Endoscopic treatment of lumbar arachnoiditis.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of lumbar arachnoiditis remains complex and often inconclusive. Using the technique of lumbar subarachnoidal endoscopy (thecaloscopy), the pathology can be identified and the patient treated with long-term effects on the symptoms. METHOD: Endoscopic operations were performed on 23 patients suffering from varying symptoms with an enlarged lumbar subarachnoidal space. Having confirmed the diagnosis of lumbar arachnoiditis, a number of endoscopic operations ranging from adhesiolysis to subarachno-epidurostomy were carried out. RESULTS: Radicular symptoms in lumbar arachnoiditis were successfully relieved by various endoscopic dissection techniques, such as restoration of the improved CSF flow by subarachno-epidurostomy along the rootlet. This has been identified as one of the causal factors of the clinical symptoms. In cases where lumbar pain persists in spite of a previous thecaloscopy, further treatment with a lumboperitoneal shunt device has proved most successful.     

后路椎弓根钉系统联合Cage融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病并发症分析及防治

目的探讨后路椎弓根钉系统联合Cage融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的并发症及预防措施。方法2003-2008年对85例腰椎退行性疾病患者,经临床症状、体征和影像资料明确诊断且有手术指征,采用后路椎弓根钉系统联合Cage融合术治疗,对其中出现的并发症进行原因分析并提出预防措施。结果所有病例症状明显改善,术后1周按Nakai等评价标准：优53例;良17例;可13例;差2例。所有病例随访3-24个月,按Nakai评价标准：优56例;良22例;可6例;差1例。术后1周和最后随访时比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。85例中出现并发症19例,近期并发症有神经症状加重3例,脑脊液漏2例,感染2例;远期并发症有神经症状遗留4例,Cage位置偏移、下沉4例,椎间融合不确切2例,椎弓根钉松动2例。结论椎弓根钉技术和Cage椎间融合术联合应用可增加脊柱稳定性,提高植骨融合率,进而提高患者的远期疗效。但术后存在各种并发症,正确把握手术适应证、熟练掌握操作技巧、提高并发症的诊断及处理能力是顺利开展该技术、提高临床疗效的关键。     

扩张式椎间融合器在腰椎融合术中的应用

目的探讨扩张式椎间融合器（expanding cage,EC）在腰椎融合术中应用的适应性、技术要点和疗效。方法本组47例患者,均行后路扩张式椎间融合术（PELIC）。术前分别诊断为腰椎管狭窄、腰椎间盘突出、腰椎滑脱和退变性腰椎不稳,经非手术治疗无效后,以手术对椎管及神经根管减压,用EC融合固定并植骨。术前、术后对患者的腰疼情况进行视觉痛觉自我评定尺（VAS）评分。结果所有患者术前症状消失,术中未发生神经损伤,随访最长时间为61个月,最短53个月,平均57．3个月,无假关节形成,无明显椎体塌陷。结论EC在腰椎融合术应用中具有融合可靠、症状改善明显等优点。     

肌间隙入路单侧钉棒内固定加椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳

目的：探讨采用手术新入路利用单侧钉棒内固定加椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳的综合疗效。方法25例腰椎间盘突出伴不稳患者采用肌间隙入路,保护脊柱后方韧带复合体,利用TLIF术式辅助单侧钉棒固定及椎间融合治疗。分别于术前、术后对患者的腰腿痛情况进行VAS评分,同时评价术后腰椎融合率。结果25例患者术后功能明显恢复正常,腰腿痛症状基本消失,1例残留轻度腰痛症状,经对症治疗后缓解,腰椎融合率100%。结论具有单侧神经根症状的腰椎间盘突出伴不稳患者,采用肌间隙入路并进行单侧钉棒固定及融合,术中保留了后方韧带复合体,显露充分,出血少,创伤小,侧隐窝减压彻底,临床效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

The effect of flexion-extension motion of the lumbar spine on the capacity of the spinal canal. An experimental study

The symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis are often posture-dependent, and it is generally accepted that the capacity of the spinal canal is affected by flexion-extension motions of the lumbar spine. A study of spinal capacity in flexion-extension of ten cadaver specimens on the lumbar spine was done and measurements were obtained from the flexion-extension lateral myelograms. There proved to be a larger capacity of dural sac of 3.5 to 6.0 ml (4.85 +/- 0.75 ml) in flexion than in extension, and the differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). In addition, the sagittal diameter of the dural sac and the length of the spinal canal increased from extension to flexion. Because of the effect of flexion-extension motion of the lumbar spine on the spinal capacity, we suggest that maintaining the lumbar spine in flexion is more suitable since spinal canal capacity is enlarged and symptoms may be mitigated.     

腰椎椎体后缘离断并间盘突出症（附9例报告）

对腰椎椎体后缘离断并间盘突出症的发病机理和临床进行研究。方法：对９例患者的临床表现、影像学、手术所见及治疗方法进行研究。结果：９例患者均有典型的腰腿疼痛或（和）下肢间歇性跛行,共有１０个腰椎椎体后缘离断骨块和椎间盘共同突向椎管,１例患者有Ｌ５下缘和Ｓ１上缘两个骨块,其相对应的椎体后缘骨缺损被髓核组织所充填,７例进行了手术治疗,减压后症状消失。结论：其发病的主要机理是青少年时期椎体后缘的离断以及在此基础上与椎间盘的突出相互作用,离断骨块和椎间盘共同构成了对硬膜囊或（和）神经根的压迫,产生间歇性跛行或（和）下肢疼痛,减压后症状消失。     

步行负荷试验对腰椎管狭窄症的诊断价值

目的:研究步行负荷试验在诊断腰椎管狭窄症中与腰椎MRI检查及下肢肌电图检查的相符情况,评估其诊断价值。方法:选取2009年10月～2010年10月我院收治的腰椎管狭窄症住院患者35例,临床表现均为症状重但查体定位体征不明显。所有入选病例均对其影像学(腰椎正侧位、腰椎动力位、腰椎MRI、下肢血管多普勒)检查、下肢肌电图及步行负荷试验结果进行双盲检测及评估。观察比较步行负荷试验后出现特定阳性体征(感觉、肌力、反射等变化)所对应的神经受累节段,与腰椎MRI及肌电图检查所反应的腰椎管狭窄部位的相符情况。结果:步行负荷试验后有29例患者主诉出现下肢麻木、酸痛,其中体格检查显示L1/2、L2/3、L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1节段神经根受累节段数分别为1个、1个、12个、23个、16个,其中单节段神经根受累10例(34.5%),双节段神经根受累14例(48.3%),三节段神经根受累5例(17.2%);影像学检查显示的L1/2、L2/3、L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1节段神经受累节段数分别为2个、2个、15个、25个、18个,其中单节段神经根受累14例(40%),双节段神经根受累15例(42.9%),三节段神经根受累6例(17.1%)。31例(88.6%)患者肌电图检查有阳性发现,4例(11.4%)无异常发现,步行负荷试验阳性发现的患者肌电图均有不同程度的异常(100%)。步行负荷试验在L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1节段诊断椎管狭窄与腰椎MRI检查相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:步行负荷试验诊断低位节段(L3～S1)的腰椎管狭窄症与腰椎MRI检查及肌电图检查结果具有较好的一致性,临床上对腰椎管狭窄症有重要的诊断价值。     

腰疝10例诊治分析

目的探讨腰疝的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法。方法对1999年10月～2008年10月间收治的有完整资料的10例腰疝病例进行回顾性分析。结果临床表现为腰背部可复性肿块、腰背部疼痛不适、恶心、呕吐，由上腰三角突出9例，由下腰三角突出1例。10例均经多普勒超声协助诊断。10例均行手术治疗，3例利用自身组织缝合修补，7例使用人工补片修补。结论临床表现和体征是诊断腰疝的关键，彩色多普勒超声是腰疝首选的辅助诊断方法，外科手术是治疗腰疝的有效手段。     

腰疝10例诊治分析

目的 探讨腰疝的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1999年10月～2008年10月间收治的有完整资料的10例腰疝病例进行回顾性分析.结果 临床表现为腰背部可复性肿块、腰背部疼痛不适、恶心、呕吐,由上腰三角突出9例,由下腰三角突出1例.10例均经多普勒超声协助诊断.10例均行手术治疗,3例利用自身组织缝合修补,7例使用人工补片修补.结论 临床表现和体征是诊断腰疝的关键,彩色多普勒超声是腰疝首选的辅助诊断方法,外科手术是治疗腰疝的有效手段.     

腰疝10例诊治分析

目的 探讨腰疝的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1999年10月～2008年10月间收治的有完整资料的10例腰疝病例进行回顾性分析.结果 临床表现为腰背部可复性肿块、腰背部疼痛不适、恶心、呕吐,由上腰三角突出9例,由下腰三角突出1例.10例均经多普勒超声协助诊断.10例均行手术治疗,3例利用自身组织缝合修补,7例使用人工补片修补.结论 临床表现和体征是诊断腰疝的关键,彩色多普勒超声是腰疝首选的辅助诊断方法,外科手术是治疗腰疝的有效手段.     

Lumbar disk herniation with contralateral symptoms

The aim of the study is to determine if leg pain can be caused by contralateral lumbar disk herniation and if intervention from only the herniation side would suffice in these patients. Five patients who had lumbar disk herniations with predominantly contralateral symptoms were operated from the side of disk herniation without exploring or decompressing the symptomatic side. Patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. To our knowledge, this is the first reported series of such patients who were operated only from the herniation side. The possible mechanisms of how contralateral symptoms predominate in these patients are also discussed. In all patients, the shape of disk herniations on imaging studies were quite similar: a broad-based posterior central-paracentral herniated disk with the apex deviated away from the side of the symptoms. The symptoms and signs resolved in the immediate postoperative period. Our data clears that sciatica can be caused by contralateral lumbar disk herniation. When operation is considered, intervention only from the herniation side is sufficient. It is probable that traction rather than direct compression is responsible from the emergence of contralateral symptoms.     

椎间孔镜治疗有典型根性症状的腰椎手术失败综合征

目的：评价椎间孔镜治疗有典型根性症状的腰椎手术失败综合征（failedbacksurgerysyndrome,FBSS）的临床效果。方法选择2012年11月～2013年6月12例有典型根性症状的FBSS,其中腰椎间盘突出单纯开窗髓核摘除术后复发5例,腰椎管狭窄髓核摘除并神经根管减压术后复发3例,腰椎间盘突出椎间孔镜髓核摘除术后复发4例。均采用椎间孔镜治疗。结果12例术后患肢直腿抬高试验阴性,神经根刺激所致的患肢疼痛症状均明显缓解,患肢疼痛评分依据视觉模拟评分法（visualanaloguescore,VAS）,术前8．3±1．9,术后1个月2．6±1．1（t＝16．301,P＝0．000）。结论椎间孔镜是治疗有典型根性症状的FBSS安全和有效的微创手术,合理选择手术适应证和成熟的椎间孔镜手术经验是保证手术成功的关键。     

退行性腰椎管狭窄症的再认识（附50例分析报告）

目的 :通过 5 0例的分析 ,明确腰椎管狭窄的症状是由中央椎管狭窄还是由侧隐窝狭窄引起的 ,为临床有限手术提供依据。方法 :对 5 0例腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床症状、影像学检查及手术结果进行分析。结果 :针对引起症状的狭窄部位进行有限手术 ,5 0例患者中手术治疗的优良率为 90 %。结论 :诊断腰椎管狭窄症 ,应该明确症状是由中央椎管狭窄引起的还是由侧隐窝狭窄引起的。退行性腰椎管狭窄症 ,绝大多数是侧隐窝狭窄 ,以双侧椎板开窗入路最为适宜。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后翻修术的原因分析

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症翻修术的主要原因及手术方式。方法对86例腰椎间盘突出症翻修术的患者进行分析和总结。翻修方式:后路全椎板减压、椎间盘切除、椎间植骨融合、内固定。采用VAS和Oswestry功能障碍指数进行评估。结果复发性腰椎间盘突出34例,腰椎节段性不稳定15例,继发性椎管狭窄13例,相邻节段腰椎间盘突出6例,神经根粘连6例,极外侧型椎间盘突出遗漏5例,椎间隙感染4例,内固定失败3例。随访14～132个月,再手术前VAS评分为(8.9±1.1)分,Oswestry功能障碍指数(51.4±6.9)分。再手术后末次随访时VAS评分为(2.6±1.1)分,Oswestry功能障碍指数(17.7±3.9)分,有显著性差异(P0.05)。所有患者末次随访时植骨融合率为100%。结论腰椎间盘突出症术后翻修的原因很多。再手术时正确分析其原因,采取积极、合理的治疗方案,可以取得满意的疗效。     

Radiologic findings of the lumbar spine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,and a review of pathologic mechanisms

We have analyzed the radiologic findings on the lumbar spine and the clinical symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 106 patients who fulfilled the revised criteria of the American Rheumatism Association were subjected. All of the patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the existence of low back pain, leg pain, and leg numbness. Radiologic features of the lumbar spine, including scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, disc space narrowing, endplate erosion, osteophyte, and osteoporosis, were checked. Radiographs of the cervical spine were also taken. The clinical background of RA, such as mutilating disease or not, was assessed. Forty-two patients (40%) had the symptoms of low back pain. Abnormal radiologic findings in lumbar spine were detected in 57%. The prevalence of clinical symptoms tended to be higher in the patients with endplate erosion. Forty-two percent of the patients had both lumbar and cervical lesions. The prevalence of lumbar lesion was not high in the mutilating type of RA, except for facet erosion and severe osteoporosis. The patients with pulse steroid therapy revealed a higher prevalence of vertebral fracture. From these results, we concluded that lumbar lesions were frequently observed in patients with RA. The possibility of lumbar lesions as well as the lesions in the cervical spine and peripheral joints should be examined in patients with RA.     

Lumbar spinal stenosis: postoperative results in terms of preoperative posture-related pain

Thirty-three consecutive patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were treated with decompressive surgery aimed at relieving pain. The selection criteria for surgery included marked symptoms and lumbar spinal stenosis demonstrated by myelography. Preoperatively, only 15 patients had claudication; however, 23 experienced relief or exacerbation of symptoms related to changes in posture. A good postoperative result was obtained in 82% of the entire series, but in only 50% of patients whose symptoms were not affected by posture. Of those whose symptoms did have a postural component, a good result was obtained in 96%. The relief of back pain by decompressive surgery was significantly less successful than the relief of leg pain. It is therefore suggested that surgery be restricted to as few levels as possible.     

选择性减压融合治疗伴退行性侧凸的腰椎管狭窄症

目的:观察选择性椎管减压及融合术治疗伴退行性侧凸的腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床疗效。方法:33例退行性腰椎管狭窄伴侧凸患者,术前根据患者症状、体征及影像学检查结果确定减压节段及选择融合节段,对引起临床症状的节段进行减压,针对术前即有不稳或减压术后可能出现不稳的节段进行融合,采用JOA评分、ODI量表评估临床疗效,应用SF-36调查问卷对患者治疗前和末次随访时生活质量变化情况进行评价。结果:33例患者共减压62个节段,平均减压1.9个节段;共融合52个节段,平均融合1.6个节段。术后随访12～84个月,平均38个月,所有患者疼痛明显缓解,生活质量明显提高。术前JOA评分平均15.8分,末次随访时平均26.4分(P0.05)。术前ODI评分平均66.5分,末次随访时平均37.6分(P0.05)。SF-36调查问卷表中的8个维度分值均较术前明显提高(P0.05)。侧凸由术前平均19.3°矫正至术后平均12.7°,改善率平均为34.2%。结论:在仔细分析病情的基础上,选择个体化手术方案治疗伴退行性侧凸的腰椎管狭窄症可取得满意的临床疗效,提高患者的生活质量。     

游离型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与手术治疗

为了解游离型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗特点,我们对17例该病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果17例患者均得到诊断,手术效果满意。结论:根据有慢性腰腿痛病史、再度外伤后症状加剧、强迫体位、直腿抬高〈30°、屈颈试验阳性以及马尾神经损伤症状,再结合MRI或CT即可对该病作出确诊。并认为MRI是诊断该病的最佳影像学检查方法。治疗提倡早期手术,根据游离物在椎管内的位置选用对腰椎稳定性破坏低的术式。     

椎间盘造影在决定腰椎融合节段中的作用

目的 评估椎间盘造影术在决定选择腰椎间融合节段中的应用价值.方法 对17例下腰痛(共56个椎间盘)进行椎间盘造影.根据临床症状、辅助检查、椎间盘造影结果制定手术计划,采用椎间盘切除,腰椎间融合术.术前、术后给予VAS、ODI评分以及影像学评估.结果 本组均成功进行了椎间盘造影.椎间盘造影阳性20个,其中MRI显示只有17个为异常椎间盘.在椎间盘造影阴性的36个椎间盘中,18个MRI显示正常.MRI检测症状椎间盘的假阴性率为15%,假阳性率为50%.17例均接受了腰椎间融合术.ODI评分,术前平均51%,术后1周,1、3、6、12个月结果平均为15%,融合率100%,无一例发生并发症.VAS术前平均7分(6～9分),术后平均2分(0～4分),临床效果良好.结论 椎间盘造影术可避免不必要的腰椎融合,临床症状、辅助检查结合椎间盘造影可以提供更多的信息以更准确地选择融合节段.     

腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎的诊断与治疗方法探讨

目的探讨腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎的临床特征,诊断与治疗方法。方法自1994年7月-2004年7月共收治9例腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎患者,平均年龄48岁,近期内均接受过腰椎间盘手术,其中2例使用椎间盘手术。全组患者血沉均升高（40-110mm/h),均经MRI检查确诊,6例症状典型,疼痛较重的患者行前路病灶清除植骨融合术,3例症状不典型,疼痛较轻患者予非手术治疗。结果 行前路病灶清除植骨融合术患者,疗效较好,症状缓解明显,保守治疗病程较长,病精常有反复,但一般预后良好。结论结合患者的临床特性,经MRI检查可以作出诊断。根据患者病情的具体情况,选择手术治疗或非手术治疗。