PID各类型间差异无统计学意义;淋巴结、肝和脾肿大以CGD和免疫失调性疾病最为常见;鹅口疮在SCID中常见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷差异有统计学意义;肛周脓肿以CGD多见,与其他PID类型比较差异有统计学意义。107例(61.5%)有明确微生物学证据。④PID患儿共电话随访到85例(48.8%),其中死亡28例(32.9%)。⑤124例为明确和可以诊断PID,其中106例(85.5%)具备≥2条预警症状。静脉应用抗生素清除病灶(96.0%)、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓(41.1%)、反复呼吸道感染(41.9%)和PID家族史(22.6%)在不同类型PID中均占有较高的比例。结论 预警症状对PID有着很好的提示作用,需要静脉应用抗生素清除病灶、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓和PID家族史对PID有预警意义,中耳炎、中枢神经系统感染和反复呼吸道感染在抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷中较为多见, 深部脓肿、卡介苗接种后异常反应对CGD有预警意义。慢性反复发作性腹泻对PID预警作用值得进一步关注。     

原发性免疫缺陷病免疫功能评估进展

原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)是一组高度异质性疾病,以自幼反复严重感染为主要临床表现,由于其诊断和鉴别诊断困难,顽固反复感染,难于治疗,多数PID为疑难病例。近年来随着对免疫系统了解的深入以及新型免疫学检测技术的进展,越来越多的PID患者被明确诊断和适当治疗。文章就目前PID免疫功能评估进展及应用做简单论述,包括流式细胞术、定量分析T细胞剪切环、检测T细胞受体β链可变区谱型多样性等方面。     

儿童原发性免疫缺陷病与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(IBD)在儿童相对少见,其发生率在原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)患者显著增高.IBD易发生于PID中的免疫失调性疾病、吞噬细胞缺陷、自身炎症性疾病,在联合免疫缺陷病、伴典型表现的联合免疫缺陷综合征中也有报道.PID伴IBD患者发病年龄早,临床表现重,内镜下表现不典型,对传统治疗方案反应差.文章仅就PID合并IB...     

儿童免疫缺陷病的诊断与治疗

免疫缺陷病临床分为原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)和继发性免疫缺陷病(SID),前者为单基因遗传病,某种免疫应答反应完全缺失,后者继发于某些疾病或特殊生理时期,免疫应答反应呈一般性低下。PID分为8大类型,诊断以临床表现、免疫功能缺陷和基因检测为依据。普通儿科医师应掌握诊断逻辑程序和筛选方法,学会检索及网上咨询。PID治疗以对症、替代治疗和干细胞移植为主要手段。SID的诊断以原发疾病为线索,反复感染为特征,免疫功能检测较困难,常为一般性降低。SID治疗以根治原发病,改善全身器官功能状态为本,有针对性选用免疫调节剂可能有帮助。     

原发性免疫缺陷病早期识别

原发性免疫缺陷病(primary immunodeficiency disease,PID)是一类以单基因遗传为主的少见免疫缺陷疾病。国外流行病学研究认为,具有临床表现的PID发病率为1/20000～1/5000活产婴。我国目前仅有极少部分PID患儿得到确诊,早期诊断是提高PID患儿生存率和生活质量的关键。本文首先分析国外PID预警症状在PID诊断中的价值,然后根据笔者单位多年来积累的临床经验,结合我国国情,提出PID早期识别线索,以供儿童免疫专科医师讨论和儿科医生参考。     

原发性免疫缺陷病诊断筛查步骤（草案）

原发性免疫缺陷病诊断筛查步骤（草案）（１９９５年１１月于重庆第四届全国小儿免疫学术会议）一、详细询问病史家族中曾有因感染死于婴幼儿时期者或有反复感染者是原发性免疫缺陷病的重要线索。感染发生于生后者，应疑为联合免疫缺陷病；生后６个月才发生反复化脓性感染...     

以肺间质疾病为主要表现的免疫缺陷病六例分析

目的探讨以肺间质疾病为主要表现的免疫缺陷病的临床特征,提高对免疫缺陷引起的肺间质疾病的认识。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月收治在深圳市儿童医院的6例以肺间质疾病为主要表现就诊且最终诊断为免疫缺陷病患儿(男5例、女1例)病例资料,分析免疫缺陷相关的肺间质疾病的临床特点和诊断线索。结果6例患儿年龄3月龄~5岁9月龄,均表现为咳嗽、气促;3例急性肺部感染和呼吸衰竭;2例慢性缺氧;1例杵状指和趾;3例皮疹;5例营养不良。6例胸部CT均表现为双肺弥漫性磨玻璃密度影,其中2例有囊状影,1例"铺路石征"。5例确诊免疫缺陷前均怀疑肺表面活性物质功能障碍并进行基因检测,结果阴性。通过人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体、免疫功能检查和(或)基因检测,最终诊断1例获得性免疫缺陷综合征、2例高IgM综合征、1例高IgE综合征、1例湿疹-血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征、1例STAT3基因功能获得性变异。回顾分析所有病例均有提示免疫缺陷的临床线索。结论免疫缺陷引起的肺间质疾病主要表现为咳嗽、气促或慢性缺氧,合并感染可引起呼吸衰竭,影像主要表现为弥漫性磨玻璃密度影。仔细询问病史和免疫筛查可发现诊断免疫缺陷的线索。肺间质疾病的病因诊断程序中应重视免疫缺陷病的筛查,否则可能导致漏诊或不必要的检查。     

伴胃肠结构畸形的原发性免疫缺陷病

原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)是一类由于基因突变导致免疫功能受损的疾病,最常见的临床表现为反复、严重感染.随着对PID认识的不断深入,越来越多的PID病种被识别,其中有部分PID除免疫功能受损外,还伴有胃肠结构畸形.为更好地认识这部分疾病,文章对近年发现的伴胃肠结构畸形的PID作一阐述.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.