Preoperative embolization of meningiomas with pial supply: successful treatment of two cases.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of preoperative embolization for hypervascular meningiomas fed by the pial branches of the internal carotid artery was evaluated. METHODS: Two cases of hypervascular meningiomas fed by the cortical branches of the internal carotid arteries are presented. In the first patient, the left anterior frontal internal artery was embolized with gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) as a preoperative treatment using a microcatheter. The tumor was totally resected with 1,000 ml of blood loss. In the second patient, the right sulcal artery was embolized with Gelfoam. The patient subsequently underwent surgical resection with 100 mL of blood loss. RESULTS: No neurological deficit appeared after the embolization or the surgery in either case. CONCLUSION: Preoperative embolization of hypervascular meningiomas, mainly fed by the cortical branches of the internal carotid arteries, may be possible and effective.     

The role of preoperative vascular embolization in surgery for metastatic spinal tumours

Purpose

To determine the effect of preoperative embolization on intraoperative blood loss in surgery for metastatic spinal tumours stratified by tumour type, type of surgical approach and extent of surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 218 patients undergoing open surgery for metastatic spine tumours in our institution between 2005 and 2014. The cohort was divided to those who underwent preoperative embolization and those who did not. The patients were further stratified into different subgroups by tumour types, types of surgical procedure, levels of instrumentation and levels of decompression. Estimated blood loss, duration of surgery and length of hospital stay were compared between embolized and non-embolized cases in each subgroup. The impact of embolization extent, the time gap between embolization and index surgery on blood loss were also studied.

Results

Preoperative embolization was performed in 45 out of 218 patients. Non-embolized cases had insignificantly lesser blood loss and shorter duration of surgery compared to embolized cases in all subgroups. Embolization, however, conferred reduction in length of hospital stay in some of the subgroups, yet the differences were not significant. The patients who achieved total embolization bled less than those who achieved subtotal or partial embolization. The effectiveness of the embolization procedure in reducing intraoperative blood loss was found to be profound when the gap between embolization and surgery was within 24 h.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that success of embolization in reducing blood loss depends on the extent of embolization and time interval between embolization and index surgery.

     

选择性靶动脉栓塞治疗脊柱肿瘤的进展

目的脊椎肿瘤以手术切除为首选方案,术中大出血,往往不能全部切除肿瘤,且术后死亡、并发症的发生率较高。术前选择性靶动脉栓塞为解决这一难题提供了一种有价值的新方法。方法用seldinger技术经股动脉选择性血管造影,逐支超选择性栓塞肿瘤靶动脉。结果成功的术前栓塞病例术中失血量明显减少,为400～3 000ml。结论脊柱肿瘤术前选择性靶动脉栓塞可明显减少术中出血。本文对栓塞的手术时机选择、栓塞后并发症的预防和处理分别进行讨论。     

Preoperative superselective arteriolar embolization: a new approach to enhance resectability of spinal tumors

The extent of surgical resection of spinal tumors is frequently limited by blood loss and technical difficulty associated with the vascularity of the tumors. We report here the use of superselective percutaneous arterial embolization to reduce the rate of blood loss at the time of surgical resection and enhance resectability. The types of tumors treated were metastatic renal carcinoma, metastatic thyroid carcinoma, metastatic melanoma, and giant cell tumor of the sacrum. Two of the patients required repeated embolization and surgery for recurrent symptoms. The estimated blood loss in seven of nine procedures performed on the six patients ranged from 300 to 800 ml, after which no transfusion was required. In two procedures, extensive resection of very large tumors resulted in larger losses of blood, and postoperative transfusion was necessary. No significant complications of embolization or surgery occurred. A key factor in our embolization technique is the use of microfibrillar collagen, which allows occlusion of tumor vessels as small as 20 microns and may prevent reconstitution of the embolized vessels by collateral flow. We conclude that preoperative arterial embolization enhances the resectability of a variety of spinal tumors by reducing intraoperative blood loss. This may provide an additional benefit by reducing the risk related to postoperative transfusion. By permitting a more aggressive surgical approach, the use of preoperative embolization also has the potential to improve outcome in patients with spinal tumors.     

Effect of preoperative embolization on resection of intracranial meningioma: Local experience

Background/Aim: Preoperative devascularization of intracranial meningioma by endovascular embolization has been performed in many institutes over the past 30 years. Advancement in microsurgical techniques and endovascular technology during the period may have offset or magnified the benefit of the procedure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative embolization on surgical resection of intracranial meningiomas. Methods: The results of preoperative embolization followed by surgical resection of intrancranial meningiomas at a local neurosurgical unit in Kwong Wah Hospital (KWH) were compared to the results of surgical resection of intracranial meningiomas without preoperative embolization at another local neurosurgical unit in Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2003. Results: For convexity meningioma, there was no statistically significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, units of blood transfused or operation time between the embolized group and the non‐embolized group. For parasagittal and sphenoid wing meningioma, although the mean tumour volume was larger in the embolized group, there was less intraoperative blood loss and units of blood transfused, and shorter operation time in the embolized group as compared with the non‐embolized group. Conclusion: There was no significant effect of preoperative embolization on surgical resection of convexity meningiomas. However, the procedure appeared to be a useful adjunct to surgical resection of parasagittal and sphenoid wing meningiomas.     

Preoperative transarterial embolization of vertebral metastases

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of preoperative devascularization of spinal metastases in relation to the preembolization tumor vascularization degree and in relation to the intraoperative blood loss. Twenty-four patients underwent preoperative transarterial embolization of hypervascular spinal metastases. Each tumor was assigned a vascularization grade (I–III) according to tumor blush after contrast agent injection in the main feeding artery. Embolization was performed with polyvinyl alcohol particles in all patients. Surgical reports were reviewed in terms of estimated blood loss. A mild hypervascularization was found in three patients (group I), medium in six patients (group II) and extensive in 15 patients (group III). In 22 out of 24 patients embolization could be performed with a complete devascularization. In two patients, only partial embolization could be performed, due to the main feeding artery arising from the artery of Adamkiewicz. In patients with complete devascularization the mean intraoperative blood loss was 1,900 ml, whereas in the two patients who were not embolized it was 5,500 ml. Intraoperative blood loss was not correlated to the vascularization grade. Angiography and embolization could be performed in all patients without causing permanent neurologic deficit, skin or muscle necrosis. The surgeons concluded that radical tumor resection after embolization was facilitated. Intraoperative blood loss is not correlated with the pre-interventional vascularization degree, if complete devascularization can be achieved with embolization. Preoperative embolization of vertebral hypervascular tumors is safe, effective and facilitates tumor resection.     

Is there a benefit of preoperative meningioma embolization?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of preoperative embolization of meningiomas on surgery and outcomes. METHODS: In a prospective study, 60 consecutive patients with intracranial meningiomas who were treated in two neurosurgical centers were included. In Center A, embolization was performed for none of the patients (n = 30). In Center B, 30 consecutive patients with embolized meningiomas were treated. Preoperatively, tumor size and location, neurological status, and Barthel scale score were recorded. In Center B, the extent of tumor devascularization was evaluated using angiography and postembolization magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperatively, blood loss, the numbers of blood units transfused, and the observations of the neurosurgeon concerning hemostasis, tumor consistency, and intratumoral necrosis were recorded. Postoperatively, the neurological status and duration of hospitalization were recorded. Six months after surgery, the outcomes were assessed using the Barthel scale and neurological examinations. RESULTS: The mean tumor sizes were 22.9 cc in Center A and 29.6 cc in Center B (P > 0.1). The mean blood losses did not differ significantly (646 ml in Center A versus 636 ml in Center B; P > 0.5). However, for a subgroup of patients with subtotal devascularization (>90% of the tumor) on postembolization magnetic resonance imaging scans in Center B, blood loss was less, compared with the entire group in Center A (P < 0.05). The observations of the neurosurgeon regarding hemostasis, tumor consistency, and intratumoral necrosis did not differ significantly. There were no surgery-related deaths in either center. The rates of surgical morbidity, with permanent neurological worsening, were 20% (n = 6) in Center A and 16% (n = 5) in Center B. There was one permanent neurological deficit (3%) caused by embolization. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, only complete embolization had an effect on blood loss. The value of preoperative embolization for all meningiomas must be reconsidered, especially in view of the high costs and risks of embolization.     

选择性动脉栓塞在胸、腰段脊柱肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的 探讨减少脊柱肿瘤切除术中出血及提高肿瘤切除彻底性的有效方法。方法 １９８４年６月～１９９７年４月对１５例胸,腰段原发脊柱肿瘤（巨细胞瘤５例,恶性神经鞘瘤２例,脊索瘤１例,纤维黄色瘤１例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤１例,骨母细胞型骨肉瘤１例,Ｅｗｉｎｇ肉瘤１例,骨髓瘤１例,平滑肌肉瘤１例,非何杰金氏淋巴瘤１例）术前彩 选择性节段性动脉栓塞,术中行病灶切除及脊椎重 中８例采用一期椎体全切除,结果 栓塞满     

Preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas with Embosphere microspheres.

BACKGROUND: To reduce intraoperative bleeding and to facilitate surgery by inducing tumor softening, a preoperative embolization of meningiomas is commonly recommended. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report on our experience with non-resorbable microspheres (Embosphere) in the preoperative endovascular embolization of 17 intracranial meningiomas. After adding contrast media to the particles sized 40-500 micron, the embolization process was followed under fluoroscopy. There was a good passage of microcatheters if high concentrations of particles were avoided. RESULTS: The obstruction of the tumor feeders by particles was accompanied by a regression of tumor blush in DSA. CT controls showed a diminished contrast accumulation of the tumors already 1-2 days after embolization. Histologically, Embosphere microspheres were easy detectable with all commonly used staining methods. Embolization triggered, microscopically detectable necrosis was found in 77 % of the tumors. The mean interval between embolization and tumor extirpation was 2.5 days. The average time required for tumor extirpation was 244 minutes, while the average blood loss was 749 ml. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiences show that Embosphere microspheres are effective embolic agents in obstructing meningeal feeders of preoperatively treated meningiomas.     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术中免打结分层缝合法修补肾脏组织缺损的临床应用研究

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术中免打结分层缝合法修补肾脏组织缺损的临床可行性和安全性。方法:2008年12月～2010年12月,对167例肿瘤直径<4cm的肾肿瘤患者行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术。术中采用免打结技术分别缝合肾脏髓质和全层的分层缝合法修补肾脏组织缺损。观察肾脏热缺血时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数、围手术期和近期并发症以及手术效果。结果:167例手术全部获得成功,无中转开放手术;术中平均肾脏热缺血时间(20.5±3.5)min,平均手术时间(62.1±10.6)min,术中出血量中位数30ml(10～220ml),无术中输血病例,术中肾脏组织冷冻病例检查3例,均为阴性,术后病理检查肾细胞癌肿瘤切缘均为阴性。术后住院时间中位数7d(5～13d),2例患者住院期间肾脏创面出血,予高选择性肾动脉栓塞后出血停止;术后无尿瘘病例。围手术期无死亡病例及二次手术切除肾脏病例。158例患者随访12～36个月,肾细胞癌患者均未见局部复发及远处转移,9例失访。结论:对于肿瘤直径<4cm的选择性肾肿瘤病例,后腹腔镜肾部分切除术中肾脏组织免打结缺损分层缝合法安全、有效,具有较好的临床可行性。     

The current surgical management of carotid body paragangliomas.

To determine if recent trends in evaluation and therapy have contributed to the successful surgical management of carotid body paragangliomas, we reviewed our experience over the past decade. Nineteen carotid body paragangliomas were identified in 17 patients. Eleven patients underwent complete, preoperative embolization of their afferent arteries with one complication. Calculated carotid body paragangliomas surface areas did not differ between the embolized 64.6 +/- 43.3 cm2 and nonembolized 63.0 +/- 57.9 cm2 lesions. Intraoperative blood loss was lower (p = 0.02) in the patients treated with embolization (372 +/- 213 ml) compared with their cohorts (609 +/- 564 ml). However, the operative times were equivalent 4.1 hours versus 4.5 hours in both groups. Intraoperative electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring was used in 10 patients; in one patient the EEG indicated intraoperative thrombosis of the carotid artery, which was successfully treated by thrombectomy without complications. Two patients required carotid bifurcation resection and vascular reconstruction to remove the entire tumor; a late stroke manifested by contralateral hand weakness developed in one of these patients. The incidence of cranial nerve injury was low at 16%, with one transient ramus mandibularis paresis and two instances of vocal cord dysfunction. Two additional patients had a postoperative Horner's syndrome. We conclude that by diminishing intraoperative blood loss through complete and careful preoperative embolization and use of intraoperative EEG monitoring along with careful surgical technique, the complications associated with this challenging operation are facilitated and diminished.     

腹腔镜与开腹用于半肝切除近期疗效比较:一项倾向性评分匹配分析

目的在匹配良好的情况下比较腹腔镜与开腹半肝切除的安全性及近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年9月期间在南方医科大学南方医院肝胆外科261例因良恶性疾病行左半肝或右半肝切除术病人的临床资料,其中43例行腹腔镜半肝切除(腹腔镜组),218例行开腹半肝切除(开腹组)。使用包括手术切除范围、手术时期、病人基本特征和肿瘤最大直径等对腹腔镜组和开腹组进行1∶4倾向性评分匹配(PSM),比较匹配后两组的围手术期相关临床数据。结果138例病人匹配成功,其中腹腔镜组36例,开腹组102例。两组手术切除范围、手术时期、病人的基本特征和肿瘤最大直径等9个混杂因素达到平衡。腹腔镜组较开腹组[结果数据以M(P25,P75)表示]出血量少[200(100,200)ml比300(200,400)ml,P<0.05],输血量少[0(0,0)ml比0(0,400)ml,P<0.05],术后禁食天数[1.00(1.00,2.00)d比3.00(2.00,4.00)d,P<0.05]及术后住院天数[8.38(7.00,10.00)d比11.85(9.38,14.38)d,P<0.05]更短。腹腔镜组较开腹组输血率低(11.1%比34.3%,P<0.05)。腹腔镜组术后第1天、第5天白细胞计数(WBC)水平低于开腹组(P<0.05)。但腹腔镜组手术时间更长[(317.42±86.58)min比(248.92±91.54)min,P<0.05],住院总费用更高[(7.75±1.44)万元比(6.47±1.84)万元,P<0.05]。两组术后并发症发生率、严重程度,术后肝功能不全发生率及严重程度,术后第1、3、5天的红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)水平差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜半肝切除术治疗肝脏良恶性疾病安全可行,其术中出血量更少,病人术后恢复更快。     

完全腹腔镜下胃良性病手术50例

目的总结腹腔镜下胃大部切除术的可行性、方法及效果并探讨其临床价值。方法回顾分析2002年1月至2006年6月行完全腹腔镜治疗的胃良性病患者50例的临床资料（LG组）,并与同期104例开腹手术患者（OG组）在平均手术时间、术中失血、术后平均住院日及并发症等方面进行比较。结果50例LG组患者手术均在腹腔镜下顺利完成,平均手术时间105min,平均出血50ml,平均住院时间7d,术后2例发生切口感染,无其他严重并发症发生。OG组平均手术时间118min,平均出血108ml,平均住院时间12d,其中7例发生切口感染,3例发生胃排空障碍,并且有1例发生吻合口瘘,1例发生术后肠梗阻。两组间术中出血和住院时间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜下胃手术是一种安全适用的微创外科手术,具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、住院时间短的优点。     

经腋前线单切口腔镜辅助乳腺手术切除肿瘤的临床研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨经腋前线单切口腔镜辅助乳腺手术切除肿瘤的临床疗效。方法〓选取2015年1月至2016年1月我院收治的70例乳腺纤维瘤患者,按照手术方法的不同将其分为两组,观察组35例患者行经腋前线单切口腔镜辅助乳腺手术切除肿瘤,对照组35例患者经乳晕切口行常规手术,对比两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间的手术相关参数以及术后并发症发生率。结果〓两组患者手术均顺利完成,术后均无皮肤淤斑及皮下积液等并发症。观察组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、切口至病灶远端的距离、住院时间等手术相关指标上比较均明显优于对照组患者,并具有统计学意义;观察组患者中切口至病灶远端的距离≤8.0 cm的患者在手术时间及术中出血量上均小于切口至病灶远端的距离>8.0 cm患者,P<0.05,其他各项无显著性差异。结论〓经腋前线单切口腔镜辅助乳腺手术切除肿瘤相较于常规乳腺肿瘤切除术具有更好的安全性和临床疗效,患者术后恢复快,并发症发生率低。但采用距病灶过长的通道可能增加损伤。     

腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术的初步探讨(附15例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术的可行性、安全性。方法:回顾分析2012年9月至2014年2月为15例右肝肿瘤患者行腹腔镜肝切除术的临床资料。其中肝血管瘤9例,原发性肝癌6例。结果:12例成功完成完全腹腔镜下手术,3例行手辅助腹腔镜手术,无一例中转开腹。其中10例行肝右后叶切除术,5例行右前叶肿瘤切除术。术中13例需阻断肝门,阻断时间平均(17.3±3.5)min。手术时间平均(150±55)min,术中出血量平均(168±39)ml,术后平均住院(11.2±2.7)d。结论:腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术受技术问题、手术风险性、肿瘤治疗原则的限制,对术者腹腔镜技术要求较高,操作过程复杂,但在严格把握手术适应证、熟练掌握腹腔镜技术的前提下,肝右叶的肿瘤行腹腔镜肝肿瘤切除术是安全、可行的。     

介入栓塞联合手术切除治疗臀部巨大肿瘤

目的 探讨臀部巨大肿瘤的外科治疗方法.方法 总结11例臀部巨大肿瘤的临床资料,其中血管瘤5例,神经纤维瘤4例,软组织肉瘤2例,采用Seldinger技术,分别选用明胶海绵及线段作为栓塞剂,选择性插管技术栓塞治疗.11例患者术前介入栓塞成功后,再行手术切除肿瘤.结果 本组11例患者行选择供瘤动脉栓塞治疗后瘤体体积变小,张力降低,质地变软,边界相对清楚,且疼痛减轻,避免了术中致命性出血,5例血管瘤术中平均出血约450 ml,4例神经纤维瘤术中平均出血约420ml,2例软组织肉瘤术中出血平均约150ml,术中、术后均未输血,手术切除较彻底,手术时间2～3 h,最大限度地保留正常组织,外形和功能恢复好.10例切口一期愈合,1例切口感染,延迟1周愈合.术后随访4～8个月,未出现肿瘤复发,下肢静脉栓塞等并发症.结论 对臀部巨大肿瘤行介入栓塞联合手术切除治疗,大大降低了手术大出血风险,提高了手术成功率,显著改善生存质量.     

达芬奇机器人在胆总管囊肿手术切除中的应用

目的评估达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助胆总管囊肿切除术的安全性及疗效,总结手术经验。 方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年12月于中山大学附属第一医院胆胰外科接受达芬奇机器人辅助胆总管囊肿切除术的12例患者临床资料,分析其相关的临床数据,评估手术的安全性及近期疗效。 结果12例均顺利完成机器人辅助下胆总管囊肿及胆囊切除、肝管空肠改良襻式吻合术;手术中位时间为385 min（280~420 min）,术中出血量中位数为30 ml（30~100 ml）。3例有腹腔手术史患者术后进食时间、住院时间与无手术史的患者比较,差异无统计学意义。术后1例患者发生腹腔感染,经保守治疗后痊愈;术后平均住院（7.7±1.4）d,无一例30 d内再入院。 结论达芬奇机器人辅助胆总管囊肿切除手术安全、可靠,操作更精准灵活、舒适,具有微创、术中出血少、术后恢复快的优势。     

肝脏肿瘤的微创治疗——从腹腔镜到机器人

目的探讨完全腹腔镜、手助式腹腔镜及机器人三种微创手术方式在肝脏切除术中的可行性、安全性及适用范围。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院普外科自2004年9月至20l2年1月期间完成的微创肝脏切除术(minimally invasive liver resection,MILR)128例患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为完全腹腔镜肝脏切除术(pure laparoscopic resection,PLR)组、手助式腹腔镜肝脏切除术(hand-assisted laparoscopicresection,HALR)组及机器人辅助肝脏切除术(robotic liver resection,RLR)组,分别观察3组患者术中与术后恢复情况并进行对比分析。结果 PLR组82例,中转开腹3例,手术时间为(145.4±54.4)min(40～290 min)、术中出血量为(249.3±255.7)ml(30～1 500 ml),术后并发腹腔感染3例,胆瘘5例,经保守治疗后痊愈,无围手术期死亡,术后住院时间为(7.1±3.8)d(2～34 d)。HALR组35例,中转开腹3例,手术时间为(182.7±59.2)min(60～300 min)、术中出血量为(754.3±785.2)ml(50～3 000 ml),术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆瘘2例,切口感染2例,经保守治疗后痊愈,无二次手术,术后住院时间为(15.4±3.7)d(12～30 d)。RLR组11例,中转开腹2例,手术时间为(129.5±33.5)min(120～200 min)、术中出血量为(424.5±657.5)ml(50～5 000 ml),术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆瘘1例,经保守治疗后痊愈,术后住院时间为(6.4±1.6)d(5～9 d)。3组中,RLR组手术时间最短(P=0.001),术后住院时间最短(P=0.000),PLR组术中出血量最少(P=0.000),其差异均有统计学意义。结论肝脏肿瘤微创切除术安全、可行,临床工作中,需要根据不同的病例选择不同的手术方式。机器人辅助肝脏切除术为肝脏肿瘤的微创治疗带来了新的突破。     

Case of large sphenoid ridge meningioma treated by 2-stage surgery

Large skull base meningiomas frequently encase the major cerebral vessels and cranial nerves, and receive blood supply from the branches of the internal carotid artery. One-stage resection of these tumors is difficult due to the long time needed for surgery and profuse bleeding from the tumor. We report herein a case of large sphenoid ridge atypical meningioma that was successfully resected using a combination of two-stage surgery and irradiation. A 56-year-old man was referred to us with mild left hemiparesis and visual deterioration. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large sphenoid ridge meningioma. Angiography showed blood supply from the branches of both external and internal carotid arteries, and pial blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. In the first surgery after embolization of feeder vessels from the external carotid artery, the tumor was still hemorrhagic and was partially resected with 2,374 ml of blood loss. Symptoms were improved after the first surgery. Pathological diagnosis was atypical meningioma. In the second surgery after 40 Gy of irradiation, the remnant tumor was no longer hemorrhagic and was totally resected. Staged surgery with irradiation is one treatment option for large vascular skull base meningiomas, particularly for atypical meningiomas.     

Use of aortic occlusion balloon catheter for sacral giant cell tumor resection

We report 2 patients for whom anesthetic management using aortic occlusion balloon catheter (AOBC) was performed thrice. A 14-year-old boy and a 43-year-old man with sacral giant cell tumor underwent tumor resection. In both patients, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed several times before the operation. Before the surgery, an AOBC was inserted via the right femoral artery. For tumor resection, the AOBC was inflated, and a slight decrease in hemorrhage was observed. The occlusion was maintained for 40-55 min, with a loss of 1,400-3,700 ml of blood. In case 1, moderate bleeding from the epidural venous plexus was observed. In case 2, packed red blood cell transfusion was needed, and the patient returned to surgery for hemostasis. Because the AOBC could not decrease the severity of venous hemorrhage, we expected increased hemorrhage with an increase in the extent of surgery. In addition, preoperative multiple TAE might lead to the development of collateral circulation around the sacrum and augment the amount of blood loss in that region. Although the AOBC could reduce intraoperative hemorrhage, uncontrollable bleeding may occur if the sacral giant cell tumor shows extensive dissemination.