先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压119例

目的 分析总结119例CHD并肺动脉高压(PAH)患儿的诊疗经过及随访情况,以提高对该病的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年12月收治的119例CHD并PAH患儿的临床资料及相关辅助检查,年龄1个月～15岁[(42.4±2.8)个月].患儿接受药物治疗、介入治疗或外科手术治疗等综合治疗.出院后定期门诊随访,监测症状、体征及辅助检查(胸片、心脏彩超).结果 119例患儿中66例接受介入治疗,其中1例术后1d发生溶血,最终全部治愈出院.53例患儿接受外科手术治疗,其中49例经积极治疗后好转出院,术后发生切口感染1例,上呼吸道感染8例,心律失常8例,并肺炎1例;住院死亡4例,分别死于低心排综合征和PAH危象.治疗后全组患儿肺动脉压力8～90 mmHg[(20.23 ±7.13) mmHg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)],与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.812,P＜0.01),其中肺动脉压力下降＞40 mm Hg 79例(66.4％).17例并重度PAH者,经术前药物控制后行外科手术,术后14例(82％)肺动脉压力较术前下降＞20 mm Hg,2例出现低心排综合征,1例出现PAH危象.全组患儿经治疗后肺动脉压力、心胸比、心腔大小、左心收缩功能均较治疗前改善.结论 对CHD并PAH患儿应加强早期诊断,及时选择介入或手术治疗时机,对于中重度PAH者适时把握手术指征,以提高治愈率及改善生存质量.     

儿童起病的混合性结缔组织病1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童起病的混合性结缔组织病(MCTD)的临床特点及治疗方法,提高对该病的认识水平。方法以1例首发为雷诺现象的MCTD为例,对儿童起病MCTD的诊断和治疗进行分析概述。结果MCTD具多种结缔组织病临床特点重叠表现,儿童以雷诺现象起病者较成人少见,其首发症状变化多样,缺乏特异性表现,雷诺现象可持续在MCTD整个病程中,并与疾病演变相关,高滴度抗核糖核蛋白(抗U1RNP)抗体阳性是诊断MCTD必备条件之一。MCTD的预后个体差异很大,根据病程、受累脏器程度及进展速度选择个体化治疗方案。结论应重视儿童起病MCTD的早期诊断,及时治疗,减少误诊,加强随访。     

儿童肺动脉高压276例病因学分析

目的 探讨儿童肺动脉高压(PAH)的病因及相关因素,以提高儿童PAH的早期诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析1995年5月-2007年5月北京大学第一医院儿科住院患儿中包含PAH诊断并经超声心动图检查证实为肺动脉压力升高的病例,记录其年龄、性别、临床主要诊断、PAH相关症状及超声心动图估测的肺动脉压力,按病因进行分组统计,对不同病因组间经多普勒超声心动图三尖瓣返流速度估测的肺动脉收缩压(sPAP)进行比较.不属于威尼斯会议PAH临床诊断分类中第一类的PAH未统计在内.结果 共诊断PAH 276例.男168例,女108例;年龄1个月～17岁,中位年龄9个月.其中特发性PAH 9例(3.3%),余267例(96.7%)均为相关性PAH,其中以先天性心脏病(先心病)相关性PAH为主,共245例(88.7%),其中又以室间隔缺损等左向右分流先心病为主,共217例(88.6%),复杂先心病相关PAH 28例(11.4%).结缔组织病相关PAH 19例(6.9 %),PAH在SLE、幼年型类风湿关节炎及多发性大动脉炎中的发病率分别为10.3 %(13/126)、8.7%(4/46)、15.4%(2/13),余2例与门脉高压相关,1例与珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血相关.经三尖瓣返流速度估测的8例特发性PAH患儿 sPAP为(74.6±23.9) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),显著高于33例先心病相关PAH[(58.0±19.7) mmHg]及12例结缔组织病相关PAH[(49.6±18.9) mmHg](t=-2.052,-2.609 Pa<0.05).结论 儿童PAH主要是由多种病因引起的相关性PAH,常见病因为先心病和结缔组织病,特发性PAH患儿确诊时病情已较严重.     

女性特发性中枢性性早熟 GnRHa治疗探讨

目的对GnRHa治疗特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP)效果进行评价,并对影响其疗效的相关因素进行探讨。方法对72例特发性中枢性性早熟患儿治疗中进行定期随访,对患儿实际年龄、骨龄和身高的变化进行观察比较。根据患儿身高和骨龄的变化对成年期终身高进行预测,观察药物对患儿治疗后预测身高(PAH)的影响,并对影响GnRHa药物治疗疗效的相关因素进行分析。结果GnRHa治疗2年后SDSca由1.10±1.12下降到0.80±1.07,SDSba由-1.98±1.01升高到-0.97±1.48,PAH由(152.93±8.10)cm增加到(158.93±9.01)cm。对照组的患儿虽保持了比较高的生长速度,但是其SDSca、SDSba无显著变化,PAH由(157.81±9.53)cm下降到(150.69±12.43)cm。经统计学处理,GnRHa治疗后PAH与治疗开始时CA和BA的差值和BA/CA值呈负相关,与治疗开始的SDSba呈正相关,并与SDS呈负相关。结论GnRHa治疗后患儿PAH增加,其PAH与治疗前身高、SDSca、SDSba、BA和CA的差值有相关关系。     

先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿血清ghrelin的表达及意义

目的探讨血清ghrelin在先天性心脏病(CHD)伴肺动脉高压(PAH)患儿中的表达水平及意义。方法选择2009年5月至2012年2月住院手术治疗的CHD患儿50例,依据肺动脉收缩压分为无PAH组(21例)、轻度PAH组(17例)和中重度PAH组(12例);另选健康儿童为对照组(15例)。测量各组儿童身高和体质量并计算体质指数(BMI),双抗体夹心ELISA法测定其血清ghrelin和内皮素-1(ET-1)水平。结果与对照组比较,各组CHD患儿的ghrelin和ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);与无PAH组比较,轻度和中重度PAH组患儿的ghrelin和ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);轻度和中重度PAH组患儿的血清ghrelin水平与血清ET-1水平和肺动脉收缩压均成正相关(r=0.577~0.840,P<0.05)。结论 Ghrelin在CHD伴PAH患儿中的表达水平增高,可能与PAH有密切关系。     

儿童先天性心脏病血清Apelin水平与肺动脉压关系的初步探讨

目的 初步探讨先天性心脏病患儿血清Apelin 水平与肺动脉压的关系.方法 手术治疗的先心病患儿126 例,检测患儿术前及术后第7 天的血清Apelin 水平.建立体外循环前检测并计算肺动脉收缩压/体循环收缩压(Pp/Ps)的比值,依据Pp/Ps 分组:无肺动脉高组压(PAH)组、轻度PAH 组、中度PAH 组和重度PAH 组;术后第7 天超声心动图估测肺动脉平均压(PAMP).结果 无PAH,以及轻、中、重度PAH 各组术前及术后的血清Apelin 水平依次降低,差异有统计学意义(PPr=-0.51,-0.54,P结论 先心病患儿并发肺动脉高压及其发展与血清Apelin 水平降低有关系,血清Apelin 对诊断先心病患儿是否并发肺动脉高压及其程度的意义值得深入研究.     

米力农对先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压及心力衰竭患儿的术前干预作用

目的 探讨米力农对小儿先天性心脏病(CHD)并肺动脉高压(PAH)及心力衰竭(CHF)术前治疗的效果.方法 收集2006年1月-2008年7月上海交通大学附属儿童医院ICU收治的CHD患儿40例.年龄1个月～3岁.均为左向右分流型CHD,并PAH及CHF.将患儿随机分为研究组与对照组,各20例,二组病种、年龄、心功能及PAH程度比较无显著性差异.二组患儿均应用强心、利尿及扩血管治疗,另外,研究组20例加米力农静脉维持[0.5 μg/(kg·min)],对照组20例加多巴胺和多巴酚丁胺各5μg/(kg·min)静脉维持.分别于用药前、静脉维持用药72 h及停药后2 h通过彩色多普勒超声心动图检测二组各项心脏收缩、舒张功能及肺动脉压力指标.结果 研究组用药72 h各项心脏收缩功能指标(心脏指数、左室射血分数及左事短轴缩短率)和舒张功能指标(左室收缩时间间期、右室收缩时间间期及二尖瓣E峰和A峰比值)均显著优于对照组(Pa<0.05),肺动脉压力下降程度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组改善心功能有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 米力农对CHD并PAH及CHF患儿具有正性肌力和扩血管作用,能明显改善心功能和降低肺动脉压力,为手术纠正心脏畸形提供良好时机.     

青岛市苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症患儿基因突变分析

目的探讨青岛市苯丙氨酸羟化酶(phenylalanine hydroxylase,PAH)缺乏症患儿的基因突变特点,为青岛市PAH缺乏症的产前诊断、治疗提供科学参考依据。方法对经青岛市新生儿疾病筛查确诊的44例PAH缺乏症患儿,应用第二代高通量测序及多重连接酶探针依赖扩增(multi-ligase probe dependent amplification,MLPA)技术进行基因分析,检测患儿基因突变位点,应用Sanger测序对其父母的PAH基因相应突变位点进行检测并验证。根据患儿血苯丙氨酸浓度,分为经典型苯丙酮尿症、轻度苯丙酮尿症和轻度高苯丙氨酸血症。结果①44例PAH缺乏症患儿PAH基因中均检测到2个突变位点,其中2例为纯合突变,纯合突变的频率为4.6%,所有突变在患儿父母相应突变位点处均能检测到。②44例PAH缺乏症患儿共检测到突变36种,其中c.728G>A突变频率最高(15.9%,14/88),其次是c.1068C>A(10.2%,9/88),再次为c.158G>A(9.1%,8/88)。③21例经典型苯丙酮尿症患儿PAH基因突变19种,其中c.1068C>A突变频率最高(21.4%,9/42),其次是c.728G>A(19.0%,8/42)。10例轻度苯丙酮尿症患儿PAH基因突变14种,其中c.721C>T/722delG突变频率最高(15.0%,3/20),其次为c.1197A>T、c.1301C>A、c.721C>T、c.728G>A(均为10.0%,2/20)。13例轻度高苯丙氨酸血症患儿PAH基因突变17种,其中c.158G>A突变频率最高(26.9%,7/26),其次为c.728G>A(15.4%,4/26)。结论青岛市PAH缺乏症患儿PAH基因突变以复合杂合突变为主,具有明显热点突变(c.728G>A、c.1068C>A、c.158G>A),经典型苯丙酮尿症患儿以c.1068C>A、c.728G>A为主,轻度苯丙酮尿症患儿以c.721C>T/722delG为主,轻度高苯丙氨酸血症患儿以c.158G>A为主。本研究明确了青岛市PAH缺乏症患儿基因的突变类型与特点,为深入开展PAH缺乏症的诊断以及进一步的基因治疗奠定了基础。     

封堵试验对儿童动脉导管未闭并发重症肺动脉高压性质的判定及介入治疗的意义

目的探讨在动脉导管未闭(PDA)合并重症肺动脉高压(PAH)患儿中,封堵试验对PAH性质的判定及介入治疗的意义。方法 2008年7月至2014年10月南京医科大学附属儿童医院收治5例单纯PDA合并重症PAH患儿,回顾分析其心导管资料、急性肺血管扩张试验前后相关参数,以及封堵试验前后肺动脉收缩压、主动脉收缩压、肺血管阻力指数、主动脉血氧饱和度变化。结果 5例患儿根据心导管检查资料判断,1例PAH性质为动力性PAH,4例PAH性质难以判断;急性肺血管扩张试验判断,4例符合动力性PAH改变,1例不完全符合;封堵试验结果判断,5例均符合动力性PAH改变。5例患儿成功完成介入治疗,术后肺动脉压力进一步下降,远期随访效果良好。结论对于PDA合并重症PAH患儿,封堵试验可对PAH性质作出诊断,如判定为动力性PAH,可同时完成介入治疗,能有效避免心导管检查及急性肺血管扩张试验评价PAH性质的局限性。     

四氢生物蝶呤负荷试验诊断四氢生物蝶呤反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症的临床研究

目的探讨四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)缺乏症的临床诊断方法,进一步了解其临床特征,为该型患儿应用BH4药物治疗提供科学依据。方法73例高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)患儿,男47例,女26例,平均年龄1.93个月。所有患儿都进行口服BH4负荷试验,同时进行尿蝶呤谱分析、红细胞二氢蝶啶还原酶测定。对其中血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度<600μmol/L者给予口服Phe BH4联合负荷试验,对部分BH4反应性PAH缺乏症患儿,在普食条件下给予BH4片剂(10～20mg/kg)替代治疗6～7天,观察其疗效。结果(1)在BH4负荷试验中,不同类型HPA患儿的血Phe浓度表现出特征性的曲线改变,22例诊断为经典型苯丙酮尿症(PKU),39例中度PKU,12例四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症;(2)在中度PKU患儿中发现22例(56.4%)对BH4有反应;(3)6例BH4反应性PAH缺乏症患儿以BH410mg/kg治疗6～7天,其中4例血Phe浓度能控制到正常或接近正常治疗水平,另2例BH4需增加到20mg/kg使Phe浓度显著下降。结论在BH4负荷试验中,部分因苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏引起的中轻度PKU患儿对BH4有反应性,给予这些患儿BH4治疗可部分或全部替代低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗,拓宽了PKU的治疗方法,有助于提高患儿的生活质量。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.