Identification of Trace Organic Pollutants in Drinking Water and the Associated Human Health Risks in Jiangsu Province,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dibutyl phthalate (DNBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were all detectable in surface water in Jiangsu Province, China. Concentrations of OCPs ranged from 5.13 to 8.15 ng/L. PAHs were found ranging from 14.7 to 24.5 ng/L. Concentrations of DNBP and DEHP ranged from 16 to 5,857.5 ng/L and 556 to 15,670.7 ng/L, respectively. Greater than 70 % of chemicals were removed in water treatment processes. The carcinogenic risks posed by trace organic pollutants through tap water ingestion were lower than 10(-6), and the noncarcinogenic risks were less than 10(-5).     

肥胖儿童血清中三种PAEs的检测和分析

目的了解10～12岁肥胖儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)——邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的含量。评估三种PAEs对肥胖儿童可能产生的危害。方法运用反相高效液相色谱分析法(HPLC)测定10～12岁肥胖儿童36名和正常体重儿童36名血清中三种PAEs含量,对两人群三种PAEs测定值(mg/L)作对比分析及性别差异分析。结果肥胖儿童血清中三种PAEs的中位数(mg/L)分别为0.0032(DEP)、0.1649(DBP)和0.1680(DEHP);正常体重儿童血清中三种PAEs的中位数(mg/L)分别为0.0026(DEP)、0.0359(DBP)和0.1063(DEHP);经Wilcoxon两样本检验,Z值分别为1.1013、5.5584和3.0128,P值分别为0.2708、<0.0001和0.0026,肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童血清中DBP和DEHP的含量差异有统计学意义,而DEP含量差异无统计学意义。两组儿童的含量构成比经χ2检验,χ2值分别为18.57、34.5956和10.9193,P值分别<0.0001、<0.0001和0.0043,肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童血清中DEP、DBP和DEHP的含量构成比均有统计学意义。结论肥胖儿童DBP、DEHP的含量平均水平显著高于正常体重儿童,且肥胖儿童在含量较高水平上的人数多于正常体重儿童。     

餐饮环节食品包装材料中塑化剂含量及迁移研究

目的了解餐饮环节食品包装材料中20种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(PAEs)的含量以及在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移情况。方法采集餐饮环节样品100份,测定其中20种PAEs含量,选取其中直接接触脂肪性食品的样品(共62份),研究其在脂肪性食品模拟物(异辛烷)中的迁移量,采用气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)法进行测定。结果 100份样品中10种塑化剂有检出,分别为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丙烯酯(DAP)、苯甲酸苄酯(BBZ)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)、邻苯二甲酸二己酯(DHXP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),检出率最高的为DBP(84.0%),其次是DIBP(76.0%);检出率最低的为DPP和BBP(1.0%)。迁移试验中,DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP和DEHP5种塑化剂有检出,其中DEHP和DBP检出率较高,分别为100.0%和93.5%,而DMP的检出率较低,仅为8.1%。从迁移量来看,5种有检出的塑化剂的迁移量均较低。结论餐饮环节食品包装材料中普遍检出邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂,但浓度普遍比较低,同时,在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移量均未超过国家限值的要求。     

Distribution of Phthalate Esters in Soil of E-Waste Recycling Sites from Taizhou City in China

In recent years, increasing concern has surrounded the consequences of improper electric and electronic waste (e-waste) disposal. In this paper, Phthalate esters (PAEs) including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in the e-waste soils were collected and analyzed from sites Fengjiang, Nanshan and Meishu in Taizhou city. The result showed that the total PAEs concentrations ranged from 12.566 to 46.669 mg/kg in these three sites. DEHP, DBP and DEP were the major phthalates accounting for more than 94% of total phthalates studied. Comparing to the results from other studies, the e-waste soils from Taizhou city were severely contaminated with PAEs.     

食品及塑料食品包装袋中邻苯二甲酸酯类的HPLC-MS／MS法测定结果分析

目的对市售食品和食品包装袋中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的污染情况进行调查,对调查结果进行分析。方法采用统计学方法随机抽取市场上485份食品样品和102份食品包装材料,将食物按种类和包装方式等分类后进行测定,采用高效液相色谱一串联质谱联用法测定,对调查结果进行统计学处理和分析。结果485份不同种类食品样品中普遍检出PAEs,检出率达53．2％,含量范围在0．01～13960mg／kg之间,5种PAEs在食品中的含量DEHP〉DBP〉DEP〉DOP〉DMP;塑料袋包装食品中PAEs含量明显高于非塑料包装食品;102份塑料包装材料中PAEs检出率为31．4％,含量以DE-HP和DBP为主。Spearman相关分析显示,食品中DBP、DOP和DEHP含量与包装材料的含量呈正相关,其中DBP和DEHP相关系数在0．989,DMP和DEP相关关系不显著（P〉0．05）。油脂含量高的食品中PAEs含量也高。结论食品中PAEs的污染主要来源于食品包装材料。高温和高油脂含量是加剧塑料包装材料中PAEs溶出到食品中的一个重要因素。调查结果显示,食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的污染比较严重,应引起有关部门的重视。     

武汉市某大型水厂管网末梢水中雌激素活性及邻苯二甲酸酯的分布规律

[目的]了解武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中雌激素活性和两种主要邻苯二甲酸酯（phthalic acid esters,PAEs）,即邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（di—n-butyl phthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2．乙基己基）酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的分布规律。[方法]2009年4月至2010年3月间,每月采集武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水为样本,水样经固相萃取后分别用重组基因酵母实验和气相色谱法检测雌激素活性和两种主要PAEs的含量。[结果]全年管网末梢水中雌激素活性[以雌二醇当量（estradiol equivalents,PgEEQs/L）计]的检出范围为35．17-1510．95PgEEQs／L;样本资料显示,雌激素活性在秋季最高,春夏两季次之,冬季最低,各季节之间雌激素活性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DBP和DEHP的检出范围分别为未检出～0．74州L和未检出一1．01pg／L;DBP含量夏、秋两季明显高于春、冬两季（P〈O．05）,DEHP含量春、秋、冬三季高于夏季（P〈0．05o随着管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加,雌激素活性和DEHP含量具有增高趋势,DBP含量具有降低趋势。管网末梢水中雌激素活性和PAEs含量之间无相关性（P〉0．05）。[结论]该水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中能检测出不同程度的雌激素活性和两种PAEs（DBP和DEHP）,水中雌激素活性和两种PAEs浓度具有明显的季节性差异,并随管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加而呈现不同变化趋势。     

孕早期邻苯二甲酸酯暴露对妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症患者妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨孕早期邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalates, PAEs)暴露对妊娠亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(subclinical hypothyroidism, SCH)患者妊娠结局的影响。方法 以2019年1月—2021年5月于南京医科大学附属苏州科技城医院孕早期检查的188例合并SCH的孕妇(胎龄0～12周)作为研究对象进行前瞻性研究。通过医院产科患者信息系统收集孕妇的一般资料并记录妊娠结局。收集产妇初次检查的尿液,采用LC-MS/MS技术测定其中10种PAEs代谢物水平并换算为PAEs的每日暴露量。采用多重线性回归分析PAEs暴露对Apgar评分影响,采用多因素logistic回归分PAEs暴露对自发早产(spontaneous preterm birth, SPTB)和小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age, SGA)等妊娠结局的影响。结果 SCH患者尿液中10种PAEs代谢物的检出率均超过90%,其中邻苯二甲酸单甲酯(mono-methyl phthalate, MMP)、邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(mono-ethyl phthalate, MEP)、邻苯二甲酸单正丁...     

The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have identified associations between the concentration of phthalates in indoor dust and allergic symptoms in the airways, nose, and skin. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate the associations between allergic symptoms in children and the concentration of phthalate esters in settled dust collected from children's homes in Sofia and Burgas, Bulgaria. METHODS: Dust samples from the child's bedroom were collected. A total of 102 children (2-7 years of age) had symptoms of wheezing, rhinitis, and/or eczema in preceding 12 months (cases), and 82 were nonsymptomatic (controls). The dust samples were analyzed for their content of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). RESULTS: A higher concentration of DEHP was found in homes of case children than in those of controls (1.24 vs. 0.86 mg/g dust). The concentration of DEHP was significantly associated with wheezing in the preceding 12 months (p = 0.035) as reported by parents. We found a dose-response relationship between DEHP concentration and case status and between DEHP concentration and wheezing in the preceding 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an association between concentration of DEHP in indoor dust and wheezing among preschool children in Bulgaria.     

Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is prevalent based on the measurement of its hydrolytic metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in the urine of 78% of the general U.S. population studied in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). However, despite the high level of production and use of DEHP, the urinary MEHP levels in the NHANES samples were lower than the monoester metabolites of phthalates less commonly used than DEHP, suggesting metabolic differences between phthalates. We measured MEHP and two oxidative DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) to verify whether these other metabolites account for a greater proportion of DEHP metabolic products in 127 paired human urine and serum samples. We found that the urinary levels of MEHHP and MEOHP were 10-fold higher than levels of MEHP; concentrations of urinary MEOHP and MEHHP were strongly correlated (r = 0.928). We also found that the serum levels of MEOHP and MEHHP were comparatively lower than those in urine. Furthermore, the glucuronide-bound conjugates of the oxidative metabolites were the predominant form in both urine and serum. MEOHP and MEHHP cannot be formed by serum enzymes from the hydrolysis of any contamination from DEHP potentially introduced during blood collection and storage. Therefore, concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP in serum may be a more selective measure of DEHP exposure than is MEHP. However, additional data on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of these oxidative metabolites are needed to completely understand the extent of DEHP exposure from the serum concentrations of oxidative DEHP metabolites.     

Embryotoxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in mice

Two major compounds of PVC plasticizers, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), were mixed with food at levels of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 wt% and given to pregnant mice of ICR-JCL strain throughout gestation. Treatment with 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0% DEHP and 1.0% DBP resulted in decreased maternal weight gain and increased resorption rate. All of the implanted ova died in utero at 0.4 and 1.0% level of DEHP. The malformation rate in term fetuses increased at 0.2% level of DEHP and 1.0% level of DBP, the difference from the control group being at the borderline level of significance. The major malformations observed in the treated groups were neural tube defects (exencephaly and spina bifida), suggesting that the phthalic acid esters could interfere with the closure of neuropores in developing embryos. Treatment with the compounds caused intrauterine growth retardation and delayed ossification with an apparently dose-related response pattern. These results indicate that DEHP and DBP at a high dose level could be embryotoxic and possibly teratogenic mice. The maximum no effect level of the PAEs on mouse fetuses was 70 mg/kg/day, which is far higher than the estimated human current intake from the environment.     

Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers

Phthalates are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses, such as solvents, additives, and plasticizers. For example, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is added in varying amounts to certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, to increase their flexibility. In humans, phthalates are metabolized to their respective monoesters, conjugated, and eliminated. However, despite the high production and use of DEHP, we have recently found that the urinary levels of the DEHP metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in 2,541 persons in the United States were lower than we anticipated, especially when compared with urinary metabolite levels of other commonly used phthalates. This finding raised questions about the sensitivity of this biomarker for assessing DEHP exposure. We explored the utility of two other DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), as additional DEHP biomarkers. These metabolites are formed by oxidative metabolism of MEHP. In urine from 62 people, both the range and the mean urinary levels of MEOHP and MEHHP were on average 4-fold higher than those of MEHP; the mean of the individual ratios of MEHHP/MEOHP, MEHHP/MEHP, and MEOHP/MEHP were 1.4, 8.2, and 5.9, respectively. These data suggest that MEOHP and MEHHP are more sensitive biomarkers of exposure to DEHP than is MEHP. These findings also suggest a predominant human metabolic route for DEHP hydrolysis to MEHP followed by oxidation of MEHP; they also imply that a similar mechanism may be relevant for other high-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-n-octyl, di-isononyl, and di-isodecyl phthalates.     

Microbial production and vaporization of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by microorganisms inside houses

Laboratory workers were bothered by an irritation that caused coughing during the cultivation of microorganisms that degraded di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The authors found that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a known cause of asthma, was released during the degradation of DEHP. At its highest production and vaporization rate, the amount was almost equal to that of the DEHP starting material. It appeared that transport into the atmosphere depended on its adsorption on dust particles. The authors attempted to cultivate several microorganisms from house materials, especially those composed of rotting polyvinyl chloride. And microorganisms produced MEHP in the culture medium. In addition, MEHP was produced from DEHP by several stock microorganisms. Thus, MEHP could easily be produced from DEHP by microorganisms in the environment. In Japan, there are many cases of asthma with unknown causes. If MEHP is one of causes, then preventive measures against some cases of asthma could be taken.     

城乡儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的浓度

目的了解10～12岁城市和农村儿童血清中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的含量。方法于2007年1月运用反相高效液相色谱分析法(RP-HPLC)测定36名10～12岁城市儿童和38名10～12岁农村儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物[邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)]含量。结果城市儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0026、0.0359、0.10625mg/L,农村儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0000、0.0406、0.05245mg/L。城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量高于农村儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论该地区城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量水平高于农村儿童。     

合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估

[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates,PAEs）及己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱一质谱法（GC／MS）检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二（2．乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60．22％和21．43％。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0．80×10-6～2．72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2．95×10-3～1．04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99．0％～99．4％和92．8％～93．8％。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐限值,为可接受水平。     

塑料瓶装饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量分析

[目的]了解塑料瓶装饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates）化合物的污染水平及其影响因素。[方法]随机购买市售49种不同品牌的饮料作为研究对象,采用气相色谱法检测饮料中的邻苯二甲酸酯含量。[结果]饮料中的邻苯S-甲酸二丁酯（di-butylphthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯[di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的检出率分别为98．O％和100．O％,平均含量分别为0．038mg／L和0．071mg／L,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（di-ethyl phthalate,DEP）未检出;其中,茶饮料中DBP和DEHP的检出浓度范围分别为0—0．047mg／L和0．045—0．146mg／L;果汁饮料中DBP的最高检出浓度达0．127mg／L,DEHP的检出浓度范围为0．060～0．371mg／L;咖啡乳饮料中检出DBP和DEHP的最大值分别为0．081mg／L和0．089mg／L,最小值分别为0．032mg／L和0．033mg／L。果汁饮料和咖啡乳类饮料中DBP的含量均高于茶饮料（P=0．003和P=0．002）,果汁饮料中DEHP的含量高于茶饮料和咖啡乳类饮料（P=0．001和P=O．002）;拟合的线性回归模型结果显示,与茶饮料相比,果汁饮料和咖啡乳饮料中DBP浓度的对数值分别高出0．36个单位和0．50个单位;果汁饮料中DEHP浓度的对数值高于茶饮料0．47个单位,酸性组饮料中DEHP浓度的对数值比弱酸性组饮料高0．30个单位。[结论]塑料瓶装饮料中DBP、DEHP检出率均很高,不同种类饮料中其含量差异有统计学意义,饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯均在国家规定限值内;但在饮料种类和存储时间固定的条件下,饮料中DEHP含量水平随着pH值变小而增大。     

Effects of Phthalate Ester Treatment on Seed Germination and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Phaseolus radiatus L.

Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate on seed germination rate and antioxidant enzymes activities of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) were investigated. Results showed that under the treatment with 10 mg/kg of phthalate esters (PAEs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase and catalase (CAT) activities were higher than those of the control (p > 0.05). But SOD and CAT activities decreased with the PAEs concentrations and the treatment duration, and were significantly lower than those of the control (p < 0.05). Effect of PAEs stress on SOD activity in germinating seeds of mung bean displayed a significant dose–effect relationship.     

Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites

OBJECTIVE: We previously demonstrated that among 54 infants in neonatal intensive care units, exposure to polyvinyl chloride plastic medical devices containing the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is associated with urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) , a DEHP metabolite. In this follow-up report, we studied the neonates' exposure to DEHP-containing devices in relation to urinary concentrations of two other DEHP metabolites, and to urinary concentrations of metabolites of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) , phthalates found in construction materials and personal care products. MEASUREMENTS: A priori, we classified the intensiveness of these 54 infants' exposure to DEHP-containing medical products. We measured three metabolites of DEHP in infants' urine: MEHP and two of its oxidative metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxylhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) . We also measured monobutyl phthalate (MBP) , a metabolite of DBP, and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), a metabolite of BzBP. RESULTS: Intensiveness of DEHP-containing product use was monotonically associated with all three DEHP metabolites. Urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP among infants in the high-DEHP-intensiveness group were 13-14 times the concentrations among infants in the low-intensiveness group (p相似文献   

2015年西安市食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂残留状况监测及分析

目的 了解西安市2015年市售植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的残留情况,为食用植物油监管提供依据。方法 按照GB/T 5009—2003的方法对食用植物油样品中的塑化剂残留量进行检测。结果 2015年共检测植物油40份,塑化剂检出率为92.5%。共检出DEHP、DNP、DIBP、DMP、DNOP、DBP6种塑化剂,其检出率分别为92.5%、17.5%、5.0%、2.5%、2.5%、1.25%。结论 西安市市售植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强食用植物油的监督管理,加大植物油生产环节的监测,确保市民食用植物油的安全。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的二极管阵列检测高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立一种同时测定食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）残留的方法，调查这5种物质在食品中的污染情况。方法用正己烷浸泡，超声提取对样品中PAEs进行提取并净化，采用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法测定其中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DUP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DOP），并用建立的方法分析实际样品。结果5种PAEs线性相关系数r〉0．997，RSD在1．2％-9．3％之间，高、中、低不同水平的加标回收率在80．9％～119．8％之间，测定38种食品样品PAEs的检出率为18．4％。结论该方法简便快速，精密度较高，重现性较好，可应用于食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类的同时测定。调查结果显示，食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的污染比较严重，应引起有关部门的重视。     

Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families

We measured urinary phthalate metabolites, including di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from 178 school-aged children and their 284 family members using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and we calculated daily phthalate intakes. The highest median levels of phthalate metabolites were for mono-isobutyl phthalate in all participants except schoolchildren, where the highest levels were for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). Comparing the schoolchildren with their parents, the schoolchildren had significantly higher urinary metabolites for MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, and ΣDEHP. Regarding daily intakes, the schoolchildren had significantly higher daily intakes of DnBP, BBzP, and ΣDEHP. All phthalate metabolite and sums of metabolite levels in the schoolchildren were positively correlated with their mothers’ levels, except for MEHP, whereas fathers were less correlated with their children. The DEHP intake in this study was higher than that of most other studies. Moreover, 10% of the children and 3% of the adults exceeded the Reference Dose (RfD) value (20 μg/kg/day) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which indicates that it is important to focus on children's DEHP exposure because the children exceeded the RfD more than adults among the same families who shared similar exposure sources. Our results will contribute to considerations of the regulations for some phthalates and the actual phthalate exposure levels in the Japanese population.