复发性额隐窝内翻性乳头状瘤经鼻内镜手术

目的 探讨复发性额隐窝内翻性乳头状瘤（inve-rted papilloma,IP）再手术的方式及经鼻内镜手术的可行性和技术要点.方法 9例复发性额隐窝IP,术前接受鼻窦CT和MRI检查及鼻内镜检查.前期手术及术后组织病理检查明确诊断为IP.所有病例在全身麻醉下接受经鼻内镜下额窦手术,手术方式分别为Draf Ⅱ型和DrafⅢ型（经鼻改良Lothrop手术）.随访时间13个月至55个月,平均23.1个月.结果 9例前期手术包括鼻侧切开1例（2次）,前鼻镜下经鼻肿瘤摘除术1例,柯陆氏手术1例;经鼻内镜手术7例;所有病例接受一次手术8例,4次手术1例,包括2次鼻侧切开和2次鼻内镜手术.鼻窦CT提示累及双侧额窦3例,3例筛窦和上颌窦受累,4例骨质增生同时伴骨质吸收或破坏.术前持续鼻塞症状4例,4例脓涕,涕中带血2例,持续或间歇性头痛6例,2例无明显症状,均在鼻内镜随访时提示肿瘤复发.手术依据术中所见病灶侵犯范围采用Draf Ⅱ a型3例,Draf Ⅱb型手术4例,Draf Ⅲ型手术2例,3例同期行筛窦和上颌窦开放切除肿瘤.组织病理学检查1例伴恶变.术后6个月局灶性复发1例,随访中处理并用平阳霉素湿敷12周后随访至今未见复发.结论 复发性额隐窝伴/不伴额窦内侵犯IP,在技术熟练和严格适应证基础上,结合专用额窦手术器械,经鼻部分或全部切除额窦底扩大开放额窦,可彻底切除额窦内病灶.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病

目的 探讨经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路治疗额窦疾病的手术指征.方法 回顾性分析24例经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术治疗额窦疾病的临床资料,其中额窦后壁粉碎性骨折并脑脊液漏16例、额窦骨瘤5例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤2例、额窦内翻性乳头状瘤癌变1例.结果 16例额窦脑脊液漏均一次修补成功,5例额窦骨瘤、2例内翻性乳头状瘤和1例内翻性乳头状瘤癌变者均一次手术切除,术后完全恢复,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术后额窦脑脊液漏患者随访3～132个月;额窦骨瘤患者随访8～38个月;额窦内翻性乳头状瘤及癌变患者随访7～42个月,中位随访时间36个月,病变均元复发,额窦引流通畅,额部无影响容貌的缺陷.结论病变主体位于额窦后壁、有复发倾向或恶性病变,以及病变范围或手术部位的外侧界限超越眶纸板平面是经鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路的手术指征.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.