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1.
Factors Associated with Mortality after Hip Fracture 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
There is a well-known excess mortality subsequent to hip fracture, which is probably restricted to subgroups of hip fracture
patients with reduced health status. We studied the association between risk factors and death in 248 hip fracture patients
and 248 controls originally enrolled in a population-based case–control study. This cohort was followed for 3 1/2 years with
respect to total mortality. A markedly increased mortality was found in hip fracture patients passing a mental status test
at a low score [relative risk (RR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-3.7], in hip fracture patients reporting two or
more selected chronic diseases (RR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.8–6.1), in hip fracture patients not walking outdoors before the fracture
(RR = 3.2, 95% CI 2.0–5.1) and in hip fracture patients in the lower half of handgrip strength distribution (RR = 2.3, 95%
CI 1.6–3.4), all compared with the control group. In contrast, hip fracture patients without these risk factors did not have
increased mortality compared with the control group. This study suggests that otherwise healthy and fit patients do not have
increased mortality subsequent to hip fracture. The excess mortality is restricted to persons with reduced mental status,
reduced somatic health and low physical ability. Special attention should be paid to patients with such risk factors in the
treatment and rehabilitation period.
Received: 2 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 August 1999 相似文献
2.
J. A. Langlois M. E. Mussolino M. Visser A. C. Looker T. Harris J. Madans 《Osteoporosis international》2001,12(9):763-768
Although weight loss increases bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women, little is known about the relation between
weight loss in middle-aged women and subsequent hip fracture risk. The objective of this study was to determine the association
between weight loss from reported maximum body weight in middle-aged and older women and the risk of hip fracture. Data were
from a nationally representative sample of 2180 community-dwelling white women aged 50–74 years from the Epidemiologic Follow-up
Study of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHEFS). In this prospective cohort study, incident hip
fracture was ascertained during 22 years of follow-up. The adjusted relative risks associated with weight loss of 10% or more
from maximum body weight were elevated for both middle-aged (RR 2.54; 95% CI 1.10–5.86) and older women (RR 2.04; 95% CI 1.37–3.04).
For both ages combined, women in the lowest tertile of body mass index at maximum who lost 10% or more of weight had the highest
risk of hip fracture (RR 2.37; 95% CI 1.32–4.27). Weight loss from maximum reported body weight in women aged 50–64 years
and 65–74 years increased their risk of hip fracture, especially among those who were relatively thin. Weight loss of 10%
or more from maximum weight among both middle-aged and older women is an important indicator of hip fracture risk.
Received: 13 August 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 2000 相似文献
3.
The ability of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) to estimate the risk of osteoporotic fractures was evaluated in a prospective
study over a mean time of 5.47 years in 254 postmenopausal women (mean age 58.06 ± 7.67 years). Baseline measurements of ultrasound
transmission velocity (UTV) and bone mineral density (BMD) were taken at the distal radius (DR). UTV was also measured at
the patella (P). Fifty nonspine fractures due to minor trauma were detected during annual check-ups with an incidence of 3.59/year.
Fractures occurred in older women with a lower BMD and QUS. Using Cox regression analysis the relative risk (RR) per 1 standard
deviation (SD) decrease in the unadjusted QUS and BMD measurements was: BMD-DR = 3.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.57–8.09;
UTV-DR = 5.35, 95% CI 2.07–13.83; UTV-P = 4.49, 95% CI 2.08–9.68. The relationship between BMD and QUS variables and fracture
risk persisted after adjusting for potential confounders apart from previous fractures, giving the following RR: BMD-DR =
2.99, 95% CI 1.06–8.41; UTV-DR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.18–11.49; UTV-P = 3.89, 95% CI 1.53–9.90. Correcting also for previous fractures,
only UTV-P remained an effective predictor of fracture risk even after QUS measurement correction for BMD. Wrist fractures
were best related to BMD-DR (RR 7.33, 95% CI 1.43–37.50) and UTV-DR (RR 10.94, 95% CI 1.10–108.45), while hip and ankle fractures
were significantly associated only with UTV-P (hip: RR 32.14, 95% CI 1.83–562.80; ankle: RR 17.60, 95% CI 1.78–173.79). The
combined use of BMD and QUS is a better predictor of fracture risk than either technique used separately. Comparison of the
areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves did not show differences in the ability of BMD and QUS to correctly
distinguish fractures. In conclusion, QUS predicts fracture risk in osteoporotic women at least as well as BMD. UTV-DR and
BMD-DR are good predictors of wrist fractures, while UTV-P is strongly related to hip and ankle fractures. QUS and BMD combined
improve the diagnostic ability of each technique individually.
Received: 27 April 1999 / Accepted: 3 December 1999 相似文献
4.
A. Ekman K. Michaëlsson M. Petrén-Mallmin S. Ljunghall H. Mallmin 《Osteoporosis international》2001,12(3):185-191
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the proximal femur and in more recent years quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the
heel are the most established methods for assessing hip fracture risk. Measurement of the fingers offers a new approach. We
performed DXA of the proximal femur, QUS of the heel and fingers, and radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the fingers in 87
non-institutionalized women, 65–85 years of age, with a first hip fracture and compared them with 195 randomly selected age-matched
controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and heel Stiffness Index were significantly lower among cases than
among controls (by 15% and 17%, respectively; p<0.0001), whereas no significant differences were found for finger measurements. When applying the WHO criterion of osteoporosis,
62–98% of the patients were classified as osteoporotic, compared with 19–85% of the controls, depending on method and site.
The risks of hip fracture, estimated as odds ratios for every 1 SD reduction in femoral neck BMD, heel Stiffness Index, finger
QUS and finger RA, were: 3.6 (95% CI 2.4–5.5), 3.4 (95% CI 2.2–5.0), 1.0 (95% CI 0.7–1.3) and 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–1.6), respectively.
Compared with women with normal BMD of the femoral neck, those classified as osteopenic had an odds ratio of hip fracture
of 14 (95% CI 2-110), whereas those classified as osteoporotic had an odds ratio of 63 (95% CI 8–501). We conclude that hip
DXA and heel QUS have similar capacities to discriminate the risk of a first hip fracture, whereas QUS and RA of the phalanges
seem inferior techniques for differentiating female hip fracture patients from controls.
Received: 10 March 2000 / Accepted: 21 September 2000 相似文献
5.
K. Michaëlsson E. Weiderpass B. Y. Farahmand J. A. Baron P.-G. Persson L. Zidén C. Zetterberg S. Ljunghall 《Osteoporosis international》1999,10(6):487-494
The two types of hip fracture – cervical and trochanteric femoral fractures – are generally considered together in etiologic
studies. However, women with a trochanteric fracture may be more osteoporotic than those with cervical hip fractures, and
have higher post-fracture mortality. To explore differences in risk factor patterns between the two types of hip fracture
we used data from a large population-based case–control study in Swedish women, 50–81 years of age. Data were collected by
questionnaire, to which more than 80% of subjects responded. Of the cases included, 811 had had a cervical fracture and 483
a trochanteric fracture during the study period; these cases were compared with 3312 randomly selected controls. Height and
hormonal factors appeared to affect the risk of the two types of hip fracture differently. For every 5 cm of current height,
women with a cervical fracture had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.23 (95% CI 1.15–1.32) compared with an OR of 1.06 (95%
CI 0.97–1.15) for women with trochanteric fractures. Later menopausal age was protective for trochanteric fractures (OR 0.95,
95% CI 0.91–0.99 per 2 years) but no such association was found for cervical fractures. Compared with never smokers, current
smokers had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI 1.12–1.95) for trochanteric fractures and 1.22 (95% CI 0.98–1.52) for cervical fractures.
Current hormone replacement therapy was similarly protective for both fracture types, but former use substantially reduced
risk only for trochanteric fractures: OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.33–0.92) compared with 1.00 (95% CI 0.71–1.39) for cervical fractures.
These risk factor patterns suggest etiologic differences between the fracture types which have to be considered when planning
preventive interventions.
Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 May 1999 相似文献
6.
Symptomatic fractures are a significant problem in terms of both morbidity and financial cost. Marked variation in both total
and site-specific fracture incidence has been documented internationally but there is limited within-country data. This prospective
population-based study documented the incidence of all symptomatic fractures occurring from July 1, 1997 to June 30, 1999
in adults ≥50 years of age resident in Southern Tasmania (total population ≥50 years: 64 688). Fractures were ascertained
by reviewing reports from all the radiology providers within the area. There were 701 fractures in men and 1309 fractures
in women. The corresponding fracture incidence in men and women was 1248 and 1916 per 100 000 person-years, respectively.
Residual lifetime fracture risk in a person aged 50 years was 27% for men and 44% for women with fractures other than hip
fractures constituting the majority of symptomatic fracture events. These fracture risk estimates remained remarkably constant
with increasing age. In comparison to Geelong, there were significantly lower hip fracture rates (males: RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.45–0.76;
females: RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.53–0.71) but significantly higher distal forearm fractures (males: RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.10–3.78; females:
RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.55) and total fractures in men (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17–1.46) but not women (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.98–1.13).
In contrast, Southern Tasmania had lower age-standardized rates of all fractures compared with Dubbo (RR 0.28–0.79). In conclusion,
this study provides compelling evidence that fracture incidence varies between different geographic sites within the same
country, which has important implications for health planning. In addition, the combination of high residual fracture risk
and short life expectancy in elderly subjects suggests fracture prevention will be most cost-effective in later life.
Received: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 16 August 2000 相似文献
7.
Ultrasound Measurements for the Prediction of Osteoporotic Fractures in Elderly People 总被引:13,自引:7,他引:6
In this prospective study we investigated the predictive value of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements and other potential
predictors of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. During a 1-year period, 710 participants (132 men and 578 women), aged
70 years and older (mean age ± SD: 82.8 ± 5.9), were recruited from seven homes and apartment houses for the elderly. QUS
measurements (broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS)) were assessed with a clinical bone densitometer.
A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on other potential predictors. Follow-up of fractures was done
each half year by telephone interviews. During the study period (median follow-up 2.8 years, maximum 3.7 years), 30 participants
had a first hip fracture and 54 suffered from a first other nonspinal fracture. Cox regression analyses, adjusted for age
and sex, showed that the relative risk (RR) of hip fracture for each standard deviation reduction was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4–3.7)
for BUA and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1–2.3) for SOS. Slightly weaker relationships were found for any fracture (BUA: RR, 1.6; 95% CI,
1.2–2.1; SOS: RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.6). Multivariable analyses identified low BUA values and immobility as the strongest
predictors for hip fractures and any fracture. Female gender proved to be the strongest predictor for other nonspinal fractures.
It can be concluded that QUS measurements can predict the risk for hip fracture and any fracture in elderly people.
Received: 23 July 1998 / Accepted: 19 November 1998 相似文献
8.
A. A. Ismail T. W. O'Neill C. Cooper J. D. Finn A. K. Bhalla J. B. Cannata P. Delmas J. A. Falch B. Felsch K. Hoszowski O. Johnell J. B. Diaz-Lopez A. Lopes Vaz F. Marchand H. Raspe D. M. Reid C. Todd K. Weber A. Woolf J. Reeve A. J. Silman 《Osteoporosis international》1998,8(3):291-297
Clinically apparent vertebral deformities are associated with reduced survival. The majority of subjects with radiographic
vertebral deformity do not, however, come to medical attention. The aim of this study was to determine the association between
radiographic vertebral deformity and subsequent mortality. The subjects who took part in the analysis were recruited for participation
in a multicentre population-based survey of vertebral osteoporosis in Europe. Men and women aged 50 years and over were invited
to attend for an interviewer-administered questionnaire and lateral spinal radiographs. Radiographs were evaluated morphometrically
and vertebral deformity defined according to established criteria. The participants have been followed by annual postal questionnaire
– the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Information concerning the vital status of participants was available
from 6480 subjects, aged 50–79 years, from 14 of the participating centres. One hundred and eighty-nine deaths (56 women and
133 men) occurred during a total of 14 380 person-years of follow-up (median 2.3 years). In women, after age adjustment, there
was a modest excess mortality in those with, compared with those without, vertebral deformity: rate ratio (RR) = 1.9 (95%
confidence interval (CI) 1.0,3.4). In men, the excess risk was smaller and non-significant RR = 1.3 (95% CI 0.9,2.0). After
further adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, previous hip fracture, general health, body mass index and steroid use,
the excess risk was reduced and non-significant in both sexes: women, RR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.9,3.0); men RR = 1.2 (95% CI 0.7,1.8).
Radiographic vertebral deformity is associated with a modest excess mortality, particularly in women. Part of this excess
can be explained by an association with other adverse health and lifestyle factors linked to mortality.
Received: 12 June 1997 / Accepted: 6 November 1997 相似文献
9.
The steep rise in hip fracture incidence rates with age is not fully explained by an increase in the frequency of falls or
by reduction in bone mineral density, suggesting that circumstances of falls may also affect the risk of hip fracture. Previous
studies conducted mainly among women have identified the importance of the orientation of a fall in the etiology of hip fracture.
In this case–control study among men of 45 years and older, we evaluated how the circumstances of falls affect the risk of
hip fracture. We compared 214 cases with hip fracture due to a fall with 86 controls who had fallen within the past year but
did not sustain a hip fracture. As expected, in multivariable age-adjusted analyses men who reported hitting the hip/thigh
in a fall had a markedly elevated risk of hip fracture (OR = 97.8; 95% CI = 31.7–302). Hitting the knee in a fall was associated
with reduced risk (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.09–0.67). Other factors that were associated with reduced risk of hip fracture among
men who fell were more hours of physical activity in the past year (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.73–0.97, for each additional 4 h
per week), a greater body mass index (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.40–0.90, for each additional 4 kg/m2), and a history of a fracture when age 45 years or older (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.10–0.69). Reported lower limb dysfunction
was associated with increased risk of hip fracture (OR = 6.41; 95% CI = 2.09–19.6) among fallers. The increased risk associated
with hitting the hip/thigh in a fall and the reduced risk associated with high body mass index suggest that preventive efforts
for older men at high risk might include protective hip pads to reduce the force on the hip in a fall. Exercise and strength
training programs may also reduce the risk of hip fracture among men who fall.
Received: 12 May 1997 / Accepted: 14 October 1997 相似文献
10.
Prevalent Vertebral Deformity Predicts Incident Hip though not distal Forearm Fracture: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:5
A. A. Ismail W. Cockerill C. Cooper J. D. Finn K. Abendroth G. Parisi D. Banzer L. I. Benevolenskaya A. K. Bhalla J. Bruges Armas J. B. Cannata P. D. Delmas J. Dequeker G. Dilsen R. Eastell O. Ershova J. A. Falch B. Felsch S. Havelka K. Hoszowski I. Jajic U. Kragl O. Johnell A. Lopez Vaz R. Lorenc G. Lyritis F. Marchand P. Masaryk C. Matthis T. Miazgowski H. A. P. Pols G. Poor A. Rapado H. H. Raspe D. M. Reid W. Reisinger J. Janott C. Scheidt-Nave J Stepan C. Todd K. Weber A. D. Woolf G. Ambrecht W. Gowin D. Felsenberg M. Lunt J. A. Kanis J. Reeve A. J. Silman T. W. O’Neill 《Osteoporosis international》2001,12(2):85-90
The presence of a vertebral deformity increases the risk of subsequent spinal deformities. The aim of this analysis was to
determine whether the presence of vertebral deformity predicts incident hip and other limb fractures. Six thousand three hundred
and forty-four men and 6788 women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population registers in 31 European centers and
followed prospectively for a median of 3 years. All subjects had radiographs performed at baseline and the presence of vertebral
deformity was assessed using established morphometric methods. Incident limb fractures which occurred during the follow- up
period were ascertained by annual postal questionnaire and confirmed by radiographs, review of medical records and personal
interview. During a total of 40 348 person-years of follow-up, 138 men and 391 women sustained a limb fracture. Amongst the
women, after adjustment for age, prevalent vertebral deformity was a strong predictor of incident hip fracture, (rate ratio
(RR) = 4.5; 95% CI 2.1–9.4) and a weak predictor of ‘other’ limb fractures (RR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4), though not distal forearm
fracture (RR = 1.0; 95% CI 0.6–1.6). The predictive risk increased with increasing number of prevalent deformities, particularly
for subsequent hip fracture: for two or more deformities, RR = 7.2 (95% CI 3.0–17.3). Amongst men, vertebral deformity was
not associated with an increased risk of incident limb fracture though there was a nonsignificant trend toward an increased
risk of hip fracture with increasing number of deformities. In summary, prevalent radiographic vertebral deformities in women
are a strong predictor of hip fracture, and to a lesser extent humerus and ‘other’ limb fractures; however, they do not predict
distal forearm fractures.
Received: 23 February 2000 / Accepted: 11 August 2000 相似文献
11.
Variation in the Efficacy of Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Prevention of Hip Fracture 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
K. Michaëlsson J. A. Baron O. Johnell I. Persson S. Ljunghall 《Osteoporosis international》1998,8(6):540-546
Use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been associated with a reduced risk of osteoporotic fractures.
However, it is uncertain whether this risk reduction is modified by other risk factors for hip fracture. In a population-based
case–control study in Sweden, we investigated the association between HRT and hip fracture risk within categories of age,
body measures and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women, 50–81 years of age. Mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews
were used to collect data. Of those eligible, 1328 incident cases with hip fracture (82.5%) and 3312 randomly selected controls
(81.6%) answered the questionnaire. Ever use of HRT in women less than 75 years old was associated with an odds ratio (OR)
of 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 95% CI 0.50–0.87) for hip fracture compared with OR 0.40 (95% CI 0.21–0.77) in women 75
years or older. We found a significant interaction between HRT and both weight and physical activity (p<0.05). The protective effect of HRT was particularly pronounced in lean women: compared with never HRT users, ever users
weighing under 60 kg had an OR of 0.44 (95% CI 0.30–0.66) whereas women weighing more than 70 kg had an OR of 0.91 (95% CI
0.53-1.-56). Women with low recent leisure physical activity (less than 1 h/week) similarly benefited more from HRT for hip
fracture prevention than women with a higher degree of recreational physical activity. The observed interactions with weight
and physical activity suggest that HRT has the best protective effect against hip fracture among high-risk women.
Received: 7 October 1997 / Revised: 21 January 1998 相似文献
12.
Risk Factors for Perimenopausal Fractures: A Prospective Study 总被引:11,自引:6,他引:5
J. Huopio H. Kröger R. Honkanen S. Saarikoski E. Alhava 《Osteoporosis international》2000,11(3):219-227
This prospective study was aimed at determining the risk factors for the development of fractures in perimenopausal women.
The study group (n= 3068) was comprised of a stratified population sample of women aged between 47 and 56 years. During the follow-up period
of 3.6 years, 257 (8.4%) of the women sustained a total of 295 fractures. After adjustment for covariates, the relative risk
(RR) of sustaining a fracture was found to be 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.6] for a 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease
in the spinal and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). Women with a previous fracture history were found to have an increased
risk of fracture [RR 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.2)] and those reporting three or more chronic illnesses exhibited a RR of 1.4 (95%
CI 1.0–1.9). Women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a RR of 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.2) for all fracture types. When
osteoporotic fractures (vertebral, hip, proximal humerus and wrist fractures; n= 98) were used as an endpoint, the independent risk factors were found to be a low BMD (RR for a 1 SD decrease in both spinal
and femoral neck BMD was 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–2.0), a previous fracture history (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.9) and nonuse of HRT (RR
2.2, 95% CI 1.3–4.0). The independent risk factors for all other fractures (n = 158) were a low BMD (RR for a 1 SD decrease in the spinal BMD was 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.6 and in the femoral neck BMD was 1.3,
95% CI 1.1–1.5), a previous fracture history (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.2), smoking (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.7) and having had three
or more chronic illnesses (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.2). Weight, height, age, menopausal status, maternal hip fracture, use of
alcohol, coffee consumption or dietary calcium intake were not independently associated with the development of any particular
type of fracture. We conclude that the independent risk factors for perimenopausal fractures are a low bone density, previous
fracture history, nonuse of HRT, having had three or more chronic illnesses and smoking, the gradient of risk being similar
for spinal and femoral neck BMD measurements in the perimenopausal population. The risk factors are slightly different for
perimenopausal osteoporotic than for other types of fractures.
Received: 6 April 1999 / Accepted: 18 August 1999 相似文献
13.
Forearm Fractures as Predictors of Subsequent Osteoporotic Fractures 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
M.-T. Cuddihy S. E. Gabriel C. S. Crowson W. M. O’Fallon L. J. Melton III 《Osteoporosis international》1999,9(6):469-475
To assess the ability of distal forearm fractures to predict future fractures, we conducted a population-based retrospective
cohort study among the 1288 residents (243 men, 1045 women) of Rochester, Minnesota age 35 years or older who experienced
their first distal forearm fracture in 1975–94. During 9664 person-years of follow-up, 548 patients experienced 1109 subsequent
fractures, excluding 195 that occurred on the same day as the index forearm fracture. The cumulative incidence of any subsequent
fracture was 55% by 10 years and 80% by 20 years following the initial distal forearm fracture. Compared to expected fracture
rates in the community, the risk of a hip fracture following the index forearm fracture was increased 1.4-fold in women (95%
CI, 1.1–1.8) and 2.7-fold in men (95% CI, 0.98–5.8). In women, the risk of hip fracture differed by age, as we had found in
a previous study. Women over age 70 had a 1.6-fold increase (95% CI, 1.2–2.0) in subsequent hip fracture risk whereas women
who sustained their first forearm fracture before age 70 years did not have significantly increased risk. By contrast, vertebral
fractures were significantly increased at all ages, with a 5.2-fold increase (95% CI, 4.5–5.9) in risk among women and a 10.7-fold
increase (95% CI, 6.7–16.3) among men following a first distal forearm fracture. The increased risk in men suggests that a
sentinel forearm fracture should not be ignored. Among the women, we also found a missed opportunity for intervention as hormone
replacement therapy was underutilized.
Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted: 16 October 1998 相似文献
14.
Contribution of Weather to the Seasonality of Distal Forearm Fractures: A Population-Based Study in Rochester, Minnesota 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
S. J. Jacobsen D. J. Sargent E. J. Atkinson W. M. O’Fallon L. J. Melton III 《Osteoporosis international》1999,9(3):254-259
Distal forearm fractures due to falls were more frequent in the winter (p<0.0001) among Rochester men and women 35 years of age or older in 1952–89. The winter excess was partially explained by a
greater relative risk of distal forearm fractures on days with freezing rain (1.65; 95% CI 1.28–2.13) or snow (1.42; 95% CI
1.17–1.74) among women under 65 years of age and on days with freezing rain (1.63; 95% CI 1.23–2.17) among older women. The
greater seasonality of forearm compared with hip fractures is explained by the fact that more of them occur out-of-doors.
However, residual effects of season after adjusting for daily weather conditions suggest that other factors may play a role.
Received: 21 April 1998 / Accepted: 17 July 1998 相似文献
15.
Survival and Potential Years of Life Lost After Hip Fracture in Men and Age-matched Women 总被引:20,自引:6,他引:14
A. Trombetti F. Herrmann P. Hoffmeyer M. A. Schurch J. P. Bonjour R. Rizzoli 《Osteoporosis international》2002,13(9):731-737
Hip fracture is associated with a higher mortality rate in men than in women. However, mean age of men and women with hip
fracture differs markedly. Thus, some of the differences in the clinical pattern and outcome between genders could be related
to different ages. To avoid the influence of age on gender-specific outcome, we analyzed prefracture conditions and hip fracture
outcome in a cohort of men and of age-matched women. Risk factors for low bone mass were recorded in 106 men (mean age ± SD,
80.3 ± 9.3 years) and 264 age-matched women (mean age 81.4 ± 8.0) with hip fracture. We compared mortality rate, survival,
years of potential life lost and modification of housing conditions. These outcomes were prospectively assessed during an
average 3.6 years follow-up (up to 7 years). Men with hip fracture differed from age-matched hip-fractured women by a higher
alcohol and tobacco consumption, a greater frequency of living in couple, and by less prevalent fractures. Mortality rate
after hip fracture was significantly higher in men (RR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.34–2.24). Since mortality is higher in the general
male population, we compared reduction in life expectancy taking into account the gender-specific mortality rate. The excess
mortality in each age-group of hip-fractured patients, which was measured during the whole follow-up period, and is an estimate
of death attributable to fracture, did not differ between genders. Reduction in life expectancy due to hip fracture was similar
in both genders (5.9 ± 4.5 and 5.8 ± 4.8 years, in men and women, respectively; NS), but the proportion of the years of life
lost was higher in men (70 ± 33%) than in women (59 ± 42%, p < 0.01). It was concluded that for the same age, mortality rate after hip fracture was higher in men than in women. Although
the reduction in life expectancy was similar in both genders, the proportion of the years of life lost was higher in men,
suggesting a worse impact of hip fracture on survival in men, even after consideration of the higher mortality rate in the
general male population.
Received: 9 October 2001 / Accepted: 22 April 2002 相似文献
16.
A. N. A. Tosteson S. E. Gabriel M. R. Grove M. M. Moncur T. S. Kneeland L. J. Melton III 《Osteoporosis international》2001,12(12):1042-1049
The objective of the study was to estimate the impact of hip and vertebral fractures on quality of life in postmenopausal
women using a preference-based health measure that is appropriate for economic evaluations and to investigate correlates of
health outcome. Interviews to assess health-related quality of life, which also documented other health conditions and characteristics,
were undertaken in women age 50 years and older without osteoporotic fractures compared with women with hip and/or vertebral
fracture(s). Health status was characterized by self-reported physical limitations and the mental and physical component summary
scores of the SF-36. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which reflect each individual’s assessment of her overall health
utility, were estimated with time tradeoff values. Regression methods were used to examine QALY correlates (e.g. time since
fracture) for each fracture group and to estimate differences in QALYs between fracture and non-fracture subjects after accounting
for other patient characteristics. Among 382 women ages 50–96 years, fracture subjects were significantly older, less likely
to use hormone replacement therapy and more likely to report physical limitations than non-fracture subjects. On the QALY
scale, where 1 represents perfect health and 0 represents death, mean QALY values were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.87) among 114
women with one or more vertebral fractures and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.74) among 67 with hip fracture compared with 0.91 (95%
CI: 0.88, 0.94) among 201 women without fracture. No significant correlates of QALYs were identified among women with vertebral
fracture alone. Among hip fracture subjects, time since hip fracture and presence of a vertebral fracture were significant
correlates of QALYs. In multiple regression analyses, estimated QALY differences (fracture minus non-fracture subjects) ranged
from –0.05 to –0.55 and were equivalent to losses of 20–58 days, 23–65 days and 115–202 days per year for vertebral fracture
(p= 0.001), hip fracture (p= 0.009) and hip plus vertebral fracture (p<0.001) subjects, respectively, depending on age. Thus to adequately assess the cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis treatment,
the negative impact of vertebral fractures on QALYs, even among women who have survived a hip fracture, must be considered.
Received: 2 February 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 相似文献
17.
Socioeconomic Status, Marital Status and Hip Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Case–Control Study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
B. Y. Farahmand P.-G. Persson K. Michaëlsson J. A. Baron M. G. Parker S. Ljunghall 《Osteoporosis international》2000,11(9):803-808
Socioeconomic status and social support have been identified as important determinants of several diseases and overall mortality,
but these factors have not been adequately examined in relation to hip fracture risk. The aim of this study was to determine
the relationship of socioeconomic status and marital status to hip fracture risk. We used data from a population-based case–control
study in postmenopausal women aged 50–81 years during 1993–1995 who resided in six counties in Sweden. The analysis was based
on 1327 incident cases of hip fracture and 3262 randomly selected controls. Socioeconomic and marital status were obtained
by record linkage with census data in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. Information on other possible risk factors for hip fracture
was collected by a mailed questionnaire. Women who were gainfully employed in 1990 had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.74 [95% confidence
interval (CI) 0.56–0.96] compared with those not gainfully employed; those in the highest tertile of household income had
an OR of 0.74 (95% CI 0.60–0.90) compared with those in the lowest tertile of income. Women who lived in a one-family house
had an OR of 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99) compared with those living in an apartment. Divorced, widowed or unmarried women had
a higher risk of hip fracture than married or cohabiting women; the OR was 1.40 (95% CI 1.06–1.85). Married women who were
both gainfully employed and were living in a one-family house had a substantially decreased risk of hip fracture compared
with unemployed women living without a partner in an apartment (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.22–0.71). Occupational affiliation among
women ever employed, and educational level, were not associated with hip fracture risk. We conclude that employment, household
income, type of housing and marital status seem to be risk indicators of hip fracture risk independent of known osteoporotic
risk factors.
Received: 6 October 1999 / Accepted: 29 March 2000 相似文献
18.
Femoral Bone Mineral Density, Neck-Shaft Angle and Mean Femoral Neck Width as Predictors of Hip Fracture in Men and Women 总被引:19,自引:6,他引:13
C. Gómez Alonso M. Díaz Curiel F. Hawkins Carranza R. Pérez Cano A. Díez Pérez 《Osteoporosis international》2000,11(8):714-720
The effect of femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and several parameters of femoral neck geometry (hip axis length, neck–shaft
angle and mean femoral neck width) on hip fracture risk in a Spanish population was assessed in a cross-sectional study. All
parameters were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were 411 patients (116 men, 295 women; aged 60–90 years)
with hip fractures in whom measurements were taken in the contralateral hip. Controls were 545 persons (235 men, 310 women;
aged 60–90 years) who participated in a previous study on BMD in a healthy Spanish population. Femoral neck BMD was significantly
lower, and neck–shaft angle and mean femoral neck width significantly higher, in fracture cases than in controls. The logistic
regression analysis adjusted by age, height and weight showed that a decrease of 1 standard deviation (SD) in femoral neck
BMD was associated with an odds ratio of hip fracture of 4.52 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.93 to 6.96] in men and 4.45
(95% CI 3.11 to 6.36) in women; an increase of 1 SD in neck–shaft angle of 2.45 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.45) in men and 3.48 (95%
CI 2.61 to 4.65) in women; and an increase of 1 SD in mean femoral neck width of 2.15 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.98) in men and 2.40
(95% CI 1.79 to 3.22) in women. The use of a combination of femoral BMD and geometric parameters of the femoral neck except
for hip axis length may improve hip fracture risk prediction allowing a better therapeutic strategy for hip fracture prevention.
Received: 16 September 1999 / Accepted: 22 February 2000 相似文献
19.
Predictors of Fractures in Elderly Women 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
A. M. Tromp M. E. Ooms C. Popp-Snijders J. C. Roos P. Lips 《Osteoporosis international》2000,11(2):134-140
In a prospective study of 348 apparently healthy women, aged 70 years and over (mean 80.3 years), we examined bone mineral
density (BMD), biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and some easily measurable predictors in relation to hip and osteoporotic
fractures. In addition, we constructed risk profiles for hip and osteoporotic fractures. At baseline, BMD at both hips, using
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, body height and body weight were measured. At the same time, serum and urine samples were
obtained for biochemical analysis. Serum samples were analyzed for vitamin D metabolites, sex hormone binding globulin, serum
intact parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphate, albumin, calcium and creatinine. In 2 h fasting
urine, hydroxyproline, type I collagen crosslinked N-telopeptide (NTx) and calcium excretion were measured. Furthermore, easily
measurable predictors, such as previous fracture, body mass index (BMI) and mobility were assessed. During the follow-up period
(mean duration 5.0 years), hip and any osteoporotic fracture (wrist, humerus or hip fracture) occurred in 16 and 33 participants,
respectively. Data were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. BMD of the trochanter (per 1 SD decrease) and previous fracture
were most strongly associated with hip fractures (adjusted relative risk (RR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–6.6;
RR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.5–11.6, respectively) and osteoporotic fractures (RR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–2.8; RR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5–5.7,
respectively). Previous fracture, BMI and mobility were identified as easily measurable predictors for hip fractures, whereas
previous fracture, use of loop diuretics and age were predictors for osteoporotic fractures in the risk profile model. The
risk of fractures can be predicted with three easily measurable predictors. This study confirms the importance of previous
fracture as a predictor for hip fractures and other fractures. It also shows that the use of loop diuretics is a predictor
for osteoporotic fractures.
Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 29 June 1999 相似文献
20.
Predicting Fractures Using Bone Mineral Density: A Prospective Study of Long-Term Care Residents 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
K. E. Broe M. T. Hannan D. K. Kiely C. M. Cali L. A. Cupples D. P. Kiel 《Osteoporosis international》2000,11(9):765-771
Bone mineral density (BMD) has been shown to predict fracture risk in community-dwelling older persons; however, no comparable
prospective study has been performed in the long-term care setting where the role of BMD testing is uncertain. To determine
the ability of a single BMD measurement to predict the risk of subsequent fracture in long-term care residents, we designed
a prospective study in a 725-bed long-term care facility. A total of 252 Caucasian nursing home residents (mean age 88 years,
74% women) were recruited between 1992 and 1998. BMD of the hip, radius or both sites was measured using dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry. Participants were followed through September 1999 for the occurrence of fracture. Cox proportional hazards
regression models were constructed to determine the relationship between BMD and the risk of fracture controlling for potentially
confounding variables. Sixty-three incident osteoporotic fractures occurred during a median follow-up time of 2.3 years. The
multivariate-adjusted risk of fracture for each standard deviation decrease in BMD was 2.82 (95% CI 1.81–4.42) at the total
hip, 2.79 (95% CI 1.69–4.61) at the femoral neck, 2.26 (95% CI 1.51–3.38) at the trochanter, 1.83 (95% CI 1.14–2.94) at the
radial shaft and 1.84 (95% CI 1.21–2.80) at the ultradistal radius. Subjects in the lowest age-specific quartile of femoral
neck BMD had over 4 times the incidence of fracture compared with those in the highest quartile. BMD at either hip or radius
was a predictor of osteoporotic fracture, although in women, radial BMD did not predict fracture. Knowledge of BMD in long-term
care residents provides important information on subsequent fracture risk.
Received: 3 December 1999 / Accepted: 17 March 2000 相似文献