意外伤害儿童心理学特点及干预对策

目的 了解意外伤害儿童心理学特点,为采取心理干预措施提供依据.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achenback儿童行为量表(CBCL,父母用表),对7～11岁住院治疗的意外伤害儿童(伤害组)和正常健康儿童(对照组)各81例进行测试.结果 EPQ的P、E、N分量表得分伤害组高于对照组(P均<0.05),对照组L分量表得分则高于伤害组(P<0.001).伤害组CBCL平均得分(37.62±11.03)高于对照组(17.77±12.12,P<0.001);行为问题检出率(32.09%)亦高于对照组(11.11%,P<0.001),OR值3.78,95%c,为1.66～8.59.行为因子的敏感性(32.1%)较低,特异性(88.9%)和阳性结果价值(74.3%)较高.伤害组男童在多动、攻击性、违纪,女童在多动、攻击性、抑郁、违纪等因子M均高于对照组(P均<0.01).伤害组男童CBCL平均得分(39.81±10.99)高于女童(34.26±10.43,P<0.05).伤害的危险因子男童为攻击、多动、违纪,女童为攻击、违纪、抑郁.结论 意外伤害儿童心理、行为问题较多,应采取心理干预措施,降低儿童意外伤害的发生.     

意外伤害儿童心理学特点的病例对照研究

目的　了解意外伤害儿童心理学特点 ,为采取心理干预措施提供依据。方法　采用艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)和Achenback儿童行为量表 (CBCL) (父母用表 ) ,对 7～ 11岁住院治疗的意外伤害儿童 (伤害组 )和正常健康儿童 (对照组 )各 81例进行测试。结果　 (1)EPQ的P、E、N分量表得分伤害组高于对照组 (P <0 0 5或 <0 0 0 1) ,L分量表对照组则高于伤害组 (P <0 0 0 1)。 (2 ) )伤害组CBCL平均得分 (37 6 2± 11 0 3)高于对照组 (17 77± 12 12 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;行为问题检出率 [32 0 9% (2 6 / 81) ]亦高于对照组 [11 11% (9/ 81) ,P <0 0 0 1],OR值 3 78,95 %CI为 1 6 6～ 8 5 9。行为因子的敏感性(32 1% )较低 ,特异性 (88 9% )和阳性结果价值 (74 3% )较高。伤害组男童在多动、攻击性、违纪 ,女童在多动、攻击性、抑郁、违纪等因子M均高于对照组 (P均 <0 0 1)。 (3)伤害组男童CBCL平均得分(39 84± 10 99)高于女童 (34 2 6± 10 4 3,P <0 0 5 )。伤害的危险因子男童为攻击、多动、违纪 ,女童为攻击、违纪、抑郁。结论　意外伤害儿童心理、行为问题较多 ,应采取心理干预措施 ,降低儿童意外伤害的发生。     

功能性遗粪症儿童心理发育特点的病例对照研究

目的探讨功能性遗粪症(FE)儿童的心理行为发育特点,为其心理干预提供理论依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法从青岛市城区抽取4044名4～5岁儿童。男2196名,女1848名。应用自制的儿童一般情况与遗粪症影响因素调查问卷、Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、3～7岁儿童气质量表与家庭环境量表-中文版(FES-CV)调查抽样儿童的家庭环境和生长发育状况,将调查发现的90例FE儿童作为病例组,其他儿童作为健康对照组,采用病例对照研究的方法探讨FE儿童的气质、行为和家庭环境特征。FE诊断依据中国精神疾病分类手册第3版(CCMD-3)标准。结果4～5岁儿童FE的患病率为2.23%(90/4044例),其中男童患病率为1.46%(32/2196例),女童患病率为3.14%(58/1848例)。FE儿童气质维度方面规律性、趋避性、适应度和坚持度的得分均高于健康对照组(Pa<0.05),注意分散度得分低于健康对照组(Pa<0.05);家庭环境特征方面病例组亲密度和组织性得分均低于健康对照组(Pa<0.05),而矛盾性得分高于健康对照组(P<0.01);FE儿童发生行为问题的风险较健康对照组大(OR=1.931)。FE是男童发生不成熟、分裂样、攻击和行为总分异常的危险因素(OR=2.96,3.94,8.26,3.22),是女童发生体诉、攻击性和多动的危险因素(OR=4.35,3.47,2.14);FE儿童患注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的风险大于健康对照组(OR=2.650)。结论FE的实际患病率远远超过临床医师的估计。FE儿童有其气质特点,发生行为问题及患ADHD的风险较高。FE对儿童的行为发展和家庭环境造成不良影响,为改善FE儿童的生命质量,对其进行心理干预是必要的。     

特发性矮小男童个性及心理行为研究

目的探讨特发性矮小男童的个性特征及心理行为有无异常。方法采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)及Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)对学龄期特发性矮小男童32例及32例正常儿童进行测试。结果1.EPQ测试结果:特发性矮小组E分值明显低于对照组(P<0.01),N分值明显高于对照组(P<0.01);2.CBCL测试:特发性矮小男童组活动及社交能力均明显低于对照组(P<0.02,P<0.01),但学习情况无显著差异;行为问题中,除社交退缩、交往不良两组有显著差异外(P<0.01),特发性矮小组无其他行为障碍。结论学龄期特发性矮小男童性格偏内向、情绪较不稳定,存在交往不良、社交退缩现象。     

安徽农村留守儿童行为问题的现状

目的 了解农村地区留守儿童与非留守儿童行为问题的发生率及行为问题各因子的差异。方法 整群抽取安徽省庐江县12所中学12～16岁在校初中生5973名（男3168名，女2805名）。其中留守儿童3589名（60．1％），非留守儿童2384名（39．9％），采用Achenhach儿童行为量表（CBCL）进行问卷调查。结果 留守儿童中行为问题发生率为41．3％，非留守儿童行为问题发生率为36．6％（χ^2=13．185P〈0．05）。其中留守男童在分裂样、强迫行为、攻击性行为和多动及行为问题总分方面显著高于非留守男童；留守女童行为问题总分与非留守女童差异显著。结论 农村留守儿童行为问题发生率高，值得社会关注。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的社会适应行为特征

目的探讨了解注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童社会适应行为特征、个性特征及其相关关系。方法采用国内修订版儿童适应行为评定量表(ADQ)、Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)和艾森克个性问卷儿童版(EPQ),对2003-04—2004-01在广州市儿童医院精神康复科就诊的67例7~12岁ADHD儿童(ADHD组)和相同年龄的85例正常儿童(对照组)进行了测评比较分析。结果ADHD组在ADQ量表中感觉运动分低于对照组(P<0.05),语言发展、个人取向、社会责任、社会自制因子、适应能力商数分低于对照组(P<0.01)。在CBCL中,ADHD组的活动能力、交际能力、学校情况分值均低于对照组(P<0.01),ADHD组有明显的社交退缩倾向(P<0.05),他们更容易发生抑郁、体诉、多动、攻击等行为表现(P<0.01),其中体诉、违纪两个因子是ADHD的危险因子,对ADHD的发生具有预测性。在EPQ中,ADHD组的P分、N分值明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而L分则低于对照组(P<0.01),E维度对ADHD儿童有社会自制行为影响明显。结论ADHD儿童社会适应水平低下和不良人格倾向,并且伴随多种与适应不良有关的问题行为。     

风湿病患儿个性心理行为特征分析

目的探讨风湿病儿童心理、个性和行为的特点。方法采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achen-bach儿童行为评定量表(CBCL),对55例风湿病患儿及51例正常对照儿童的个性和行为进行测试和比较。结果风湿病患儿性格内外向和情绪稳定性量表分高于正常对照组(P<0.01、<0.05)。行为问题的检出率为49.1%,显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论风湿病患儿受病痛的折磨和长期治疗,造成身心困扰,易产生行为问题、个性缺陷,应尽早给预心理干预。     

天津市7123名学龄期儿童腰围、臀围及相关指标特征分析

目的 了解天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围、腰臀比(WHR)水平及年龄、性别特征,分析其与身高、体质量及体质量指数(BMI)的关系,并探讨腰围与三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及尿酸(UA)的关系.方法 测量7123名天津市学龄期儿童的身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,计算其WHR、BMI,记录各个年龄组男童和女童的腰围、臀围和WHR,通过两组独立样本资料的t检验分析各年龄组腰围、臀围和WHR的性别差异,并对各指标进行相关性分析.其中1 811名留取静脉血行TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA检测.结果 儿童的腰围和臀围均随年龄的增长而增长,且男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);男童WHR无明显变化,女童WHR随年龄增长而呈下降趋势,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);BMI均随年龄的增长而增长,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);腰围和臀围分别与年龄、身高和体质量呈正相关,WHR与体质量呈正相关(男童r=0.419,P<0.05;女童r=0 241,Pa<0.05),BMI与年龄、身高和体质量均呈正相关.腰围与TG、TC、LDL、UA呈正相关(r=0.076、0.098、0.137、0.401,Pa<0 05),与HDL呈负相关(r=-0.319,P<0.05).结论 天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围和BMI均与身高、体质量有关,WHR与体质量有关,腰围与TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA有关.腰围及相关指标可作为儿童肥胖及相关疾病的预测指标.     

受虐儿童个性特征初步分析

目的探讨受虐儿童的个性特征,以期减少儿童受虐事件发生。方法采用自编一般资料问卷和儿童受虐筛查表、艾森克个性问卷(儿童版),对随机抽取湘潭某工厂子弟中学二年级学生282名施测。结果1年内遭受虐待儿童86名,未曾遭受虐待196名;受虐组N分值(情绪不稳分)高于非受虐组[(55.62±10.60)/(52.65±10.98)],(t=-2.114P=0.035),而受虐组L分值(“掩饰”倾向)低于非受虐组[(42.21±9.87)/(46.04±9.20)],(t=3.184P=0.002),均存在差异显著性;两组男童中受虐组的P分值高于非受虐组[(52.37±11.49)/(48.04±9.97)],(t=-2.227P=0.028),L分值较非受虐组分值低[(41.03±9.18)/(46.18±8.79)](t=3.125P=0.002),均存在显著性差异。两组女童EPQ分值无差异。结论儿童情绪与儿童受虐关系密切,因此培养情绪控制与表达是有望减少儿童受虐的一个干预策略。     

学龄早期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童事件相关电位和行为问题的相关性

目的采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)研究学龄早期注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的认知特征,探讨ERP与儿童行为问题的相关性。方法 22例6~7岁ADHD患儿和年龄匹配的19例正常儿童纳入研究。ERP试验采用持续性操作测试(CPT-AX)任务,对Go和Nogo的N2、P3成分进行波幅和潜伏期的比较分析。CBCL量表由患儿家长填写,分析行为因子与ERP成分的相关性。结果 ADHD组ERP遗漏数明显高于正常对照组(10±8 vs 5±4,P0.05),而两组反应时间和虚报数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ADHD组ERP的Go-N2波幅明显低于正常对照组(-8±5μV vs-10±4μV,P0.05)。ADHD组多动、攻击问题检出率均为27%,违纪问题检出率为9%。攻击及违纪因子得分与ERP的Go-N2波幅呈负相关(分别r=-0.43、r=-0.48,均P0.05),多动因子得分与Go-P3潜伏期呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.05)。结论学龄早期ADHD儿童已出现注意执行功能受损趋势,但抑制功能缺陷尚不明显。学龄早期ADHD儿童多动、攻击及违纪问题与ERP相关。     

血液肿瘤患儿及其家长心理特点的对照研究

为了解血液肿瘤患儿及其家长的心理特点，制定综合治疗方案和提高生活质量提供依据，采用艾森克人格问卷（儿童）（EPQ）、Achenbach儿童行为评定量表（CBCL）对57例年龄6岁－11岁的血液肿瘤患儿进行个性、行为的心理测试，采用90项症状自评量表（SCL－90）对57例患儿家长进行心理卫生状况调查。结果表明，血液肿瘤患儿E质个性低于对照组（P＜0．05）；行为问题发生率为21．1％％，男性多有交往不良、躯体诉述、违纪，女孩表现为抑郁、社会退缩； 血液肿瘤组患儿家长各项因子分均高于对照组，两组比较差异有极显著意义（P＜0．01）；患儿的行为问题与家长的心理卫生状况有显著的相关性。认为血液肿瘤患儿的个性、行为问题以及家长心理状况应引起医护人员的关注，适当的心理干预是必要的。     

父母教养方式对青少年人格的影响及其与免疫功能的关系

目的了解父母的教养方式对青少年人格的影响及其与免疫功能的关系。方法对323名青少年进行父母养育方式和艾森克人格问卷调查,并分析它们之间的相关性;测定被调查对象的免疫球蛋白,分析不同人格对机体免疫球蛋白的影响。结果父母养育方式对子女人格特质有明显的影响,并与子女人格特质有相关关系;过分掩饰和内向对青少年的免疫功能有一定的影响。结论父母的不良教养方式可以促进青少年不良的人格发展,与子女人格特质有相关关系。过分掩饰和内向可以使人体的免疫功能发生改变。     

Communication between Parents and Deaf Children: Implications for Social-emotional Development

Parent-child communication plays a central role in social growth, as it does in other domains of development. Over 90 % of deaf children, however, have hearing parents who frequently do not have a fully effective means of communicating with them. This paper examines the role of effective parent-child communication in the social and emotional development of deaf children. Evidence concerning relations between early communication and social-emotional development of deaf children is reviewed, and superficial differences in the ways that parents interact with deaf versus hearing children are distinguished from differences that may have more significant and enduring effects. Hearing parents and their deaf children are found to develop alternative, often nonverbal, interaction strategies. Of primary interest is the extent to which those strategies have impact comparable to the strategies of hearing parents with hearing children or deaf parents with deaf children.     

Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder

Background: Boys with early onset of conduct disorder (CD), most of whom also meet diagnostic criteria of a comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), tend to exhibit high levels of aggression throughout development. While a number of functional neuroimaging studies on emotional processing have been performed in antisocial adults, little is known about how CD children process emotional information. Method: Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in 22 male adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with childhood‐onset CD (16 of them with comorbid ADHD) compared to 22 age‐matched male healthy controls. In order to consider the likely confounding of results through ADHD comorbidity, we performed a supplementary study including 13 adolescent subjects with pure ADHD who were compared with healthy controls. To challenge emotional processing of stimuli, a passive viewing task was applied, presenting pictures of negative, positive or neutral valence. Results: When comparing CD/combined disorder patients with healthy controls, we found enhanced left‐sided amygdala activation in response to negative pictures as compared to neutral pictures in the patient group. In addition, these boys exhibited no reduced activation in the orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices. By contrast, children with pure ADHD did not show any abnormalities in amygdala activation but showed decreased neural activity in the insula only in response to negative pictures. Conclusions: Increased rather than reduced amygdala activation found in our study may indicate an enhanced response to environmental cues in adolescents with early‐onset CD (most of whom also met the condition of ADHD), and is not consistent with the assumption of a reduced capacity to take note of affective information in the social environment. Further studies with an emphasis on developmental aspects of affect regulation are needed to clarify the relationship between CD and adult personality pathology associated with different modes of persistent antisocial behavior.     

Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality

BACKGROUND: Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest developmental influences may feed into components of the disorder separately from associated disruptive behavior problems. We investigated this in terms of key personality/temperament traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality. METHODS: A sample of 179 children (age 6-12, 63% boys), of whom 92 had ADHD, 52 were Controls, and 35 were borderline or not otherwise specified cases of ADHD, were examined. Dispositional trait scores were derived from parent-completed California Q-sort and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Child ADHD symptoms were evaluated using maternal structured diagnostic interview and teacher-completed symptom ratings. RESULTS: Traits were differentially associated with symptoms. Reactive Control was related to hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by both parents and teachers. Negative Emotionality was related to oppositional-defiance. Resiliency was primarily related to inattention-disorganization as rated by both parents and teachers; Effortful Control was related uniquely to inattention in parent but not teacher data. A moderation effect emerged; the relationship between parent-rated Negative Emotionality and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms was stronger for children with high levels of both Reactive and Effortful Control. CONCLUSIONS: Results are interpreted in relation to a two-pathway model of ADHD; regulation problems contribute to the emergence of symptoms of inattention-disorganization, reactive or motivational control problems to the emergence of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and these are distinct from negative affectivity. Children with regulation deficits and a reactive motivational style are especially at risk for the development of ADHD.     

Comparative study of the personality correlates and nature of drug abuse in schools and colleges

With the help of a disguised questionnaire 634 school boys, 777 college students (365 college boys and 412 college girls) between ages of 14 and 19 were surveyed to identify drug abuses. To those identified as drug abusers and to an equal number of matching controls the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) of Cattell was administered. The data on drug abuse and personality was analysed on the computer of the operations Research Group Baroda using the S.P.S.S. The prevalence of drug abuse in schools and college boys and college girls has been analysed separately and also the nature and frequency of the drug abused. The personality correlates of school boys and college students were analysed separately. Subsequently by a stepwise multiple regression analysis personality correlates with the greatest predictive ability in determining drug use were selected and predictive models are worked out using the ?F?’ statistics’.