美国西尼罗病毒监测及我国国境口岸实施监测的策略

西尼罗热(West Nile Fever,WNF)是由西尼罗病毒(West Nile Virus,WNV)感染引起的一种急性传染病.该病毒最早于1937年从非洲乌干达西尼罗地区一名发烧妇女的血中分离到而得名[1].西尼罗病毒以往仅在非洲、西亚、中东地区流行,20世纪60年代初传入欧洲,自1999年起在西半球登陆,在美国传播,并相续传入其周边国家.2002年在美国造成西尼罗热大流行,4 161例感染,277人死亡;2003年美国9 862例发病,264例死亡[2].西尼罗病毒的扩散和传播引起了全球卫生界的关注.     

西尼罗病毒检测技术研究进展

西尼罗热是由西尼罗病毒(West Nile virus,WNV)引起的以节肢动物-蚊子作为传播媒介感染人类和动物的一种人畜共患传染病[1].人感染西尼罗病毒之后,大多数会出现类似流感的临床症状,如发热、肌痛、头痛以及胃肠道功能紊乱等[2].     

西尼罗病毒研究现状

西尼罗病毒病（West Nile virus disease）是由西尼罗病毒（West Nile virus,WNV）感染引起的一种人畜共患的急性传染病。该病毒最初是1937年从乌干达西尼罗地区一名发热的妇女血液中分离发现而得名。WNV感染人类后可引起西尼罗热和WNV性脑炎。鸟类是WNV的贮存宿主,人和哺乳动物是偶然宿主,传播媒介主要为蚊。     

西尼罗病毒病

1西尼罗病毒病的流行概况、危害 西尼罗病毒（West Nile Virus WNV）于1937年在非洲的乌干达首次被发现，从西尼罗地区的一位发热的成年妇女血液中分离到，因此得名西尼罗病毒。西尼罗病毒属于黄病毒科黄病毒属。黄病毒科成员还有登革热病病毒、日本脑炎病毒以及黄热病病毒等70余种，多属于虫媒病毒。西尼罗病毒广泛分布于非洲、中东和西亚，主要引起西尼罗河热（West Nile Fever），该病毒属黄病毒科的乙型脑炎病毒血清群，可引起人类及马、鸟类等动物发病。     

西尼罗热流行现状及实验诊断

西尼罗热(west nile fever，WNF)是由西尼罗病毒(west nile virus，WNV)感染引起的一种急性传染病。WNV于1937年在乌干达的西尼罗地区从一位发热妇女的血液中首次分离到，为黄病毒属日本脑炎(乙脑)病毒抗原复合组内成员。以后于20世纪50年代在埃及从病人、鸟和蚊子也分离到病毒。由     

西尼罗热的危害及防控措施

随着国际贸易的飞速发展，人类交流来往的增多，物流的快速发展，西尼罗病毒正在以令人难以置信的速度传播，1999年以前西尼罗病毒病仅分布在东半球，包括非洲、亚洲、中东以及欧洲的大部分地区，1999年以后蔓延至西半球，并逐渐呈现扩大加速流行之势。标志着WNV正成为一个全球化分布的病原。今年，美国再次大范围的爆发西尼罗热，并存在大流行趋势，截至今年9月11日，美国已在37个州发现3307名西尼罗病毒感染，共有64人死亡。我国目前尚未见到WNV的感染。因此防止西尼罗热传人我国至关重要。     

近年来西尼罗热的流行现状及其流行毒株的表型和基因型特性

西尼罗热(West Nile Fever，WNF)是由西尼罗病毒(West Nile Virus，WNV)通过蚊虫传播感染引起的一种急性传染病。WNV于1937年在乌干达西尼罗地区的一位发热妇女的血液首次分离到，为黄病毒属日本脑炎(乙脑)病毒抗原复合组内成员。该组成员包括在亚洲广泛流行的日本脑炎病毒，在美国流行的圣路易脑炎病毒，在澳洲流行的Kunjin和墨立谷脑炎病毒，成员间抗原性关系密切，基因同源性高达70％以上，相互间有较高的交互中和保护作用。     

近年来西尼罗热的流行现状及其流行毒株的表型和基因型特性

西尼罗热(WestNileFever,WNF)是由西尼罗病毒(WestNileVirus,WNV)通过蚊虫传播感染引起的一种急性传染病。WNV于1937年在乌干达西尼罗地区的一位发热妇女的血液首次分离到,为黄病毒属日本脑炎(乙脑)病毒抗原复合组内成员。该组成员包括在亚洲广泛流行的日本脑炎病毒,在美国流行的圣路易脑炎病毒,在澳洲流行的Kunjin和墨立谷脑炎病毒,成员间抗原性关系密切,基因同源性高达70%以上,相互间有较高的交互中和保护作用。以后于20世纪50年代在埃及和其他地区,从患者、鸟和蚊子也分离到该病毒。由WNV引起的WNF是黄病毒中流行最广的一种疾病…     

病毒性脑炎患者外周血和脑脊液西尼罗病毒E基因的检测

西尼罗病毒(WNV)是单股正链RNA病毒,属于黄病毒科黄病毒属,其传播媒介和储存宿主是蚊虫[1].人感染WNV会出现感冒样症状,部分患者为脑膜脑炎、坏死性脑干炎等神经系统症状[2,3].本研究对重庆地区不明病因的78例病毒性脑炎(VE)患者血液和脑脊液进行wNV E基因片段检测.     

西尼罗热流行及其对我国的威胁与国境口岸卫生检疫防控

西尼罗热是由西尼罗病毒(west nile virus WNV)引起的人畜共患的自然疫源性虫媒传染病，因1937年首次分离自乌干达西尼罗地区一发热妇女血中而得名。西尼罗热以往仅在非洲、西亚、中东地区流行，20世纪60年代初传入欧洲，自1999年起在西半球登陆，并在美国传播，近几年疫情进一步严重。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.