乳腺癌根治术后胸壁电子束旋转照射的临床应用

放射治疗是高危乳腺癌根治术后综合治疗的重要组成部分。胸壁和锁骨上区是最重要的术后辅助放疗部位。目前有多种胸壁照射方式,由于胸廓特殊的几何形状,传统的照射方法难以达到合理的剂量分布。电子束旋转照射技术利用电子束的剂量分布特点,根据胸壁的形状和靶区的深度选择不同的能量,能使靶区达到理想的剂量分布,同时降低心、肺晚期放射损伤,在胸壁照射中具有较大的优势及其较高的临床应用价值。本文就乳腺癌根治术后胸壁电子束旋转照射的临床应用作一综述。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗单野与分野计划比较

目的：乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗时单野与分野治疗对整个胸壁照射区剂量分布比较。方法：对乳腺癌根治术后病人进行模拟CT定位,用Varian的Eclipse治疗计划系统进行CT图像重建、靶区勾画。6MeV或9MeV电子线对所勾画的靶区进行单野和分野计划设计,计算并比较整个靶区的剂量分布。结果：乳腺癌术后胸壁照射由单野改成二野照射后,80％剂量曲线所包靶区体积由47％上升到84％,90％剂量曲线所包靶区体积由28％上升到72％。结论：进行乳腺癌根治术后大胸壁电子线照射时,单野照射剂量分布不均且靠近内乳区和腋中线区剂量严重不足,若在病人体表弯曲处进行分野,分野后进行二野照射则大大提高内乳区和腋中线区的剂量,提高了整个靶区的剂量,从而满足临床剂量要求。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗单野与分野计划比较

目的:乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗时单野与分野治疗对整个胸壁照射区剂量分布比较。方法:对乳腺癌根治术后病人进行模拟CT定位,用Varian的Eclipse治疗计划系统进行CT图像重建、靶区勾画。6MeV或9MeV电子线对所勾画的靶区进行单野和分野计划设计,计算并比较整个靶区的剂量分布。结果:乳腺癌术后胸壁照射由单野改成二野照射后,80%剂量曲线所包靶区体积由47%上升到84%,90%剂量曲线所包靶区体积由28%上升到72%。结论:进行乳腺癌根治术后大胸壁电子线照射时,单野照射剂量分布不均且靠近内乳区和腋中线区剂量严重不足,若在病人体表弯曲处进行分野,分野后进行二野照射则大大提高内乳区和腋中线区的剂量,提高了整个靶区的剂量,从而满足临床剂量要求。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的近距离贴敷放疗

乳腺癌根治术后胸壁复发占10％左右，治疗及时与否直接影响患者的生存时间与生存质量。局部复发的治疗是比较棘手的问题，常规方法是化疗或局部的再次放疗。由于我国部分地区购置的加速器不具备电子束照射功能，利用X线切线野照射胸壁时存在着剂量不均、射野衔接困难、肺脏受量过多等诸多问题。即便有电子线设备，由于复发面积较大，剂量很难均匀。近年来我们采用后装贴敷技术治疗乳腺癌术后胸壁复发，取得了良好的临床效果。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁照射技术剂量分布的研究

目的：对乳腺癌术后胸壁放射治疗几种常用照射技术的剂量分布特点进行研究。方法：对乳腺癌手术后患者和做了标记的测量体模，按放疗体位做CT扫描，CT影像经网络送入三维TPS，在TPS上设计4种照射方案，并在人体模上进行模拟照射（参考剂量1Gy)，用热释光剂量仪进行实际测量。结果：实验结果表明除电子弧形旋转照射外，其它3种照射技术的胸壁剂量都较均匀（胸壁平均剂量＞0．90Gy)。电子线弧形旋转照射 和X线双切线影＋内乳区电子线野技术由于在内乳区设野保证了内乳区有充足的剂量（内乳点剂量＞0．90Gy)，但是后者在2个野交界处易形成剂量冷热点。单纯X线切线野和适形野技术在内乳区可产生欠剂量情况，体积剂量直方图显示电子线旋转照射技术肺部受高剂量照体积最小，适形野技术也使肺部受高剂量照射体积明显减小。在体表加盖1．0－1．5cm的组织等效填充物后，4种照射技术的皮肤剂量可提高到0．90Gy以上。结论：乳腺癌胸壁照射技术有不同的剂量分布特点，在临床应用时应视患者具体情况选择使用。     

我国乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗现状的调查分析

目的为了全面了解我国目前乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术后放疗（简称术后放疗）的现状，特开展此项研究。方法对全国所有开展放疗的单位分别于2003年1～3月邮寄调查表，对乳腺癌术后放疗的适应证和放疗技术等进行两轮问卷调查。结果乳腺癌术后放疗适应证中包含T1～T2期病变及位于内象限或中央区、T1～亿期淋巴结转移1～3个、T3期或淋巴结转移≥4个的单位比例分别为11．9％、63．8％、87．6％和97．1％，其中仅以T3期或淋巴结转移≥4个为术后放疗主要适应证的单位只占7．1％。在放疗靶区中，常规照射锁骨上下区的单位最多，占96．2％，其余依次为内乳区85．2％、胸壁79．0％和腋窝74．8％。胸壁照射以^60Co或高能X线切线野照射最多见（45．2％），单纯电子线照射占28．3％，^60Co或高能X线与电子线混合照射占25．3％；34．3％的单位在照射中胸壁加垫填充物；胸壁的中位照射剂量是50Gy（30～60Gy）。腋窝照射以^60Co或高能X线为主（86．6％），与电子线混合照射占12．7％；有65．6％的单位采用腋后野补量照射技术；腋窝中位照射剂量是50Gy（40～64Gy）。锁骨上下区也以^60Co或高能X线照射为主（61．4％），与电子线混合照射占33．7％；锁骨上下区中位照射剂量是50Gy（40～60Gy）。内乳区单纯^60Co或高能X线照射占49．7％，与电子线混合照射占33．0％，单纯电子线照射占15．6％；内乳区中位照射剂量也是50Gy（40—60Gy）。结论目前我国对肿瘤≥5cm或淋巴结转移≥4个的乳腺癌进行术后放疗的看法比较一致，但对T1～T2期淋巴结转移1～3个的患者是否需要术后放疗的看法尚存分歧，有待进一步的前瞻性临床研究来证实。     

肺癌患者行立体定向放疗的护理

立体定向放疗是目前治疗小细胞肺癌或局部中晚期非小细胞肺癌的一种较为先进的放射治疗手段，其特点是针对肿瘤区实行非共面多弧度等中心旋转，该技术使高剂量区剂量分布的形状在三维立体方向上与靶区的实际形状一致，而周围正常组织照射剂量垂直下降，肿瘤靶区受到高剂量照射的同时，     

乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁切线野计划和电子线计划的剂量学比较

目的:比较乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁X线切线野放疗计划和电子线单野放疗计划肿瘤靶区与正常组织的剂量学分布差异,探讨最合适的照射方式.方法:选取2007年8月～2008年6月收治的30例有胸壁照射适应证的乳腺癌改良根治术后患者.进行CT模拟定位,利用三维治疗计划系统为每例患者设计两种不同的胸壁放射治疗计划:X线切线野计划和电子线单野计划,胸壁处方剂量均为50Gy/25次,用剂量体积直方图(DVH)来比较两种计划中临床靶区(CTV)和心脏、同侧肺的剂量学差异.结果:左侧胸壁切线野计划和电子线野计划肿瘤靶区的最大剂量(Dmax)分别为5306±17cGy、5536±301cGy(P=0.02);右侧胸壁Dmax分别为5228±136cGy,5554±253cGy(P=0.01),统计学有显著性差异.两种计划肿瘤靶区其余指标(Dmean、D90和V105%、V110%以及不均匀指数HI)均无统计学差异.左侧胸壁切线野计划和电子线野计划同侧肺平均剂量分别为1095±243cGy和1723±624(P=-0.001),肺V20分别为21±5%和36±13%(P=0.001),两者均有显著性差异.其余指标(心脏的平均剂量、V30)无统计学差异.右侧胸壁两种计划所有正常组织指标均无统计学差异.结论:乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁x线切线野放疗比电子线单野放疗有一定的剂量优势,可以减少胸壁的最高剂量,左侧胸壁能减少同侧肺受照射的体积和剂量,更好地保护正常组织.     

乳腺癌保留术后瘤床追加剂量的弧形野技术

目的:利用弧形野技术提高乳腺瘤床靶区照射剂量,减少肺组织和乳腺正常组织的照射剂量和容积,作乳腺癌保留术后瘤床追加剂量技术与方法的探讨。方法:用大恒STAR-2000三维放射治疗计划系统、GE双螺旋CT、VARIAN 600C/D直线加速器对乳腺癌保留术后患者实施精确定位、虚拟计划设计、弧形野技术照射。结果:通过三维治疗计划的剂量显示,乳腺瘤床靶区100％体积肿瘤剂量≥90％,剂量分布符合临床要求。结论:使用弧形野技术照射乳腺癌,能够有效提高乳腺瘤床靶区肿瘤剂量及要求≥90％的等剂量线包括靶区,减少肺组织、心脏和正常乳腺组织的照射剂量。     

Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌术后胸壁电子束弧形照射的临床观察

应用电子束实施乳腺癌根治术后辅助放射治疗 ,是 80年代以来临床广为采用的放射治疗技术。为了使有胸廓曲度的胸壁照射野靶区剂量均匀、合理的分布 ,从 1993年开始摸索应用电子束弧形照射技术进行乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁或内乳区 胸壁照射的研究 ,笔者主要分析应用该技术对Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌根治术后放射治疗的临床结果及其影响因素。一、材料与方法1.病例资料 :自 1993年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 10月对 10 1例接受乳腺癌改良根治术的Ⅱ～ⅢA期患者实施了胸壁或胸壁加内乳区放射治疗。此组可供分析的病例为 99例 ,患者年龄 2 8～ 6 7岁 (中位值 4 …     

The influence of patient geometry on the selection of chest wall irradiation techniques in post-mastectomy breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate three chest wall (CW) irradiation techniques: wide tangential photon beams, direct appositional electron field and electron arc therapy with regards to target coverage and normal tissue tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two post-mastectomy breast cancer patients were planned using three CW irradiation techniques. Computed tomography (CT) simulation was done on all patients and clinical target, heart and lung volumes were contoured. For each technique, dose distributions and dose-volume histograms (DVH) were calculated. Pass/fail criteria were applied based on volumetric target and critical structure dose coverage. Passing criteria for target was 95% of target receiving 95% of dose using a standard dose of 50 Gy/25 fractions, for heart 相似文献   

Early outcomes data for accelerated partial breast irradiation using balloon brachytherapy

Accelerated partial breast irradiation has been investigated in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Accelerated partial breast irradiation limits the radiation target to the volume of tissue immediately surrounding the lumpectomy cavity and reduces the overall treatment time from approximately 6 weeks to 5 days. Balloon brachytherapy was introduced in 2000. Since that time, several clinical experiences have demonstrated excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Modern intracavitary brachytherapy offers patients with early-stage breast cancer a promising new option for radiation therapy. This treatment appears to offer high rates of local control with minimal toxicity. Newer multilumen devices allow optimal target coverage while minimizing the dose delivered to the skin and chest wall.     

Early outcomes data for accelerated partial breast irradiation using balloon brachytherapy

Accelerated partial breast irradiation has been investigated in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Accelerated partial breast irradiation limits the radiation target to the volume of tissue immediately surrounding the lumpectomy cavity and reduces the overall treatment time from approximately 6 weeks to 5 days. Balloon brachytherapy was introduced in 2000. Since that time, several clinical experiences have demonstrated excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Modern intracavitary brachytherapy offers patients with early-stage breast cancer a promising new option for radiation therapy. This treatment appears to offer high rates of local control with minimal toxicity. Newer multilumen devices allow optimal target coverage while minimizing the dose delivered to the skin and chest wall.     

Dose volume histogram analysis of lung radiation from chest wall treatment: comparison of electron arc and tangential photon beam techniques

The technique of electron arc irradiation of the post-mastectomy chest wall was developed to improve dose uniformity and to reduce lung irradiation in comparison to that seen with standard chest wall tangent photon beam methods. Because of the cephalocaudal variation in chest wall shape and thickness, electron arc treatment planning requires anatomical detail provided by multiple axial CT images of the thorax. To compare the fixed beam and rotational techniques, computer simulated beams covering the chest wall and internal mammary lymphatics were retrospectively applied to the CT-derived contours obtained during treatment planning for 12 consecutive patients receiving adjuvant chest wall treatment by electron arc. The lung dose distribution for each technique was calculated using heterogeneity corrections. The multiplanar 2-dimensional isodose distributions were summed to provide estimated 3-dimensional dose distributions of integral histograms. These reveal that for most of these patients a modest to large improvement in volume-dose relationship occurs with the electron arc technique.     

左乳腺癌根治术后放疗动态调强和容积调强计划的剂量学对比

目的:分析6野的动态调强 (dIMRT)与双弧的容积旋转调强 (VMAT)两种不同的照射技术在左乳腺癌根治术后放疗中的剂量学差异。方法:选择接受放疗的左乳腺癌根治术后患者20例,采用Monaco 5.11计划系统分别设计6野（140°、100°、60°、20°、340°、310°）dIMRT与VMAT（双弧,140°~0°~300°,300°~0°~140°）两套计划,处方剂量均为50 Gy/25 f。比较靶区（锁骨上区、胸壁）和危及器官（心脏、肺）的剂量学差异。结果:两种计划均能满足靶区临床剂量分布要求。在dIMRT和VMAT计划中,左侧胸壁的平均剂量分别为5 319.64 cGy和5 288.21 cGy（P=0.041）;左肺V10、V20、V30分别为38.96%和36.68%、25.38%和23.64%、17.79%和16.61%（P=0.004、0.001、0.002）;右肺V5、V10、Dmean分别为36.24%和22.79%、6.67%和3.44%、472.6 cGy和386.9 cGy（P=0.001、0.019、0.002）,心脏的平均剂量:1 394.6 cGy、1 233.7 cGy（P=0.017）,总Mu:696.2、1 054.9（P=0.000）。结论:dIMRT与VMAT均可满足乳腺癌根治术后放疗的临床要求,VMAT可以明显减少高剂量照射,靶区剂量分布更均匀,并且显著减少肺的高剂量受照体积和心脏的平均剂量,但治疗的Mu增大,对于心肺功能差的患者使用VMAT技术可减少心肺的损伤。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁切线野与容积弧形调强技术的剂量学比较

目的:分析比较乳腺癌术后胸壁辅助放疗采用容积弧形调强技术与传统的胸壁切线野的剂量学差异。方法:随机选择需要放射治疗的乳腺癌患者10例,左右侧各5例,采用Eclipse计划系统为每位患者分别设计传统的胸壁切线野与容积弧形调强两套放射治疗计划,处方剂量均为DT50Gy/25次。用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较靶区、心脏和肺受照射剂量和体积等参数的差异。结果:2种技术均能满足胸壁靶区剂量分布要求。与常规切线野相比,容积弧形调强技术使左侧乳腺癌患者的心脏平均V30由15.87%减少到1.58%(P=0.00),心脏平均V10由22.41%增加到37.82%(P=0.00);左肺平均V20由25.72%减少到11.35%(P=0.00),左肺平均V30由22.79%减少到4.23%(P=0.00)。右侧乳腺癌患者右肺平均V20由28.23%减少到13.55%(P=0.00),右肺平均V30由25.31%减少到5.77%(P=0.00),右肺平均V10由33.26%增加到42.08%(P=0.01)。无论左、右侧乳腺癌,容积弧形调强技术对于身体的低剂量照射范围均大于传统切线野。结论:乳腺癌术后胸壁辅助放疗采用容积弧形调强技术相对于传统的胸壁切线野,能明显减少心脏和肺的高剂量受照体积,却增加了低剂量区范围。     

左侧乳腺癌放疗相关心脏毒性的危险因素分析

 放射治疗是乳腺癌的重要治疗手段,由于左乳与心脏位置毗邻,设计照射野时常不能完全避开心脏。乳腺癌放射治疗增加了患缺血性心脏病、心包炎和瓣膜病的风险。年轻、高体重指数（body mass index, BMI）、肿瘤位于中央象限和胸骨旁区域与心脏受到高剂量辐射有关。放疗心脏毒性与放疗技术有很大关系,对于左乳切除术后放疗,多野调强适形放疗（IMRT）能够平衡靶区覆盖和正常组织受量,而左乳保乳术后放疗,采用双弧度容积旋转调强（VMAT）较多野IMRT更具优势。相比全乳照射,加速部分乳腺照射能够显著降低心脏剂量;而对于需要照射区域淋巴结的患者,采用容积旋转调强或螺旋断层放疗在减少心脏受量方面则显示出优势。相比自由呼吸,深吸气屏气放疗能够显著减少心脏和冠状动脉左前降支剂量;尤其是对于胸壁+区域淋巴结（包括内如淋巴结）放疗的患者采用深吸气屏气（deep inspiration breath hold, DIBH）放疗获益更多,而对于保乳术后仍为大乳腺的患者,采用俯卧位能减少心脏毒性。另外,左乳放疗期间同步曲妥珠单抗靶向治疗、芳香化酶抑制剂（aromatase inhibitors, AI）会影响心脏事件的发生。基于上述因素,在给左侧乳腺癌患者制定放疗计划时,应结合患者年龄、BMI、原发肿瘤位置、体型、术后乳腺大小、是否需要区域淋巴结照射,根据现有放疗设备,给予最优的放疗方案,同时减少增加心脏毒性的同步治疗,从而最大程度减少治疗导致的心脏不良反应。     

Electron arc therapy: chest wall irradiation of breast cancer patients

From 1980 to October 1985 we treated 45 breast cancer patients with electron arc therapy. This technique was used in situations where optimal treatment with fixed photon or electron beams was technically difficult: long scars, recurrent tumor extending across midline or to the posterior thorax, or marked variation in depth of target tissue. Forty-four patients were treated following mastectomy: 35 electively because of high risk of local failure, and 9 following local recurrence. One patient with advanced local regional disease was treated primarily. The target volume boundaries on the chest wall were defined by a foam lined cerrobend cast which rested on the patient during treatment, functioning as a tertiary collimator. A variable width secondary collimator was used to account for changes in the radius of the thorax from superior to inferior border. All patients had computerized tomography performed to determine Internal Mammary Chain depth and chest wall thickness. Electron energies were selected based on these thicknesses and often variable energies over different segments of the arc were used. The chest wall and regional node areas were irradiated to 45 Gy-50 Gy in 5-6 weeks by this technique. The supraclavicular and upper axillary nodes were treated by a direct anterior photon field abutted to the superior edge of the electron arc field. Follow-up is from 10-73 months with a median of 50 months. No major complications were observed. Acute and late effects and local control are comparable to standard chest wall irradiation. The disadvantages of this technique are that the preparation of the tertiary field defining cast and CT treatment planning are labor intensive and expensive. The advantage is that for specific clinical situations large areas of chest wall with marked topographical variation can be optimally, homogeneously irradiated while sparing normal uninvolved tissues.