Hygienic aspects of iodine deficiency diseases in the Tomsk Region

The impact of the content of iodine and other trace elements in the environmental objects of the Tomsk Region on the development of iodine-deficiency diseases was studied in children. Slightly sour soils and low soil humus levels in the Tomsk Region were ascertained to be conducive to low iodine content in soils and plants. As compared with the clarke of iodine in the lithosphere, the soils in the Tomsk Region were marked by low iodine levels, permitting it to be, in terms of endemic goiter, referred to as a biogeochemical province. The soils of rural areas in the Tomsk Region were characterized by the specific trace element composition--the high content of molybdenum and copper and the low level of zinc, which is a factor that is of importance in the development of endemic goiter. In children, daily dietary requirements for iodine were met at 60% of the normal levels, those for animal proteins at 50%, at the same time there was deficiency of amino acid tyrosine, the substrate involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Endemic goiter occupies 80% in the structure of thyroid diseases. There is a considerable predominance of early goiter forms over severer ones. In terms of the level of ioduria, 64% of the examined children had mild iodine deficiency.     

Hygienic assessment of iodine deficiency in the Khabarovsk Territory

Iodine deficiency is one of the most common non-communicable human diseases. The Khabarovsk Territory is among the regions affected by this condition. A complex evaluation was made of the content of iodine in the environment (water, soil), foodstuffs, and the population in the Khabarovsk Territory. By keeping in mind its great extent from north to south, Khabarovsk Territory has been divided into three areas: northern, central, and southern, by taking into account their climatic, soil, and environmental conditions. The population of the northern area of the Territory was found to be at the highest risk of iodine deficiency since the content of iodine in the foodstuffs, water, and soil was the least. The native population of the Amyr Region is more resistant to iodine deficiency than non-indigenous groups. The children of the Territory are at higher risk for iodine deficiency-associated conditions. A comprehensive study of the levels of iodine in the foodstuffs, environmental objects, and population has revealed that the Khabarovsk Territory is endemic in iodine deficiency, and its population has mild to moderate iodine deficiency.     

Hygienic aspects of noise prevention in the cities

The study was undertaken to analyze the sources of external noise, factors influencing the noise regime of the residential area and the characteristics of traffic noise propagation near highway and inside the housing estates. Acoustic discomfort zones were described as illustrated by Troparevo micro-district. Comparative acoustic efficacy of some noise-protective installations was presented, i.e., of wall shields, pits, embankments, scaffold bridges and noiseproof buildings with muffle valves.     

2009年西宁市碘缺乏病防治现状调查

目的了解和掌握青海省西宁市碘缺乏病防治现况,为今后碘缺乏病防治工作提供参考依据。方法按《全国碘缺乏病监测方案(试行)》的要求,在西宁市所辖4区3县,每区(县)按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各随机抽取1个街道(乡),各调查1所小学,从每所小学抽80名8～10岁学生(男女各半)进行甲状腺检查,并在此学生中随机抽取20名学生采集尿样及其家中的食用盐进行检测;在所选的学校中抽取80名8～10岁学生进行碘缺乏病防治知识问卷调查。结果盐碘中位数为31.2mg/kg,尿碘中位数为205.3μg/L,触诊法儿童甲状腺肿大率为0.80%,碘缺乏病防治知识问卷调查及格率为95.0%。结论西宁市基本实现消除碘缺乏病的阶段目标。     

Physiopathology of iodine deficiency

The process of goitrogenesis is likely to be the consequence of an increased TSH stimulation linked to an initial reduction of circulating thyroid hormone caused by iodine deficiency (ID). Other growth factors associated to TSH may have a role in the pathogenesis of goiter. Natural history of goiter is the evolution towards nodularity and functional autonomy. This phenomenon is due to the heterogeneity of thyroid follicular cells, some of which, with an intrinsic elevated growth rate, under the stimulation of ID progress to nodule formation and hyperfunction. In multinodular goiter TSH receptor mutations activating adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway were found. In a recent epidemiological survey it was shown that nodular goiter increased with the age, being about 1% in schoolchildren and 23% in the adults (56-75 years). Also nodular autonomy and hyperthyroidism were more frequent in the 36-75 year age group. Severe ID is also cause of endemic cretinism. In Europe minor neuropsychological impairments and cognitive deficits were described in areas of moderate ID. The exposure to a mild ID during fetal life causes minor neuropsychological damage. In conclusion, ID is responsible of goiter and its evolution towards nodularity and functional autonomy. Severe ID is also cause of endemic cretinism, while cognitive deficits and minor neuropsychological impairments were found in mild to moderate ID.     

广西碘缺乏病防治效果分析

目的探讨广西碘缺乏病防治效果。方法采用PPS法对30个县 (市 )进行调查 ,用触诊法和B超法检查甲状腺大小 ,用砷—铈接触法测定尿碘 ,盐碘用直接滴定法测定 ,ELISA测定TSH。结果儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为6.9 % ,B超法为9.5 % ,;碘盐加工、批发、零售、用户合格率分别为84.06 %、83.44 %、94.20 %、93.53 % ;学生家用碘盐合格率为94.26 % ,中位数46.6mg/kg;尿碘中位数为367.6μg/L,≥100μg/L的占90.63 % ;新生儿脐带血TSH中位数为1.90mU/L ,>5.0mU/L占检查人数8.50 %。结论广西以食用合格碘盐为主的防治措施是行之有效的 ,2000年已达到消除碘缺乏病的阶段目标。