单免疫球蛋白白细胞介素1受体相关蛋白在脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织中表达的研究

目的 通过构建小鼠急性肺损伤（ ALI） 模型, 观察单免疫球蛋白白细胞介素1 受体相关蛋白（ SIGIRR） 在正常小鼠及ALI 小鼠模型肺组织中的表达规律, 为SIGIRR 在ALI 预防及治疗方面的应用提供基础。方法 将30 只雄性BALB/C 小鼠随机分为对照组及脂多糖（ LPS） 组, 每组15只。腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉满意后, 行气管插管, 呼吸机辅助呼吸。气管内缓慢滴入LPS 溶液（ 1 mg/kg, 500 μL） 构建ALI 模型。对照组按上述操作步骤, 气管内注射入生理盐水。观察小鼠肺弹性阻力的变化; 肺水肿程度观察; 肺组织病理切片HE 染色后光镜下观察肺组织病变情况; 收集小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（ BALF） , ELISA 法检测细胞因子白细胞介素1β（ IL-1β） 、肿瘤坏死因子α（ TNF-α） 和IL-6 浓度; 收集肺组织, ELISA 法检测肺组织匀浆内一氧化氮（ NO） 浓度和髓过氧化物酶（ MPO） 活性;免疫组化检测肺组织中SIGIRR 表达,Western blot 检测各个时间点肺组织SIGIRR 表达水平的变化。结果 模型小鼠肺弹性阻力较对照组明显上升; 模型小鼠肺组织湿/ 干重比值较对照组明显增高; 模型小鼠肺组织的病理呈现典型的ALI 病理改变特征, 对照组小鼠则表现为正常的肺组织病理学特点;模型建立3 h后, ELISA 法检测ALI 小鼠BALF中IL-1β、TNF-α及IL-6 浓度分别为（ 517 ±18） pg/mL、（ 3523 ±168） pg/mL和（ 676 ±25） pg/mL, 显著高于对照组（ P 〈 0. 05） ; ELISA 法检测模型小鼠肺组织匀浆液中NO 的浓度和MPO 的活性分别为（ 88. 1 ±2. 6） μmol /mL 和（ 215 ±7） μIU/mL, 显著高于对照组（ P 〈0. 05） ; 免疫组化染色提示SIGIRR 在正常的小鼠肺组织中存在表达, 主要分布于肺泡及气道上皮细胞; 模型小鼠肺组织Western blot 结果表明： LPS 诱导小鼠ALI 后1 h, SIGIRR 的表达即开始下降, 3 h 后降至最低, 随后缓慢恢复, 至24 h时基本恢复正常表达水平。结论 SIGIRR 在正常的小鼠肺组织中存在表达, 主要分布于肺泡及气道上皮细胞, LPS 诱导小鼠ALI 后SIGIRR 的表达短期内下降, 至24 h后基本恢复正常表达水平。     

外源性一氧化碳释放分子2对急性肺损伤时肺部炎症反应的抑制作用

目的:探讨外源性一氧化碳释放分子(CORM)2对急性肺损伤 (ALI )时肺部炎症反应的抑制作用.方法:建立小鼠LPS吸入肺损伤模型.实验动物分成4组:对照组(n＝8),LPS吸入致ALI组(n＝15),ALI+无活性CORM-2组(n＝15)以及ALI+CORM-2组(n＝15).在自制的16 cm×8 cm雾化发生罐中雾化LPS(终浓度500 μg/ml),实验组小鼠在雾化罐中放置30 min,对照组小鼠置于单纯的生理盐水雾化罐30 min,ALI+CORM-2组小鼠尾静脉注射CORM-2(8 mg/kg).检测动物肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、核因子κB(NF-κB) 活性、细胞间粘附分子-1 (ICAM-1)的表达,肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和IL-1β水平.结果:ALI组肺组织中MPO及NF-κB活性迅速增强,同时肺组织ICAM-1蛋白水平亦显著升高.CORM-2干预后肺组织MPO及NF-κB活性被明显抑制(P<0.05), ICAM-1蛋白表达量也被显著抑制(P<0.05).肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和IL-1β水平在CORM-2干预后较ALI组明显下降(P<0.05).结论:外源性一氧化碳释放分子能明显抑制肺组织NF-κB活性,减轻ALI肺组织粘附分子的表达,从而减轻组织中白细胞扣留,有效减轻肺部炎症反应.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对小鼠急性肺损伤治疗作用的研究

目的探讨输入外源性骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(AL)I的治疗作用.方法实验随机分为3组(n=10):对照组、ALI组和MSCs治疗组.健康小鼠LPS气管滴入方法建立ALI模型,尾静脉输入全骨髓培养法分离纯化的MSCs.流式细胞分析鉴定MSCs.HE染色组织切片观察输入MSCs前后肺组织病理形态学改变,W/D比值和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性评价肺水肿和炎症反应程度.ELISA检测肺组织匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)的含量.结果流式细胞分析鉴定:培养MSCs表面标记CD105为阳性,CD34为阴性.肺组织病理学显示:ALI组小鼠肺组织呈现典型的炎症病理变化,包括肺泡充血、出血、水肿,肺泡腔和血管壁中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡壁增厚等肺损伤性病变;MSCs治疗组小鼠肺组织损伤程度明显减轻.肺W/D比值、肺组织MPO活性及TNF-α和IL-6含量:ALI组小鼠肺W/D比值、肺组织MPO活性及TNF-α和IL-6含量高于对照组(P<0.05);MSCs治疗组肺W/D比值、肺组织MPO活性及TNF-α和IL-6含量低于ALI组(P<0.05).结论输入MSCs能够减轻脂多糖致急性肺损伤程度,其作用可能与降低肺W/D比值和肺组织MPO活性、IL-6及TNF-a含量有关.     

地塞米松对急性肺损伤大鼠炎症介质/抗炎介质表达的影响

目的探讨地塞米松(DEX)对急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠模型炎症介质和抗炎介质表达的影响。方法气道内滴注内毒素(LPS,10mg/kg)建立大鼠ALI模型。54只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、损伤组、DEX组,每组18只(2、6及24h各6只)。按时相观察大鼠PaO2、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)细胞总数及分类计数、BALF总蛋白水平、肺病理,RTPCR方法检测肺组织炎症/抗炎介质的表达。结果损伤组大鼠PaO2进行性降低,BALF总蛋白水平及细胞总数均明显增加,分类以中性粒细胞(PMN)为主。肺病理示肺内PMN大量浸润伴出血、透明膜形成。DEX组的各项指标均较损伤组减轻。损伤组肺组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)mRNA表达水平2h达高峰,随后迅速下降;肺组织白细胞介素1β(IL1β)mRNA表达水平2h显著升高,6h达高峰,随后迅速下降;肺组织IL1ramRNA表达水平6h开始升高,且为峰值,24h仍高于对照组。DEX抑制肺组织TNFαmRNA、IL1βmRNA表达,不影响IL1ramRNA表达。结论ALI早期TNFαmRNA、IL1βmRNA表达明显增加,IL1ramRNA表达滞后,提示在没有外来干预的情况下,ALI早期存在炎症介质/抗炎介质失衡。DEX可显著抑制炎症介质表达,不影响抗炎介质表达,有利于重建炎症介质/抗炎介质平衡,减轻内毒素大鼠ALI。     

支气管哮喘小鼠模型肺组织和肺泡灌洗液高迁移率族蛋白B1的表达及地塞米松的干预作用

目的 探讨支气管哮喘小鼠模型肺组织和肺泡灌洗液的高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)的表达变化及地塞米松的干预作用.方法 18只雌性Balb/C小鼠,随机分成3组,分别为磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照组,鸡卵白蛋白(OVA)组,OVA/地塞米松治疗组;制作支气管哮喘模型;全身体积描记法检测小鼠气道反应性,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALD作细胞分类计数,酶联免疫吸附试验(EUSA)测定BALF上清中HMGB1含量,左肺行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,蛋白免疫印迹方法检测右肺组织HMGB1表达.结果 1、成功制作支气管哮喘模型.2、BALF中HMGB1含量变化:OVA组肺泡灌洗液中HMGB1含量(6.31±4.05ng/ml)显著高于对照组(2.59±0.73ng/ml)(P=0.017);与OVA组比较,OVA/地塞米松组(3.39±0.50ng/ml)小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液HMGB1含量无显著降低(P=0.052).3、肺组织HMGB1的表达情况:OVA组小鼠肺组织HMGB1相对表达量(HMGB1/TUBULIN)(2.08±0.87)显著高于对照组(0.93±0.18)(P<0.05);与OVA组比较,OVA/地塞米松组小鼠肺脏HMGB1表达量(1.15±0.48)无显著减低(P=0.133).结论 HMGB1在支气管哮喘小鼠的肺组织和支气管肺泡灌洗液中表达明显增加,但地塞米松无明显拮抗效果.提示HMGB1可能是哮喘防治的新靶点.     

二烯丙基三硫对脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织TNF-α和IL-1β的影响

目的 探讨二烯丙基三硫(diallyl trisulfide,DATS)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)致急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)小鼠肺组织肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)表达的影响.方法 复制LPS致ALI小鼠模型.实验动物随机分为生理盐水对照组、ALI组、DATS预防组、DATS治疗组、DATS组.用酶联免疫吸附法测定各组2、6 h肺组织匀浆上清中TNF-α及IL-1β浓度.反转录PCR检测各组TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达.结果 ALI组2 h肺组织中TNF-α及IL-1β含量均明显升高(P＜0.01),6 h有所降低,但仍高于对照组(P＜0.01);DATS预防组可明显降低肺组织中TNF-α及IL-1β的含量,DATS治疗组无明显效果.对照组及DATS组肺组织中未检测到TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达;ALI组2 h时肺组织中TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);DATS预防组与ALI组相比,肺组织中TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达显著降低(P＜0.05),DATS治疗组与ALI组相比无明显差异.结论 预先给予DATS对LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的生成及mRNA表达具有抑制作用.     

积雪草苷对脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的观察积雪草苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠的保护效应。方法56只Balb/c小鼠随机分为对照、假手术、模型、溶媒、积雪草苷(5、15、45 mg/kg)7组,每组8只。LPS(2.5 mg/kg)气管滴注造ALI模型,24 h后HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理改变,计算肺湿质量/干质量值;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)后行白细胞计数和分类,BCA法检测其蛋白的量;化学法检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性。结果积雪草苷各剂量组呈剂量依赖性减轻LPS所致ALI模型肺组织病变情况,减轻肺水肿,减轻中性粒细胞的浸润,抑制蛋白渗出。抑制肺组织中MPO活性。结论积雪草苷对LPS诱导ALI有保护效应。     

NMDA受体阻断剂美金刚胺对小鼠内毒素急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨NMDA受体阻断剂美金刚胺对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用.方法:健康成年雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、美金刚胺组、ALI组和美金刚胺+ALI组.腹腔注射美金刚胺(10 mg/kg) 30 min后腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)制作ALI小鼠模型.各组小鼠处理后6h测定全肺测定湿/干重比值;采用苏木精-伊红染色观察肺组织病理学改变,采用比色法测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;采用ELISA法检测各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性.结果:美金刚胺预处理可降低LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺湿/干重比值,减轻其肺组织病理学改变,减少肺组织中MPO和MDA的含量,同时可降低BALF中TNF-α含量以及LDH活性(均P＜0.05).结论:采用美金刚胺阻断NMDA受体可减轻LPS诱导的小鼠ALI,为临床治疗ALI提供了新思路.     

治疗SARS云南产中成药物筛选研究(摘要)

目的筛选治疗SARS的云南产中成药物。方法气管内滴入LPS复制小鼠ALI模型,观察各实验组小鼠在4、8、12 h和24 h的死亡率,检测不同时间小鼠肺组织W/D、MPO含量、EB含量和肺组织产生释放O·2-的能力,BALF中蛋白含量和PMN数量,PAM的吞噬功能和肺组织病理形态学变化,评价九种云南产中成药物抗小鼠ALI的药理学作用。结果LPS致小鼠ALI4 h,肺组织W/D、MPO含量、EB含量和肺组织产生释放O·2-的能力,BALF中蛋白含量和PMN数量显著增加,12 h达高峰(P<0.01),24 h略有下降(P>0·05):LPS致小鼠ALI 4 h,PAM吞噬功能增强,4 h后吞噬…     

大鼠肠源性感染致早期肺损伤的肿瘤坏死因子—α变化

目的：观察肠源性感染致早期肺损伤的肿瘤坏死因子—α(TNF—α)变化，探讨其作用机理。方法：采用大鼠盲肠结扎并穿孔造成腹腔感染。分别在0、24、48、72、96、120h处死一组大鼠，检测肺毛细血管通透性，取支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行细胞学分析，检测血浆、肺组织和BALF的TNF—α。结果：肺毛细血管通透性和BALF的中性粒细胞百分率逐渐增加，时间越长越明显。血浆、肺组织和BALF的TNF—α逐渐增加，肺组织和BALF的TNF—α显著相关，两者与血浆的TNF—α无明显相关性。结论：在肠源性感染致肺损伤的早期阶段，TNF—α就参与了肺的炎症反应，检测BALF的TNF—α可发现早期的肠源性肺损伤。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.