左胸入路治疗中段食管癌

目的　评价左开胸治疗中段食管癌。方法　自１９９２年１ 月至１９９８年１２月采用单纯左胸入路治疗中段食管癌８９ 例。全组病人均行食管钡餐造影检查。病变上缘均位于气管分叉以下长３～８ｃｍ 。右侧卧位。左后外侧切口,先经第七肋间进胸。游离主动脉弓下食管,若肿瘤外侵明显,尽量连同外侵组织整块切除。游离弓下食管至主动脉弓上。清扫纵隔淋巴结。打开膈肌游离胃,低位结扎胸导管。在贲门处切断下端食管,封闭贲门,修整胃小弯侧,将胃制成“管状”。将开胸器移至第五肋间,暴露主动脉弓水平。将食管、“管状”胃经主动脉弓后食管床及主动脉弓上三角处拉出,距胸顶３ｃｍ 处切断上端食管。食管－ 胃－ 层吻合法吻合。吻合口套入胃内３ｃｍ ,纵隔胸膜包埋。结果　８９例中,１ 例术后病理为食管残端阳性,二周后给予放疗。２例肺感染经抗炎治疗治愈。１例术后二周出现吻合口狭窄给予球囊扩张改善。全组无手术死亡。无吻合口瘘及反流。无乳糜胸。结论　单纯左胸入路具有一个切口同时完成胸、腹手术,术后并发症发生率低的优点。但因不能行全胸段食管切除与颈部吻合,故残端阳性发生率高。     

胸中段食管癌胸腹二野淋巴结清扫及其转移规律的临床研究

目的:探讨胸中段食管癌胸腹二野淋巴结转移规律及其清扫方法,指导临床淋巴结清扫的范围。方法:对95例胸中段食管癌采用右胸及上腹正中两切口术式为基础进行胸腹二野淋巴结清扫,并对淋巴结转移规律进行分析。结果:95例胸中段食管患者淋巴结转移度为20.4% ,肿瘤浸润深度和分化程度对淋巴结转移率的影响具有统计学意义。胸中段食管癌既有向上到右颈气管旁、双侧喉返神经链旁、食管旁、癌肿旁、隆突下淋巴结转移,也有向下至贲门旁、胃左动脉旁、胃小弯网膜等处淋巴结转移,呈现双向转移趋势。结论:胸中段食管癌患者淋巴结转移与肿瘤浸润深度及分化程度明显相关。具有胸腹二野淋巴结转移的倾向,右颈气管旁及双侧喉返神经链是淋巴结转移重要区域,右胸及上腹两切口术式更方便胸中段食管癌切除和胸腹二野淋巴结的清扫,并且以此为基础经右胸顶对右颈气管旁及双侧喉返神经链淋巴结清扫也是安全可行的。      

VATS保留胃左动脉的早期食管、贲门癌切除术15例

目的:探讨胸腔镜辅助上腹小切口,保留胃左动脉的早期胸下段食管、贲门癌根治性切除术的可行性和近期疗效。方法:2009年2月至2012年1月对15例胸下段食管癌及贲门癌患者经上腹正中小切口胸腔镜辅助下,施行了保留胃左动脉的胸下段食管、贲门癌根治性切除,即食管-胃胸腔内端-侧吻合手术。其中胸下段食管癌3例,贲门癌12例。术后病理分期:T1N0M04例、T2N0M07例、T2N1M04例。手术取右侧后仰卧位,辅助胸腔镜游离胸段食管并清扫纵隔淋巴结,上腹部正中小切口游离胃体并清扫腹腔区域淋巴结,保留胃左动脉,在腔镜辅助下于胸腔内行食管-胃端-侧吻合。结果:全组患者无大出血及死亡,手术时间90-120 min,平均95min。术后出现肺内感染2例,心律失常1例,对症治疗后均痊愈。平均住院12.5天,术中清扫淋巴结总数平均15枚。随访1-6个月,无死亡及复发。结论:小样本临床结果表明:胸腔镜辅助下小切口开腹,保留胃左动脉的胸下段食管、贲门癌根治性切除术安全可行,近期疗效满意。     

食管胃黏膜不等边距吻合置入胃腔术在食管贲门癌手术中的应用观察

我院自 1997年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月共对 12 1例食管癌、贲门癌患者行手术治疗 ,消化道重建采用了食管胃黏膜不等边距吻合置入胃腔术[1] ,效果满意 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　临床资料本组 12 1例中 ,食管癌 10 4例 ,贲门癌 17例。男性 82例 ,女性 3 9例。年龄 42～ 75岁 ,平均年龄 5 7岁。1.2　手术方法本组病例中从左后外侧切口进胸 10 8例 ,从右侧进胸 13例。进胸后常规游离食管、胃 ,清扫周围淋巴组织。胸上段、胸中段食管癌于贲门处切断食管 ,胸下段食管癌及贲门癌“厂”型断胃。1.2 .1　胃黏膜吻合口制作　切断食管后 ,缝闭胃…     

右胸加上腹正中两切口食管癌根治术疗效观察

目的:观察经右胸、上腹正中切口,食管-胃右侧胸顶吻合术治疗中下段食管癌的疗效,探讨该术式的优势。方法:2006年6月-2011年6月经上腹正中、右胸两切口食管癌根治术治疗中、下段食管癌142例的吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、食管切缘阳性以及淋巴结清扫情况进行回顾性分析。结果:根治性切除率95.5%,晚期病例根治切除率90.5%,无手术死亡,无吻合口瘘及狭窄,吻合口出血3例,1例发生胃小弯侧应激性溃疡出血并穿孔。淋巴结清扫846枚,转移淋巴结235枚,淋巴结转移率27.8%;其中锁骨下动脉旁淋巴结和喉返神经旁淋巴结86枚,转移淋巴结16枚,转移率18.6%。结论:经右胸、上腹正中切口行食管癌切除手术,具有手术野显露清楚,直视下吻合口可靠且无张力,肿瘤切除率高,淋巴结清扫较为彻底,保持隔肌完整性,患者术后咳嗽排痰容易,能够减少肺部并发症发生,值得临床推广使用。     

食管贲门癌419例手术治疗临床分析

 目的 探讨食管贲门癌的手术径路、切除范围、淋巴结清扫及手术疗效。方法 手术治疗食管贲门癌419例，经左胸后外侧切口394例，右胸前外侧及上腹正中切口4例，右胸前外侧、上腹正中及左颈部三切口19例，左颈部及上腹正中非开胸食管内拨脱2例，均清扫术野淋巴结。结果 本组病例发生并发症56例，其中吻合口瘘16例，吻合口狭窄7例，心血管并发症11例，肺部并发症7例，切口感染及其他15例，除3例心血管并发症于术后48 h内死亡，1例乳糜胸于术后第9天死亡外，余无手术死亡及住院死亡。结论 严格掌握手术适应证，合理选择手术径路，注意术中缜密操作及改进吻合方法，对提高切除率、减少并发症大为有益。     

胸腹腔镜联合手术治疗食管癌应用体会

目的探讨胸腹腔镜联合治疗食管癌的可行性和近期疗效。方法胸腔镜下游离胸段食管同时清扫胸腔淋巴结。腹腔镜下游离胃并清扫腹腔淋巴结,将胃裁为管状。颈部切口将管状胃经食管床提至颈部与食管吻合。结果所有病例均在胸腹腔镜联合下顺利完成食管癌根治术,术后恢复快,并发症少。近期随访无复发。结论胸腹腔镜联合手术治疗食管癌能带给患者较小的创伤,降低术后并发症,改善患者生活质量,近期疗效满意。     

食管中下段癌手术方式的临床研究

 目的 探讨食管中下段癌手术方式的合理选择。方法 对2003年1月至2005年12月收治的59例食管中下段癌患者，分别采用经左胸后外侧切口切除病变、胃-食管弓上吻合（简称一切口）25例，经上腹、右胸二切口切除病变、胃-食管胸顶吻合（简称二切口）34例。结果 59例患者全部手术切除，无手术死亡。一切口和二切口两种手术方式比较，手术时间分别为（200.80±34.87）min和（210.59±30.84）min，术中出血量分别为（409.00±194.03）ml和（352.94±114.11）ml，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；但术中淋巴结清扫数分别为（7.02±4.03）枚和（11.29±4.99）枚，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。术后残端癌阳性及吻合口瘘的发生率二切口手术与一切口手术差异无统计学意义。结论 经上腹、右胸二切口手术治疗食管中下段癌切除食管长度足够、清扫淋巴结彻底，同时并不增加手术时间及术中出血量，吻合方便，对减少术后并发症也有一定的优势。     

食管癌全胸段食管切除食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合与“三切口”术式比较

评价食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合术在全胸段食管切除治疗食管癌的临床应用价值。方法：４２例病例随机分为经左胸行食管胃吻合器顶吻合组和经右胸行“三切口”手术组，并对临床资料进行分析。结果：听合器法具有手术时间短，并发症少，术后恢复快，手术适应证广等优点，其食管切除以及胸腹部淋巴结的清扫范围与“三切口”术式大致相同，但颈部淋巴结的清扫不如后者。     

食管癌全胸段食管切除食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合与“三切口”术式比较

目的：评价食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合术在全胸段食管切除治疗食管癌的临床应用价值。方法：42例病例随机分为经在胸行食管胃吻合器胸项吻合组和经右胸行“三切口”手术组，并对临床资料进行分析。结果：吻合器法具有手术时间短，并发症少、术后恢复快、手术适应证广等优点，其食管切除以及胸腹部淋巴结的清扫范围与“王切口”才式大致相同，但预部淋巴结的清扫不如后者。结论：在不适宜开展“三切口”手术的情况下，食管胃吻合器胸顶吻合术是全胸段食管切除治疗食管癌的一种好方法。     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.