耳蜗的扫描电镜观察

为研究柯替氏器的超微结构,用豚鼠、猫及4个月胎儿的耳蜗,在扫描电镜下观察。柯替氏器呈螺旋梯状,围绕在蜗轴周围。蜗尖部的柯替氏器较宽,蜗底部的较窄,其上方的前庭膜由单层扁平上皮组成,上皮表面有微绒毛。紧贴表面的盖膜由原纤维组成。大多数原纤维平行排列,表面与边缘的原纤维多交织成网。柯替氏器中有3排外毛细胞与1排内毛细胞,二者之间有柱细胞头板,外毛细胞上的听毛排列成W形,内毛细胞上的听毛排列成弧形。此外,所有细胞表面均有微绒毛。在轻度噪音刺激后,听毛减少并紊乱,微绒毛也减少或消失。 4月胎儿的柯替氏器有3～4排外毛细胞,其表面为绒球状听毛,后来发育为W形排列。内毛细胞为1排,表面为束状的原始听毛,后变为弧形排列。本文还观察到断裂的柯替氏器中,暴露出外毛细胞的柱状胞体及底部的杯状支持结构。外毛细胞由外指细胞所肩托。外指细胞的指突与外毛细胞均倾斜排列,交错成一定角度。当暴露出外柱细胞时,其胞体上细下粗,表面有传入神经纤维。当外毛细胞、外柱细胞等掀向上方后,可见隧道中纵行的神经纤维束及其分支,即螺旋隧道束与放线隧道纤维,它们系橄榄耳蜗束的传出纤维。     

豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛的扫描电镜观察

目的 了解耳蜗毛细胞正常和静纤毛的形态特征。方法 用扫描电镜观察了２５４只豚鼠的耳蜗。结果 豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛正常和几种变异的形态特征为：１．外毛细胞行毛排列不规则及静纤毛的自然缺失;２．外毛细胞静纤毛束转位;３．外毛细胞行毛副毛与列外内毛细胞。结论 外毛细胞静纤毛排列不规则和静纤毛的自然缺失不是病理变化。外毛细胞静纤毛束转位,静纤毛副毛与列外内毛细胞是遗传变异引起的。     

听信息在毛细胞中的转导过程及模型

一、引言外耳接收的声波,经外耳道而达鼓膜,鼓膜的振动借小听骨使镫骨扣击前庭窗,引起前庭阶外淋巴液振动,从而振动前庭膜和蜗管的内淋巴液,于是引起基底膜内听弦的共振;当基膜振动时,毛细胞的纤毛触及盖膜弯曲,使毛细胞受到刺激,引起神经冲动,由位听神经的蜗神经传入脑的听中枢,这是产生听觉的基本过程。在这个过程中,听觉的感受器一毛细胞利用各种机械的、流体力学的、电的方法,     

豚鼠化脓性中耳炎耳蜗Corti氏器组织学及超微结构研究

<正> 以中耳接种金黄色葡萄球菌的方法诱发豚鼠化脓性中耳炎,用光学及电子显微镜观察实验性化脓性中耳炎不同时间耳蜗Corti氏器的病理改变。发现随中耳炎病程的延长,受累耳蜗外毛细胞缺失有增多的趋势,在扫描及透射电镜下,则可见存留的外毛细胞静纤毛改变、线粒体变性、     

丁胺卡那霉素对豚鼠内耳毒性影响的组织病理学观察

通过全耳蜗铺片及前庭迷路取材，运用光镜和电镜观察豚鼠丁胺卡那霉素中毒后内耳的病理变化。结果见耳蜗明显受损，以底回为重。螺旋器外毛细胞坏死较多，而内毛细胞及支持细胞病变较轻。前庭椭圆囊耳后细碎，毛细胞纤毛粘连、脱落；壶腹嵴中央区纤毛也缺失。实验对客观评价了胺卡那霉素的内耳毒性及有效地预防其中毒性耳聋的发生提供了实验形态学资料。     

庆大霉素对豚鼠内耳的组织病理学影响

运用扫描电镜观察肌注庆大霉素１５天及３０天后内耳组织病理变化，结果见耳蜗明显受损，螺旋器外毛细胞坏死较多，内毛细胞病变稍轻，壶腹嵴顶部感觉毛细胞纤毛破坏消失或融合，耳石器椭圆囊斑及球囊斑微纹区毛细胞受损较明显，纤毛缺失，粘连，边缘区病变较轻，耳石脱落，变性。实验对客观评价药物的耳毒作用提供了实验方法及形态学资料。     

庆大霉素中毒后豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞的再生

目的：通过庆大霉素中毒后不同时间豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞变化的观察，研究哺乳动物耳蜗毛细胞受损后能否再生。方法：将60只豚鼠随机分成庆大霉素组和生理盐水对照组。应用扫描电镜（SEM）技术并结合听脑干反应（ABR）测试，观察耳蜗毛细胞情况和ABR阀值变化。结果：庆大霉素组耳蜗毛细胞在30 d时ABR阈值有明显恢复，但未达到正常水平，同时耳蜗第三转有新生的静纤毛出现。结论：庆大霉素损伤后的毛细胞可以再生。     

镍钛合金听泡植入对豚鼠耳蜗及听功能的毒性

背景：镍钛合金多作为自膨胀支架和封堵器的材料应用已很成熟,但镍钛合金作为听骨链重建材料的相关研究及临床应用至今少有报道。 目的：观察镍钛合金植入体在豚鼠听泡中的耳毒性。 方法：健康听敏纯白红目豚鼠50只,每只豚鼠其中一侧耳为镍钛合金植入组,其中25只对侧耳为钛植入组,另25只对侧耳为空白植入组。分别于植入后7,14,28,56,112 d随机处死含钛植入组和空白植入组的豚鼠各5只,对各组行近中轴位耳蜗石蜡切片苏木精-伊红染色观察耳蜗组织的形态变化,行耳蜗毛细胞核丫啶橙-碘化丙啶双重荧光染色观察毛细胞凋亡和缺失情况,行耳蜗基底膜扫描电镜观察毛细胞纤毛排列情况,透射电镜观察毛细胞细胞器形态,对各组的豚鼠植入前、不同时间点处死前均行听性脑干反应及畸变反应耳声发射检测。 结果与结论：各组植入后各时间点耳蜗组织形态无明显变化,未发现耳蜗毛细胞发生凋亡,基底膜耳蜗毛细胞纤毛排列整齐,外耳蜗毛细胞的细胞器未见明显异常。植入前及植入后7,14,28,56,112 d听性脑干反应阈值差异无显著性意义,且畸变反应耳声发射检测通过率均为100%。结果证实,镍钛合金听泡植入对豚鼠耳蜗形态及听功能无明显影响,提示镍钛合金无明显耳毒性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

DBA/2J小鼠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛早期的形态结构变化

目的:观察低周龄DBA/2J小鼠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛形态结构的变化,探讨DBA/2J小鼠早期听力受损的原因。方法:检测DBA/2J小鼠2、4周龄和8周龄听觉脑干反应,扫描电镜下观察耳蜗底回毛细胞静纤毛的形态结构特征。结果:听觉脑干反应显示DBA/2J小鼠在4周龄后表现为渐进性的听力受损。扫描电镜可见2周龄时高倍镜下纤毛束融合并伴有纤毛束软化,4周龄时纤毛束融合、软化和倒伏更为严重,8周龄低倍镜下纤毛束缺失数目较多,尚存纤毛融合倒伏更为严重。结论:DBA/2J小鼠耳蜗毛细胞静纤毛出现纤毛束融合、软化、弯曲、倒伏甚至缺失,可能是导致其早发性听力受损的主要原因。     

人胚胎期耳蜗管及柯替氏器的发育

用人胎儿颞骨64个,胎龄为2～9个月,制成火棉胶切片与耳蜗铺片,对照观察其中柯替氏器的发育。在胚胎2个月时,柯替氏器才开始发育;第3～5个月是主要的发育分化阶段;第6个月时,发育分化完成,基本结构趋于稳定;第7～9个月时,除细胞的分化程度进一步成熟外,基本结构不再有显著变化。柯替氏器长度发展最迅速的时期,是在第2～3月之间。胎儿5个月时,柯替氏器中隧道内侧于形成内螺旋沟以前,有一些高柱状上皮,大部分上皮退变解体,少数上皮细胞变成大型游走细胞。关于这种游走细胞的性质、功能与可能的转归,与中枢神经系统发育中的游走细胞,作了比较与探讨。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.