H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞表位预测及抗原性分析

目的:预测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并初步分析其抗原性.方法:依据近年H5N1亚型禽流感病毒流行趋势,下载得到相关HA蛋白氨基酸序列.进行生物信息学综合分析预测,获得Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并比较其保守性和特异性.通过BALB/c小鼠和SPF鸡H5N1亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清,初步鉴定候选表位抗原性.结果:综合多项预测及空间构象模拟结果,我们获得了三条候选Th和B细胞表位,分别为HA141～155、HA206～223、HA302～316.候选表位处于H5N1亚型禽流感HA1 蛋白序列上相对保守的区域内,且与目前流行的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA相应区域具有较好的一致性.而不同候选表位在BALB/c小鼠和SPF鸡H5N1亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清反应中显示了不同抗体结合能力,预示了其成为功能表位的可能.结论:所筛选的表位具有成为H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA Th和B细胞相关抗原表位的可能.本研究为深入揭示流感病毒感染与免疫机制,H5N1亚型禽流感功能表位认知及表位疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的B细胞抗原表位预测及进化分析

目的预测人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的B细胞抗原表位,并分析其进化特征。方法从GISAID和Gen Bank两大数据库获得人易感H6N1病毒的血凝素蛋白及近缘序列,采用多款预测软件分别预测了其B细胞线性和构象型抗原表位,并分析了这些表位的保守性、适应性和进化特征。结果综合各种因素共预测出4个线性表位(表位A、B、C和D)和2个构象型表位(表位E和F)。表位C和位点41、157、186、187在进化过程中易发生突变,其余表位较为保守,其中表位D最保守;位点157受到强烈的正选择作用,它可能是H6N1病毒逃避宿主免疫系统攻击的一个关键位点。结论人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白拥有5个保守的B细胞抗原表位(3个线性、2个构象型)和1个正选择作用位点,将为其疫苗的研制、致病机制的理解和病毒防治提供理论基础。     

人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的B细胞抗原表位预测及进化分析北大核心CSCD

目的预测人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的B细胞抗原表位,并分析其进化特征。方法从GISAID和Gen Bank两大数据库获得人易感H6N1病毒的血凝素蛋白及近缘序列,采用多款预测软件分别预测了其B细胞线性和构象型抗原表位,并分析了这些表位的保守性、适应性和进化特征。结果综合各种因素共预测出4个线性表位(表位A、B、C和D)和2个构象型表位(表位E和F)。表位C和位点41、157、186、187在进化过程中易发生突变,其余表位较为保守,其中表位D最保守;位点157受到强烈的正选择作用,它可能是H6N1病毒逃避宿主免疫系统攻击的一个关键位点。结论人易感H6N1禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白拥有5个保守的B细胞抗原表位(3个线性、2个构象型)和1个正选择作用位点,将为其疫苗的研制、致病机制的理解和病毒防治提供理论基础。     

禽流感病毒(H5N1型)血凝素(HA)T细胞抗原表位的预测

目的：应用免疫信息学的方法寻找不同来源的H5NI型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）的共同抗原决定簇，为发展H5NI型禽流感病毒的表位疫苗打基础。方法：从GeneBank下载不同来源的H5NI型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）的氨基酸序列，先使用Clustal W1．83生物软件对这些氨基酸序列进行同源性比较，然后使用SYFPEITHI生物学软件分析不同来源氨基酸序列的MHCI类分子提呈的抗原肽（抗原决定簇），最后寻找共同的、且和MHCI类分子结合比较强的抗原肽。结果：不同来源的氨基酸序列同源性虽然不尽相同，但是，他们之间也有一些相同的、并且和MHCI类分子结合比较强的抗原肽。结论：利用这些相同的、并且和MHCI类分子结合比较强的抗原肽有可能发展H5NI型禽流感病毒表位疫苗，用来预防H5NI型禽流感。     

MD-2的B细胞抗原表位预测

目的 利用生物信息学预测髓样分化蛋白-2（myeloid differentiation protein-2，MD-2）的B细胞抗原表位，为MD-2特异性抗体的制备提供实验基础。方法 采用多种生物软件和互联网服务器，以单参数（亲水性、抗原性、可及性及可塑性）预测为基础，二级结构预测初步筛选，抗原指数最终确定的方法预测MD-2的B细胞抗原表位。结果 96～110序列（RGSDDDYSFCRALK）的亲水性和抗原指数（AI=0．043）显著高于其他候选片断；65～76序列（YIPRRDLKQLYF）和107～117序列（ALKGETVNTTI）的A1分别为0．0063和0．0036。结论 96—110序列（RGSDDDYSFCRALK）是MD-2的B细胞优势抗原表位。     

噬菌体文库与计算机模拟筛选H1N1 流感病毒血凝素结合位点的比较

目的:对H1N1 流感病毒血凝素HA 的抗原表位初步筛选。方法:用噬菌体展示文库对2 株抗体的结合位点进行筛选,将筛选的抗原位点结合HA 序列进行多肽合成,免疫小鼠制备单克隆抗体,通过分子生物学手段对4 株抗体的轻链和重链可变区基因进行调取,通过计算机模拟抗体序列结合的抗原的结构域,推测抗体结合的氨基酸位点。结果:噬菌体文库筛选得出抗体的结合序列富含组氨酸和精氨酸,将针对多肽的单克隆抗体的序列和前期获得的2 株抗HA 单克隆抗体的序列比对分析,发现A1-8 和anti-14p 结合的HA 抗原序列相一致,H1-13 和anti-11p 结合的HA 抗原序列相一致。结论:通过将噬菌体展示文库技术和计算机模拟预测抗原抗体结合,可以有效筛选抗原表位,为流感病毒HA 抗原表位预测方法的完善提供理论基础。     

H1N1流感病毒血凝素B细胞抗原表位的鉴定

目的利用计算机模拟和ELISA阻断实验研究流感病毒血凝素(HA)B细胞抗原表位,建立病原微生物表位检测新方法。方法以2009年H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗作为免疫原,采用常规杂交瘤融合、筛选技术制备单克隆抗体(mAb),应用ELISA、血凝抑制试验(HI)及Western blot法鉴定获得mAb的特性。以获得的mAb为工具,联合应用ELISA阻断实验和计算机模拟方法预测H1N1流感病毒的B细胞抗原表位。结果获得4株抗H1N1流感病毒HA抗原的mAb,通过ELISA阻断实验将HA的B细胞抗原表位分为两类,通过计算机模拟预测发现4株抗体能与HA上的两类表位相结合。结论计算机模拟和ELISA阻断实验的结果一致,建立了用于预测其他病原微生物表位的新方法。     

H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白及神经氨酸酶的B细胞抗原表位预测

目的预测H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒HA蛋白和NA蛋白的B细胞表位,为基于B细胞表位的预防性疫苗设计提供依据。方法基于HA蛋白和NA蛋白的蛋白质序列,采用Kyte-Doolittle的亲水性方案,Emini方案,Karplus方案和Jameson-wolf抗原指数方案,并辅以MAGE蛋白的二级结构柔性区域分析,预测HA蛋白和NA蛋白的B细胞表位。结果分别预测出了6条血凝素蛋白(Hemagglutinin,HA)以及6条神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)B细胞优势表位。结论这些B细胞表位可为禽流感疫苗的研制提供实验依据。     

2010年广州市甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株HA基因变异分析

目的比较2010年广州市分离到的甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素（HA）基因和2009年中国大陆甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的变异情况,为甲型H1N1流感的监测和防控提供理论依据。方法收集2010年广州市有发热和呼吸道症状病人的咽拭子标本,用H1N1流感特异性引物进行PCR检测,扩增分离到的H1N1病毒HA片段,测序后与2009年的H1N1毒株进行比对和分析,并用生物信息学方法对抗原位点和糖基化位点进行分析。结果共收集到426份标本,甲型流感阳性211份,其中H1N1流感4株,与2009年分离的甲型H1N1流感相比,有12个氨基酸碱基位点发生了有意义突变,其中6个位点位于抗原位点上;4株毒株HA基因145位氨基酸都发生了变异;其中2株毒株在第180位氨基酸位点的抗原位点发生了变异。进化分析表明4株毒株与2009年中国大陆分离的8株毒株进化关系较远。结论 2010年广州市甲型H1N1毒株与2009年相比发生了较大变异。HA基因145位和180位氨基酸位点变异对H1N1毒株抗原变异有重要意义。本文分离的A/Guangdong/ZS03/2010（H1N1）和A/Guangdong/ZS01/2010（H1N1）毒株可能已经发生了抗原性漂移。     

当前我国流行的乙型流感病毒血凝素蛋白抗原性及基…

通过病毒血凝素蛋白抗原性分析，弄清楚了近年来连续几年在我国人嫩中造成乙型流感病毒流行和局部暴发由于乙型流感病毒发生抗原性变异和在我国人群中至少有两第抗原性明显不同的乙型流感病毒同时并存所造成。同时还发现乙型流感病毒的流行具有地区性差异。通过对乙型流感病毒血凝素重键区核甘酸和氨基酸序列的分析发现，近年来在我国分离的两系乙型流病毒毒株之间有高达３０－４２个氨基酸的差异，Ｂ／Ｙａｍａｇａｔａ／１６／８８     

深圳地区甲1(H1N1)亚型流感病毒基因特性的研究

目的　了解近几年H1N1亚型毒株在深圳地区人群中活动加强及“O”相特性出现的分子生物学基础及其基因演变的特性。方法　病毒粒RNA经逆转录合成cDNA,用PCR扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定并推导出其所编码的氨基酸序列。进化树分析用DNASTAR公司出品的序列分析软件,MegAlign(103版)的Editseq(369版)。结果　根据病毒粒HA1基因特性,至少1995年以来深圳地区人群中同时流行着基因特性不同的三系毒株;1995～1997年H1N1毒株与A新加坡686(H1N1)病毒相比较,其HA1蛋白分子上第54和155位上分别插入和缺失一个糖基化点,同时氨基酸序列发生了替换。结论　近年来深圳地区人群中同时流行着HA1基因不同的三系H1N1亚型毒株。由于HA1蛋白分子上氨基酸序列发生了替换,尤其糖基化位点插入和缺失,造成1995年以来H1N1毒株活动加强,这些可能与毒株“O”相特性再现密切相关。     

1995-2007年深圳市H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因的序列分析

目的 研究1995-2007年深圳市流行的H1N1流感病毒血凝素(HA)的基因特性.方法 选取在该期间分离培养到的64株H1N1流感病毒,对其进行HA片段核苷酸序列测定并推导出其氨基酸序列,用Simmonic软件和Mega软件对其进行分析.结果 深圳市H1N1流感毒株在进化树上可以划分为A、B、C三个分枝.部分2005-2006年毒株与2001年毒株在同一分枝上.通过同源性分析发现部分WHO所推荐的疫苗株在时间上滞后于深圳株.深圳H1N1株的4个抗原决定簇及受体结合位点均发生了氨基酸的替换.除1995年外其余年份的毒株均在137位上发生了氨基酸的缺失.结论 1995-2007年深圳市H1N1毒株氨基酸的变异主要集中在抗原决定簇及受体结合部位.并且抗原决定簇的变异活跃区域随时间的推移发生了转移.     

Genetic analysis of HA gene of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses circulating in India

The H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic took the health care workers by surprise in spite of warning about influenza pandemic. Influenza A virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes by shift or drift. Thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in human is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. A total of 23 pandemic A/H1N1 2009 viral HA gene sequences were downloaded from NCBI submitted during March and May 2010 by NIV and were analysed. Along with that the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 was also downloaded from NCBI. All the sequences were used to analyse the evolution of the haemagglutinin (HA) by phylogenetic analysis. The HA gene could be divided into four groups with shift from 1 to lV revealing that the HA genes of the influenza A viruses evolved in a sequential way, in comparison to vaccine strain A/California/07/2009. Amino acid sequence analysis of the HA genes of the A/H1N1 2009 isolates, revealed mutations at positions 100, 220 and additional mutations in different positions 114, 171, 179, 190, 208, 219, 222, 239, 240, 247, 251, 260 and 285 .The mutations identified showed the adaptation of the new virus to the host that could lead to genetic changes inherent to the virus resulting in a reassortant which could be catastrophic, hence continuous monitoring of strains is mandatory.     

应用巢式RT-PCR扩增HA和NA基因片段并测序鉴定甲型H1N1流感病毒

目的 建立一种利用巢式RT-PCR特异扩增HA和NA基因片段并测序鉴定甲型H1N1流感病毒的技术.方法 设计两套共7条特异引物,通过巢式RT-PCR分别扩增甲型H1N1流感病毒HA和NA基因片段并测序,所得序列与人感染甲型流感病毒主要HA和NA亚型序列进行进化树分析以对结果作进一步鉴定,蛋白序列比对后分析其特征.结果 4例甲型H1N1流感患者流感病毒HA和NA基因RT-PCR扩增均分别得到442 bp和543 bp片段产物.核苷酸序列进化分析表明,该4例患者HA和NA序列分别与2009年爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒HA及NA序列聚集在一起,与季节性H1、H2、H3、人禽流感H5亚型及季节性N1、N2、人禽流感N1亚型特异分开.蛋白序列分析表明,4例患者流感病毒HA蛋白裂解位点附近氨基酸序列均为PSIQSR↓GLF,不具有高致病性流感病毒的特性,NA蛋白第275位氨基酸为His,未出现H275Y的耐药变异.结论 本方法能特异扩增甲型H1N1流感病毒HA和NA基因片段,测序后可用于甲型H1N1流感病毒的进一步鉴定;同时,得到的序列也可用于流感病毒致病力及耐药性的分析.     

Performance of rapid-test kits for the detection of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus

The early detection of pandemic influenza strains is a key factor for clinicians in treatment decisions and infection control practices. The aims of this study were to determine the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the commercially available influenza rapid tests in Taiwan. Four rapid tests for influenza virus (BinaxNow test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Formosa Rapid test) were evaluated for their detection limit against four influenza viruses (the 2009 pandemic influenza A virus H1N1, seasonal influenza virus H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B virus) circulating in Taiwan. The viral load of these isolates were quantified by rtRT-PCR and then diluted 2-fold serially for the comparison. The lowest detectable viral load of the pandemic influenza A virus H1N1 by the Formosa Rapid test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Binax Now test was 5.3 × 10⁴, 1.0 × 10⁵, 1.0 × 10⁵, and 4.2 × 10⁵ copies/μL, respectively. Of these four tests, the two most sensitive tests (the QuickVue test and the Formosa Rapid test) were chosen to evaluate 62 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients who were suspected of infection with pandemic influenza A virus H1N1. The positive rate for the Formosa Rapid test and the QuickVue test were 53.2% (33/62) and 45.2% (28/62) (McNemar's test, P = 0.125), respectively. In conclusion, the Formosa Rapid test was the most sensitive test in the present study for the detection of influenza antigens and its clinical performance was similar to that of the QuickVue test (Kappa = 0.776). This suggests that the Formosa Rapid test could be used to aid clinical decision making in primary health care settings during outbreaks of influenza.     

Immune responses to infection with H5N1 influenza virus

Influenza A H5N1 viruses remain a substantial threat to global public health. In particular, the expanding genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses and the associated risk for human adaptation underscore the importance of better understanding host immune responses that may protect against disease or infection. Although much emphasis has been placed on investigating early virus–host interactions and the induction of innate immune responses, little is known of the consequent adaptive immune response to H5N1 virus infection. In this review, we describe the H5N1 virus-specific and cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses in humans and animal models. Data from limited studies suggest that although initially robust, there is substantial waning of the serum antibody responses in survivors of H5N1 virus infection. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated from memory B cells of survivors of H5N1 virus infection has provided an understanding of the fine specificity of the human antibody response to H5N1 virus infection and identified strategies for immunotherapy. Human T cell responses induced by infection with seasonal influenza viruses are directed to relatively conserved internal proteins and cross-react with the H5N1 subtype. A role for T cell-based heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1 viruses is suggested in animal studies. Further studies on adaptive immune responses to H5N1 virus infection in both humans and animals are needed to inform the design of optimal immunological treatment and prevention modalities.     

Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin HA1 subunit of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus and potential application to serodiagnosis

In order to provide specific serological reagents for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to recombinant haemagglutinin component HA1 (rHA1) were generated after fusing spleen cells from a mouse immunized with rHA1 protein derived from influenza strain A/California/06/09 H1N1 with a mouse myeloma cell line. Five hybridoma clones secreting Mabs specific for the rHA1 protein derived from pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 and not for rHA1 from seasonal H1N1 influenza strains A/Brisbane/59/07 and A/Solomon Islands/03/06 were identified by EIA. Mabs 7H4, 9A4, and 9E12 were reactive in Western blots with full length rHA and/or rHA1 subunit derived from A/California/06/09 strain. Only Mab 1F5 inhibited haemagglutination of turkey red blood cells with recombinant NIBRG‐121 virus derived from A/California/07/09, but did not react in Western blots. Immunostaining of MDCK cells infected with NIBRG‐121 was localized to the membrane/cytoplasm for four of the reactive Mabs. The differing reactivity of the Mabs in Western blots, immunostaining, EIA, and haemagglutination inhibition assay suggest that at least four of the five Mabs recognize different epitopes on HA1 of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus. Ferret antisera to pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 (A/England/195/09 and A/California/07/09 strains) and sera from human subjects vaccinated with Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine (CELTURA®, Novartis Vaccines, Germany), inhibit binding of 1F5‐HRP to biotinylated rHA1 derived from A/California/06/09 in a competitive EIA, suggesting that the epitope recognized by this Mab also evokes an antibody response in infected ferrets and vaccinated humans. J. Med. Virol. 83:559–567, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.