子宫血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤3例临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(perivascular epithelioid cell tumor,PEComa)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断等。方法采用免疫组化EnVision两步法对3例子宫PEComa进行检测,并复习相关文献。结果3例肿瘤由梭形细胞和上皮样细胞构成,胞质透明至嗜酸性,间质血管丰富,其中1例肿瘤细胞异型性显著,并见出血、坏死。免疫表型:3例HMB-45阳性,2例SMA、Caldesmon阳性,Melan-A、TFE-3、desmin、CD10、CD117和S-100蛋白均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数5%~30%。随访4~55个月,患者均存活。结论子宫PEComa是一种少见的间叶源性肿瘤,结合组织学形态及免疫表型可辅助诊断。     

子宫体恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤1例并文献复习

目的 探讨子宫体恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(perivascular epithelioid cell tumors,PEComa)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 采用免疫组化SP法对1例子宫体恶性PEComa进行免疫组化标记并复习相关文献.结果 患者扪及下腹部巨大肿块6个月,手术切除后11个月复发,CT示中下腹一巨大低-高密度混杂肿块.眼观:原发和术后复发肿瘤均体积巨大,切面为灰黄、灰红色,边界不清,质脆伴坏死.镜检:瘤细胞呈上皮样,胞质嗜酸性至透明,细胞异型性明显,可见明显核仁,未见核分裂.免疫组化:vimentin、HMB-45和Melan-A均(++),PNL2(|||),Ki-67增殖指数约3%,EMA、CK(AE1/AE3)、S-100、CD10、desmin、SMA和MSA均(-).结论 子宫体恶性PEComa十分罕见,需与子宫体恶性黑色素瘤、上皮样平滑肌肿瘤和横纹肌肉瘤相鉴别.     

腹膜后恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的:探讨腹膜后血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms,PEComas)的临床和病理学特点,提高对PEComas的认识和诊断水平。方法:对1例腹膜后恶性PEComas进行临床病理分析及免疫组织化学研究,并复习相关文献。结果:肿瘤组织主要由上皮样细胞构成,胞质丰富、透明或嗜酸性颗粒状,间质富于血管。免疫组织化学显示:肿瘤细胞平滑肌肌动蛋白、HMB45,melan A及Desmin阳性,上皮膜抗原和vimentin局灶阳性,CgA,Syn,S-100,CD117,CD34,细胞角蛋白,calretinin及inhibin均阴性。结论:腹膜后PEComas是一种非常罕见的肿瘤,具有独特的组织学和免疫组织化学特征,应与腹膜后其他上皮样细胞肿瘤进行鉴别。     

子宫Müllerian腺肉瘤伴间质横纹肌样瘤分化1例并文献复习

目的探讨子宫Muellerian腺肉瘤伴间质横纹肌样瘤分化的临床病理特征。方法用光镜、组织化学及免疫组化方法观察其病理组织学表现。结果肿瘤由良性上皮成分和肉瘤性间质成分组成，肉瘤成分过度生长。肿瘤细胞弥漫浸润性分布，细胞大，胞质丰富嗜酸性并可见嗜伊红包涵体。免疫表型：vimentin、CK、NF、CD57、CD99、CgA、Syn阳性，SMA散在阳性，而desmin、EMA、CD10、GFAP、MyoD1、Inhibin—α、HMB45和S-100蛋白阴性。组织化学染色PAS阴性，网状纤维染色显示网状纤维包绕单个或小巢肉瘤性间质细胞。结论子宫腺肉瘤伴间质横纹肌样瘤分化是一种罕见的混合性Muellerian肿瘤，应与子宫内膜间质肉瘤、子宫横纹肌肉瘤和低分化癌等鉴别。     

恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤2例并文献复习

目的 探讨恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(malignant perivascular epitheliod cell tumor,PEComa)的临床、病理特征及鉴别诊断.方法 对2例恶性PEComa进行临床、病理形态学、免疫表型及电镜观察,并复习相关文献.结果 镜下见肿瘤组织由梭形细胞及上皮样细胞构成,细胞异型性明显,细胞胞质透明或嗜酸,细胞核大,有核仁,瘤细胞由纤细的纤维结缔组织及薄壁血管将其分隔成巢状、腺泡状、片状结构,部分区域可见多核瘤巨细胞伴肿瘤坏死,核分裂多见.免疫表型:肿瘤细胞表达HMB-45、S-100、SMA及desmin;电镜下见肿瘤细胞胞质内可见高电子密度核心的内分泌小体和少许不成熟的黑色素小体.结论 恶性PEComa罕见,病理形态多样,熟悉其临床、病理形态、免疫表型及电镜下改变,有助于临床、病理医师对其正确诊断及鉴别诊断.     

血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤免疫表型分析

目的 研究血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComa)的免疫表型和分子遗传学改变及其与临床病理特征的关系.方法 收集25例PEComa患者的存档蜡块、病理及临床资料,采用免疫组织化学(SP法或EnVision法)检测相关免疫标志物,同时以多种肿瘤进行对照.运用荧光原位杂交(FISH)方法检测25例PEComa中TFE3基因的易位及扩增情况.结果 25例患者年龄21 ～61岁(平均43岁),男女比例为1∶1.3.22例为肝脏和肾脏的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML),由成熟脂肪组织、梭形或上皮样平滑肌细胞和特征性的厚壁血管组成;3例为肝肾外PEComa,形态与经典AML有明显区别,肿瘤由单行性上皮样或梭形细胞构成,呈片状、巢状排列.免疫组织化学结果显示:25例PEComa组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K)均呈强阳性(100％,25/25),HMB 45、Melan A和平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)的阳性率分别为80％ (20/25)、88％ (22/25)和88％(22/25),阳性瘤细胞占所有瘤细胞的百分比平均值:cathepsin K为90％、HMB 45为36％、Melan A为41％、SMA为35％.TFE3在肝肾AML中全部阴性(22/22),而在肝肾外PEComa中均为阳性(3/3).经FISH证实25例PEComa均不存在TFE3基因融合或扩增.结论 肝肾外PEComa的组织学形态与经典AML有明显区别,其发病与TFE3蛋白高表达关系密切,可能为独立的PEComa分子亚型.cathepsin K在PEComa中阳性率高,敏感性优于HMB 45、Melan A和SMA,可用于PEComa与其他常见的多种肿瘤的鉴别诊断.     

左心房及肺静脉内膜肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨血管内膜肉瘤的临床病理学和免疫学表型特点。方法结合相关文献,对1例内膜肉瘤的临床资料、病理切片和免疫组化标记结果进行分析。结果肿瘤位于左心房内,延伸至右上肺静脉腔内。光镜下肿瘤细胞主要为梭形细胞组成,呈编织状分布,细胞异型性明显,并见散在分布的上皮样细胞和多核瘤巨细胞,核分裂象2~8个/10HPF。免疫组化染色:EGFR()、vimentin()、osteopotin()、SMA(),VEGF、MGMT、CD56、CD99、CD34、AAT及S-100均为灶性阳性,Ki-67>30%;而MyoD1、desmin、CD31、CD117、SA、c-erbB-2、CK、HMB45、melan A、MITF、FⅧRAg、EMA和TTF1蛋白均阴性。结论内膜肉瘤是一种罕见的发生于大血管壁内膜的恶性间叶性肿瘤,免疫表型无特异性,预后差。     

肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的病理观察

目的对肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（epithelioid agiomyolipoma,EAML）的病理诊断、鉴别诊断和预后进行分析。方法2例肾脏EAML（其中1例为复发病例）,复习其临床资料,病理学检查包括常规病理学、免疫组织化学和超微结构,并进行随访。结果光镜下肿瘤均主要由具有多形性和不典型性的上皮样细胞组成,部分区域有明显的血管周上皮样排列;可见出血和坏死;并可见静脉内瘤栓;淋巴结内可见上皮样肿瘤细胞累及。免疫组织化学肿瘤细胞（包括淋巴结内肿瘤）HMB45、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和波形蛋白弥漫阳性;S-100、melanpan和CD68散在阳性;而上皮细胞膜抗原（EMA）、AE1／AE3、CK7、CD117、肌肉特异性肌动蛋白（MSA）、结蛋白、白细胞共同抗原（LCA）、CD20、CIM5RO、CD30、CD15、嗜铬素（CgA）、突触素（Syn）、bcl-2、雌孕激素受体（ER、PR）和p53均为阴性。电镜检查可见一些肿瘤细胞内有黑色素小体样的致密颗粒、肌丝、密体,肿瘤细胞外可见不连续的基膜。2例患者手术后10个月状态良好,无肿瘤局部复发和转移征象。结论血管周上皮样排列、寻找经典血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的结构和肿瘤细胞表达HMIM5和SMA对于诊断和鉴别诊断至关重要。而细胞的不典型性、出血坏死和核分裂象可能只表明肿瘤的恶性潜能：淋巴结受累、肾静脉瘤栓不是恶性的诊断依据：只有远处转移才是恶性的证据。     

儿童肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤病理特点

目的 探讨儿童肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)免疫标记的表达特点及其对临床病理诊断、鉴别诊断和预后的意义.方法 对1例肾脏EAML临床资料进行复习,进行光镜观察和免疫组化染色,并随访.结果 光镜下肿瘤由典型性的上皮样细胞组成,细胞核有异型性,核分裂象可见,有坏死和出血;淋巴结内未见上皮样肿瘤细胞累及.免疫标记:瘤细胞vimentin、SMA、HMB-45、Melan-A、CD68均阳性;而CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA、S-100、CD10、CD34、CD117、ER、PR、Ki-67和p53均为阴性.患者手术后状态良好,无肿瘤局部复发和转移征象.结论 肿瘤以上皮样细胞增生特征为主,临床表现和组织学表现易与肾脏肿瘤及其他肿瘤相混,寻找经典血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的结构和肿瘤细胞表达HMB-45和SMA对诊断和鉴别诊断至关重要.而细胞的不典型性、核分裂、出血和坏死可能只表明肿瘤的恶性潜能;淋巴结受累、肾静脉瘤栓均不是恶性的诊断依据;远处转移才是恶性的证据.Ki-67和p53对患者的预后可能有指示意义.     

膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断,以提高对本瘤的认识.方法 应用光镜、特殊染色和免疫组化染色对1例罕见的膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌进行观察,并复习相关文献.结果 瘤细胞松散,黏附性差,单个散在或弥漫片状排列,侵犯膀胱肌层.瘤细胞体积较大,圆形或多边形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性,核圆或卵圆形,居中或偏位,核内染色质细,核仁多不明显,核分裂象可见,散在单核或多核瘤巨细胞.免疫组化:瘤细胞呈CK-pan、EMA、CK18及CEA弥漫强阳性,CK20及34BE12散在阳性;而vimentin、SMA、desmin、myoD1、myoglobin、CK7、p63、CD38、S-100、HMB45、melan A、CgA、Syn、CD45、CD30、ALK和CD34均阴性.结论 膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌极罕见,可能为尿路上皮癌的组织学变异.诊断时须与其他具有横纹肌样细胞形态的肿瘤鉴别.     

Digestive PEComas: a solution when the diagnosis fails to "fit"

We report two cases of digestive/intra-abdominal PEComa. The first lesion developed in the caecum of a 36-year-old woman, the second in the pararectal region of a 35-year-old woman. The first tumor was formed from spindle cells arranged in fascicles, the second contained predominantly epithelioid cells with prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells expressed smooth muscle actin and melanocyte markers (HMB45), S-100 protein and CD117 were negative. Based on the morphologic aspect and, above all, on the immunohistochemical study the diagnosis of PEComa was retained for both lesions. In the gastrointestinal tract, the principal differential diagnoses of PEComas are gastrointestinal stromal tumors, particularly the round cell/epithelioid subtype, and metastases of carcinoma and melanoma. Other differential diagnoses include rhabdomyosarcoma, paraganglioma, leiomyosarcoma, and clear cell sarcoma.     

Primary perivascular epithelioid cell tumor in the rectum: A case report and review of the literature

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare collection of tumors arising in a wide array of anatomic locations. It is characterized by the presence of a peculiar population of myomelanocytic marker-positive perivascular epithelioid cells, and is commonly detected in the uterus. The colorectal area is an uncommon site for primary PEComa. In this study, we describe a 17-year-old patient presenting with a rectal polyp. Histologically, the tumor consisted of sheets of round to polygonal epithelioid cells with clear and granular cytoplasm, and a prominent capillary network. Some of the tumor cells were positive for Fontana-Masson staining. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for HMB-45, and were negative for cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100 protein, actin, desmin, EMA, CD34, and c-kit. After finding melanosomes or premelanosomes at the ultrastructural level, the diagnosis of PEComa was made. Although PEComa arising within the intestinal tract is unusual and clinically unexpected, PEComa should be considered in the differential diagnosis of rectal polypoid lesions.     

Cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease, its spectrum, and its pathogenesis: intracellular consensus bacterial 16S rRNA is associated with the gastrointestinal but not the cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease

The classic pathology of skin disease discontinuous from the inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) includes pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), erythema nodosum (EN), and so-called metastatic Crohn's disease. The purpose of this study was two-fold: First, we explored the full spectrum of cutaneous lesions associated with Crohn's disease, and second, we sought to explore a potential molecular basis of the skin lesions in patients with CD. In this regard, we analyzed skin and GI tract biopsies from affected patients for the consensus bacterial SrRNA to determine whether direct bacterial infection was associated with either condition. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were studied and correlated to clinical presentation and histories from 33 patients with CD. Consensus bacterial RNA sequences were analyzed using an RT in situ PCR assay on both skin biopsy and GI biopsy material. The GI tract material included biopsies from 3 patients who had skin lesions and from 7 patients in whom there were no known skin manifestations. There were 8 cases of neutrophilic dominant dermal infiltrates, including pyoderma gangrenosum, 6 cases of granuloma annulare/necrobiosis lipoidica-like lesions, 5 cases of sterile neutrophilic folliculitis, 5 cases of panniculitis, 4 cases of vasculitis, 2 cases of psoriasis, 2 cases of lichenoid and granulomatous inflammation, and 1 case of classic metastatic CD. Intracellular bacterial 16S rRNA was detected in 8 of 10 tissues of active CD in the GI tract, of which 3 of the cases tested were from patients who also developed skin lesions at some point in their clinical course; in contrast, none of the skin biopsies had detectable bacterial RNA. The dermatopathological manifestations of CD discontiguous from the involved GI tract mucosa have in common a vascular injury syndrome, typically with a prominent extravascular neutrophilic and/or histiocytic dermal infiltrate. In addition, this study, the first to document in situ intracellular consensus bacterial SrRNA in the GI tract in CD, suggests that hematogenous dissemination of viable microbes is not associated with the cutaneous manifestations of this disease. Bacteria do, however, appear to play a role in bowel lesions of patients with CD.     

Expression of CD44 and CD29 by PEComa cells suggests their possible origin of mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare mesenchymal tumor composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. The perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) co-expresses melanocytic and muscle markers. Since no normal counterpart to the PEC has ever been identified in any normal tissue, the cell origin of these tumors is still uncertain. Although, several hypotheses have recently been advanced to explain the histogenesis of PEComa, it remains unclear. Methods: The aim of this study was to discuss whether differential expression of stem cell-associated proteins could be used to aid in determining the histogenesis of PEComa. For this purpose, we detected the immunoexpression of 5 kinds of stem cell markers on PEComas, including CD29, CD44, CD133, ALDH1, and nestin. In addition to observed histopathologic morphology, we also performed PEComa relevant clinical diagnostic markers (HMB-45, SMA, melan-A, Desmin, Ki-67, S-100 and TFE3) to identify whether they belonged to PEComas. Results: Our study included 13 PEComa samples, and we obtained positive immunoexpression results as follows: CD29 (13/13), CD44 (8/13), ALDH1 (10/13), nestin (1/13), and CD133 (0/13). Conclusions: Since CD44 and CD29 are surface proteins associated with MSCs, these results suggest that PEComa might arise from MSCs. However, whether MSCs are the origin of PEComa needs to be further explored in the future.     

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor in the duodenum: challenge in differential diagnosis

Defined as a family of scarce mesenchymal neoplasm which distinctively co-express melanocytic markers and muscle markers, perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) have been reported almost everybody site. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors-not otherwise specified (PEComas-NOS) arising in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are still restricted into sporadic case reports. Herein we present a case of GI PEComas-NOS which occurs in the duodenum of a 27-year-old male. Our initial diagnosis tended to gastrointestinal stromal tumor or smooth muscle tumor till the correct diagnosis of perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) was established by postoperative pathological examination. We also make a literature review of GI PEComas-NOS and highlight the challenge it brings to the differential diagnosis.     

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract is a heterogenous group that includes mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma: analysis of somatic mutation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region.

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) is characterized by multiple polyps involving long segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. MLP is thought to represent mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) of the GI tract; however, some cases of follicular lymphoma (FL) of the GI tract are found with a multiple polypoid appearance. In the present study, to clarify the cellular origin of MLP, clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement of four cases with MLP was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed for the presence of somatic mutation. The IgH variable (VH) region sequences of three cases (CD5+ CD10- cyclin D1+) showed a little somatic mutation compared with the closest published germline. The other case (CD10+ CD5- cyclin D1-) was highly mutated and showed intraclonal heterogeneity (ongoing somatic hypermutation). These data indicate that three of the cases with MLP are derived from pregerminal center B cells (mantle zone B cells) and one case with MLP from germinal center B cells. Our study suggests that MLP is a heterogenous group that includes MCL and FL.     

Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma: CD117 expression and the potential for misdiagnosis as gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Aims:  Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) may mimic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) histologically. Studies have shown that KS outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may express CD117, an antibody usually used to support a diagnosis of GIST. The aim was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of GI KS, including the expression of CD117 with and without antigen retrieval.
Methods and results:  Fourteen GI KS were assessed histologically, 12 of which were also subjected to immunohistochemistry for CD34, human herpesvirus (HHV) 8, DOG1 and CD117. CD117 immunohistochemistry was performed with and without antigen retrieval. All cases showed an infiltrative spindle cell tumour. Lamina propria infiltration, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, extravasated red blood cells and haemosiderin were typical histological features. In all cases tumour cells were positive for CD34 and HHV8, but negative for DOG1. CD117 was positive in four of 12 cases without antigen retrieval and 10 of 12 cases with antigen retrieval.
Conclusions:  The microscopic distinction of GI KS from GIST can be difficult. Clues that raise the possibility of GI KS include young patient age, a history of immunosuppression, lamina propria infiltration, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, extravasated red blood cells and haemosiderin deposition. Use of the immunomarkers CD117 (without antigen retrieval), HHV8 and DOG1 may aid in the distinction between GI KS and GIST.     

非特殊性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤31例的病理学观察

目的 探讨非特殊性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComa-NOS)的临床病理学特征,评价恶性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComa)的诊断标准.方法 回顾性复习31例PEComa-NOS的临床表现、影像学资料、光镜形态和免疫学表型,分析预后资料.2例为空芯针穿刺活检标本,2例为剖腹探查活检标本,其余27例为手术切除标本.结果 ...     

胃肠道间质瘤临床病理及免疫组织化学特征

目的 探讨胃肠道间质瘤的免疫组织化学特征，为其诊断及鉴别诊断和预后提供依据。方法 对消化道内169例间叶源性肿瘤进行免疫组织化学标记和形态学观察，确诊113例胃肠道间质瘤。结果 肿瘤多见于胃，临床常见首发症状为消化道出血及腹部包块。瘤细胞主要有梭形细胞及上皮样细胞两种形态，梭形细胞型70例，上皮样细胞型10例，混合细胞型33例。相对良性33例，交界性26例，恶性54例。免疫表型：CD117阳性112例，CD34阳性102例，阳性率分别为99．1％及90．2％，且呈弥漫强阳性表达。结论 胃肠道间质瘤是消化道最常见间叶源性肿瘤，以胃内多见；主要有2种细胞形态和3种组合形式；确诊需要依靠CD117、CD34等免疫标记物配合。     

Perivascular epithelioid cell sarcoma (malignant PEComa) of the ileum

Epithelioid angiomyolipoma (AML) is the prototype of a heterogeneous group of lesions characterized by the presence of HMB-45 positive cells with clear cytoplasm, perivascular distribution, and combined myomelanocytic features, so-called perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs). These lesions are being increasingly referred to as PEComas. PEComas have been reported at diverse anatomic sites, but mainly in the abdominopelvic cavity and rarely in parenchymatous organs, skin, and soft tissues. Gastrointestinal (GI) PEComas are exceptionally rare, with less than 10 cases documented so far. Rare examples of PEComas with pleomorphic histology could have been misinterpreted as unusual variants of carcinoma or sarcoma. To make a contribution to the differential diagnosis of difficult-to-classify pleomorphic GI sarcomas, we report on a malignant pleomorphic neoplasm with features of PEComa involving the terminal ileum in a 63-year-old woman. Fourteen months after resection of the primary tumor, a huge abdominopelvic recurrence was successfully resected, but no distant metastases were detected. The differential diagnosis and malignancy criteria of GI PEComas will be discussed.