Transvenous implantation of a coronary sinus lead for left ventricular pacing after cutting balloon angioplasty

We describe a patient in whom a localized proximal vein stenosis at the only possible target vein precluded placement of a coronary sinus lead for left ventricular (LV) pacing. After multiple attempts to perform venoplasty with both compliant and noncompliant balloons, a cutting balloon relieved the obstruction, and an LV pacing lead was successfully placed in the midportion of this lateral vein.     

Coronary vein angioplasty with noncompliant balloon for resistant coronary vein stenosis during left ventricular lead implantation

This report describes a patient who underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in the setting of a severe stenosis in the lateral coronary vein that prevented passage of a left ventricular lead. The stenosis was unresponsive to standard compliant balloon dilatation but was successfully treated with a noncompliant balloon. Venoplasty with noncompliant balloon should be considered for resistant coronary vein stenosis encountered during CRT device implantation.     

Coronary Venous Lead Implantation after an Evaluation by Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound and Stenting of a Stenosis

We describe a patient who developed coronary vein (CV) stenosis shortly (<3 months) after an initial left ventricular (LV) lead implantation with significant fibrous tissue. The virtual histological intravascular ultrasound analysis was useful for characterizing the plaque component of the stenotic lesion and formulating the strategy. A summarized review of the CV angioplasty for LV lead implantations disclosed that CV stenosis was often found in patients who had a previous history of cardiac surgery or an LV lead implantation and that a stent implantation was required to deploy the LV lead in the targeted CV in some (9.3%) patients. (PACE 2013; 36:e59–e63)     

Focused force coronary venoplasty to eliminate a refractory stenosis preventing LV lead placement in two patients

This report describes two patients who underwent a second attempt at cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in the setting of a severe stenosis in the lateral coronary vein that prevented passage of a left ventricular lead. Both stenoses were unresponsive to standard noncompliant balloon dilatation but were successfully treated with the addition of a second stiff angioplasty wire beside the noncompliant balloon. Venoplasty with the addition of a side wire beside the balloon should be considered for resistant coronary vein stenosis encountered during CRT device implantation.     

Left ventricular pacing lead positioning in the target vein of the coronary sinus: description of a challenging case

The optimal left ventricular pacing location for cardiac resynchronization therapy should be individualized according to the site of maximal mechanical delay. However, the presence of vein stenosis or kinking in coronary sinus (CS) anatomy could hamper lead implantation in the target vessel. We describe the case of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and a dual-chamber pacemaker referred for upgrading to a biventricular device owing to New York Heart Association III heart failure symptoms. Tissue Doppler analysis before implantation showed that the area of maximum activation delay was located in the posterolateral region of the left ventricle. Insertion of the lead into a posterolateral vein of the CS by means of the standard over-the-wire approach was unsuccessful due to the presence of a stenosis at the ostium of the vein. Lead placement in an anterior vein of the CS was unsatisfactory owing to a poor local delay from QRS onset. After balloon vein angioplasty, the pacing lead passed through the stenotic tract at the ostium of the target vein and was successfully positioned in the posterolateral region. Three months after pacemaker implantation, echocardiography showed an important reduction in the indexes of both inter- and intraventricular asynchrony and a significant left ventricular reverse remodeling     

Use of Coronary Venous Angioplasty to Facilitate Optimal Placement of Left Ventricular Lead during CRT

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become an accepted treatment for selected patients with drug-resistant heart failure. In some cases CRT implantation can be difficult, particularly optimal left ventricular stimulation through proper lead placement. Difficulties can arise from venous stenosis, atypical and tortuous coronary sinus anatomy, presence of venous valves, postoperative deformation, and absence of vessels in the target location. Various methods adapted from percutaneous coronary artery intervention can be applied to resolve these problems and ensure a good lead position.     

腔内CT密度值用于评估冠状动脉钙化及狭窄程度

目的观察冠状动脉CT成像(CCTA)中,根据冠状动脉钙化(CAC)近端与远端冠状动脉管腔CT值及校正后冠状动脉强化值(CCO)差值评估钙化部位管腔狭窄的准确度。方法对CCTA显示钙化的233支主要冠状动脉(左前降支、左回旋支和右冠状动脉),根据狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组、重度狭窄组和完全闭塞组,比较各组CCO差值,分析以钙化近远端CCO差值评估冠状动脉狭窄的准确度。结果完全闭塞组CCO差值高于轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组(P<0.001);重度狭窄组与中度狭窄组CCO差值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组CCO差值高于轻度狭窄组(P<0.001)。以钙化近远侧CCO差值0.0869作为诊断界点,其诊断冠状动脉≥50%狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为76.67%、75.47%、91.39%和48.78%;以0.2070作为诊断界点时,其诊断冠状动脉闭塞的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为91.84%、79.89%、54.88%和97.35%。结论冠状动脉钙化近远端管腔CCO差值随狭窄程度加重而升高,以之作为评价指标,可明显提高评估冠状动脉钙化及狭窄程度的准确性。     

Cardiac resynchronization after left ventricular lead extraction: usefulness of angioplasty in coronary sinus stenosis

A 68-year-old man, 54 months after having been implanted with a biventricular device, underwent successful extraction of the malfunctioning left ventricular (LV) lead using mechanical dilation. During LV lead reimplantation, venography documented stenosis of the coronary sinus (CS). To overcome the obstacle, balloon angioplasty was performed and a LV lead was then inserted into a lateral tributary of the CS. The procedure was complicated by local infection and, after 2 months, removal of the entire unit became necessary. During controlateral device implantation, a second angioplasty was carried before insertion of the new LV lead because, in the meantime, restenosis had developed in the CS.     

25-(OH)D3与冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性

目的 研究25-(OH)D₃与冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度之间是否具有相关性。方法 接受了冠状动脉造影术(CAG)的216例患者,根据是否达到冠心病诊断标准与Gensini积分高低分为4组:对照组(43例)、轻度狭窄组(73例)、中度狭窄组(53例)、重度狭窄组(47例)。分别检测25-(OH)D₃、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、肌酐(Cr)等指标。结果 4组在25-(OH)D₃、男性、HDL-C、LDL-C、TC、TG的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 25-(OH)D₃与Gensini积分存在负相关关系(r=-0.355, P<0.001);多元logistic回归提示:高水平的25-(OH)D₃对于冠状动脉狭窄具有保护意义(B=-0.084, P<0.001);ROC曲线表明25-(OH)D₃对于冠心病发生及冠状动脉严重狭窄具有较强的预测价值,前者曲线下面积(AUC)为0.74(95%CI:0.663~0.817), 最佳临界值为17.57 ng/ml, 敏感度为74.4%,特异度为72.3%;后者AUC为0.72(95%CI:0.636~0.804), 最佳临界值为11.42 ng/ml, 敏感度为63.8%,特异度为74.6%。结论 25-(OH)D₃与冠状动脉狭窄程度之间呈负相关,较高水平的25-(OH)D₃对冠状动脉狭窄具有一定的保护作用,对于重度狭窄的诊断能力明显强于轻度及中度狭窄。     

Pacing lead adhesions after long-term ventricular pacing via the coronary sinus

Left ventricular pacing via the coronary sinus is being increasingly used. There is little data to guide possible lead extractions that might be required in the future. Significant adhesions to the coronary veins were found 12 years after placing a pacing lead in the posterolateral coronary vein in a man with double inlet left ventricle and severe subpulmonary stenosis who had undergone a Fontan operation. The appearances suggest that percutaneous extraction from the proximal coronary sinus may be feasible but that difficulty may be encountered if the lead tip is placed into the distal coronary veins.     

Human experience with transvenous biventricular defibrillation using an electrode in a left ventricular vein

This study investigated the safety and feasibility of transvenous biventricular defibrillation in ICD patients. Some patients may have high DFTs due to weak shock field intensity on the LV. Animal studies showed a LV shocking electrode dramatically lowered DFTs. This approach might benefit heart failure patients already receiving a LV lead or conventional ICD patients with high DFTs. A modified guidewire was used as a temporary left venous access defibrillation electrode (LVA lead). In 24 patients receiving an ICD, the LVA lead was advanced through a guide catheter in the coronary sinus (CS) and into a randomized LV vein (anterior or posterior) using a venogram for guidance. Paired DFT testing compared a standard right ventricular defibrillation system to a biventricular defibrillation system. There were no complications or adverse events. As randomized, LVA lead insertion success was 87% and 71% for anterior and posterior veins, respectively, and 100% after crossover. Total insertion process time included venogram time (32.5 +/- 26.9 minutes, range 5-115, mode 15 minutes) and LVA lead insertion time (15 +/- 14 minutes, range 1-51, mode 7 minutes). An apical LVA lead position was achieved in 11 (45%) of 24 patients and 7 (64 %) of these 11 displayed a DFT reduction; however, mean DFTs were not statistically different. Transvenous biventricular defibrillation is feasible and was safe under the conditions tested. Additional clinical studies are justified to determine if optimized LV lead designs, lead placement, and shock configurations can yield the same large DFT reductions as observed in animals.     

Improved extraction of ePTFE and medical adhesive modified defibrillation leads from the coronary sinus and great cardiac vein

BACKGROUND: Permanent leads with shocking coils for defibrillation therapy are sometimes implanted in the coronary sinus (CS) and great cardiac vein (GCV). These shocking coils, as documented by pathologic examination of animal investigations, often become tightly encapsulated by fibrosis and can be very difficult to remove. METHODS: One of three configurations of the Guidant model 7109 Perimeter coronary sinus shocking lead was implanted into the distal portion of the GCV of 24 sheep for up to 14 months. Group 1 had unmodified coils (control), group 2 had coils backfilled with medical adhesive (MA), and Group 3 had coils coated with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Eighteen leads, three from each group at 6 and 14 months were transvenously extracted from the left jugular vein. The remaining six animals were not subject to extraction. All animals were euthanized for pathological and microscopic examination. RESULTS: All six of the control, three of the MA, and one of the ePTFE leads required the use of an electrosurgical dissection sheath (EDS) for extraction. Five control, two MA, and none of the ePTFE leads had significant fibrotic attachments to the shocking coils. Significant trauma was observed at necropsy for those leads requiring the use of the EDS for extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue ingrowth is a major impediment to the removal of defibrillation leads implanted in the CS and GCV of sheep. Reduction of tissue ingrowth by coating the shocking coils with ePTFE or by backfilling with MA facilitates transvenous lead removal with reduced tissue trauma.     

冠状动脉介入治疗后痉挛的原因分析及护理对策

回顾分析了2003年1月-2005年1月行冠状动脉支架植入术后4例发生冠状动脉痉挛的原因,认为可能与血管的狭窄、术中造影剂或机械刺激、精神紧张等因素有关。针对冠状动脉支架植入术后发生冠状动脉痉挛的时间和规律,认真做好术前评估,尤其是高危患健康教育和心理护理,术后严格床头交接班,了解介入治疗血管及未治疗血管狭窄的情况．并对患发作冠状动脉痉挛时的心电图变化进行分析,加强围手术期的病情观察。     

16层CT冠状动脉成像与选择性冠状动脉造影的对比研究

目的:探讨16层CT对冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的显示情况及临床价值。方法:39例患者进行16层CT冠状动脉造影检查(疑似冠心病者31例,PTCA术后8例)及选择性冠状动脉造影。分析16层CT对冠状动脉各节段的显示情况。以管腔直径减小>50%为标准,判定冠状动脉狭窄。分析16层CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性及符合率,及对病变性质的显示情况。结果:16层CT对冠状动脉的总体显示率为94.8%(333/351)。评价冠状动脉病变的总体敏感性为82.2%,特异性为94.7%,符合率为86.0%。16层CT显示钙化及非钙化斑块混合存在致血管狭窄21处,高估3处;中间密度斑块致狭窄8处,高估3处;软斑块3处,无显著狭窄。16层CT能清晰显示支架位置、形态及远端血流,1例再狭窄,1例闭塞,余通畅,其结果与选择性冠状动脉造影一致。另外,16层CT显示冠状动脉起源变异2例,前降支冠状动脉瘤1例,室壁瘤1例,房间隔缺损1例。结论:16层CT冠状动脉成像是一种颇具潜力的无创性检查方法,能够较为准确、全面的评价冠状动脉病变。     

血管内超声对冠状动脉临界病变处理的应用价值

目的 探讨血管内超声(IVUS)在判断冠状动脉造影临界病变介入治疗指征中的价值。方法 对68例稳定型心绞痛(SA)患者(26例)和不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者42例做冠状动脉造影(CAG)，显示单支临界病变的患者行IVUS检查，以面积狭窄60％或偏心脂质斑块作为介入治疗指征。结果 68处病变进行介入治疗50处(73．53％)，时于血管直径的判断，IVUS优于CAG；时于有价值病变的检出，UA组优于SA组。结论 对于CAG显示的临界病变，尤其是表现为UA者。有必要进一步行IVUS检查。     

The value of 64-slice computed tomography in a patient with an anomalous and atherosclerotic coronary artery

We report the case of a 64-year-old male presenting with chest pain with a history of hyperlipidemia and smoking. Coronary angiogram was not successful to visualize the right coronary artery. Contrast enhanced 64-slice computed tomography (CT) identified the origin of the RCA from the aorta and distal stenosis of the vessel. Additionally, it revealed that the nature of the stenosis could be consistent with soft plaque or thrombus. Repeated coronary angiogram confirmed the data obtained by 64-slice CT. The confirmatory value of 64-slice CT in the evaluation of coronary abnormalities and stenoses has been addressed by this case report.     

Epicardial adipose tissue parameters for predicting coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and the degree of coronary artery stenosis in HIV infected patients北大核心CSCD

目的观察以心外膜脂肪组织(EAT)各参数预测HIV感染者冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)及冠状动脉狭窄程度的价值。方法将149例HIV感染者根据存在CHD与否分为CHD组(n=97)与非CHD组(n=52),再根据冠状动脉狭窄程度将CHD组分为轻度(n=60)、中度(n=23)及重度狭窄亚组(n=14);选取52名非HIV、非CHD志愿者作为对照组。计算各组及亚组冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)及右冠状动脉(RCA)周围脂肪衰减指数(FAI)、EAT体积和EAT密度;观察上述各参数预测HIV感染者CHD及冠状动脉狭窄程度的效能。结果CHD组中,各亚组RCA、LAD和LCX周围FAI差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),重度狭窄亚组FAI明显高于轻度狭窄亚组(P<0.05)。非CHD组RCA、LAD和LCX周围FAI均明显高于对照组(P均<0.05)。以-87.74 HU为RCA周围FAI的截断值,其预测冠状动脉重度狭窄的敏感度为83.30%,特异度为63.00%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.75;以-72.29 HU为LAD周围FAI的截断值,其预测冠状动脉重度狭窄的敏感度为75.00%,特异度为80.20%,AUC为0.95;二者AUC差异有统计学意义(Z=2.86,P<0.01)。结论冠状动脉周围FAI可用于评估冠状动脉狭窄程度,尤以LAD周围FAI的价值最高。     

脉压、脉压指数与冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性分析

目的探讨脉压（PP）、脉压指数（PPI）与冠状动脉（冠脉）狭窄程度的相关性,并比较两者用以评价冠脉狭窄程度的相对优越性。方法547例行冠脉造影患者的冠心病（CHD）病变的严重程度分别用冠脉病变的血管支数、冠脉狭窄程度和冠脉病变评分表示。测定外周肱动脉收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）,并计算PP及PPI。结果冠脉病变程度随增龄而逐渐加重,冠脉狭窄积分3支病变组〉双支病变组〉单支病变组〉冠脉正常组为89．1±38．6vs57．1±32．2vs26．0±22．1vs3．7±2．7（H=239．963,P〈0．01）;PP和PPI冠脉病变组〉冠脉正常组;3支病变组〉1支病变组,PP为（53±11）mmHg vs（48±11）mmHg,PPI为0．413±0．06vs0．375±0．06（均P〈0．01）;直线相关分析结果表明PP、PPI均与CHD的发生呈显著正相关（r值分别为0．547,0．632;均P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,PPI与CHD冠脉狭窄程度的关系最为密切,（坎值为1．012,95％可信区间为（1．261,1．447）。结论脉压及脉压指数是较为简便的反映大动脉弹性的参数,与冠脉狭窄程度密切相关,且脉压指数在一定程度上较脉压有更大的优势。     

男性冠心病患者性激素水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度关系的研究

目的 探讨男性性激素水平与冠心病(CHD)患者冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系.方法 根据冠状动脉造影结果将135例男性患者分为CHD组和对照组,CHD组又分为单支病变组、双支病变组和多支病变组,并以病变支数和Gensini总积分表示冠状动脉狭窄程度.采用放射免疫法检测所有患者的静脉血性激素5项,包括雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)、硫酸脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS).比较各组间性激素水平并分析性激素水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度之间的关系.结果 CHD组的T、DHEA、DHEAS水平均低于对照组,T(18.6±8.6)nmol/L vs(29.7±11.5)nmol/L、DHEA(22.9±15.3)nmol/L vs(57.9±27.1)nmol/L、DHEAS(5.54±1.3)μmol/L vs(6.4±2.4)μmol/L(P<0.05);E2、P和E2/T在两组及不同支数病变组之间差异无统计学意义.病变支数越多,T及DHEA水平越低(P<0.05或<0.01);DHEA、DHEAS进入以Gensini积分为因变量的多元回归方程,标准回归系数分别为-0.229、-0.230.结论 男性冠心病患者雄激素水平较低;男性雄激素水平可能影响冠状动脉狭窄程度.     

冠脉旋磨术在冠脉钙化病变中的应用效果

目的分析冠脉旋磨术在冠脉钙化病变中的应用效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析36例应用冠脉旋磨术治疗的冠脉严重钙化病变患者的临床资料,观察患者的手术治疗情况、冠脉病变血管变化情况、心功能指标、术后随访及不良事件发生情况。结果36例患者手术成功率为97.22%,手术治疗过程中未出现冠脉穿孔、心肌梗死、心源性死亡等并发症。术后,患者血管狭窄率显著低于术前,管腔直径显著大于术前(P<0.05)。所有患者均在术后半年复查心脏彩超,术前及术后半年的左室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数比较,差异不显著(P>0.05)。术后随访1年,36例患者均未再发心绞痛、靶血管重建、心肌梗死以及心源性死亡等不良事件。结论冠脉旋磨术治疗冠脉严重钙化病变的远期疗效好,安全性高。