慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者骨代谢研究进展

COPD是一种以气流持续受限为特征的慢性呼吸系统疾病,其患病率、致残率、病死率高.骨质疏松是以骨量减少、骨结构退化和骨折风险增加的骨代谢性疾病,是COPD的重要合并症之一,但在临床中常被忽视.当COPD合并骨折时,可引起患者肺功能下降、急性加重频率及病死率增加,因此及早诊治COPD合并的骨质疏松能有效预防骨折的发生,改善患者预后.因此,早期发现、早期诊治骨质疏松,预防骨质疏松相关的骨折对于COPD患者具有重要意义.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者骨密度改变的分析

目的 通过测定慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)中、重度患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、肺功能、血气分析及营养状况的变化,探讨COPD患者BMD的改变与骨质疏松发生的关系.方法 选择43例COPD中、重度患者(缓解期)和40名同龄健康对照人群为研究对象,采用双能X线骨密度检测仪、血气分析仪、肺功能检测仪及生化测定仪等进行BMD、血气分析、肺功能、血浆总蛋白和白蛋白等指标的测定.结果 COPD组第2～4腰椎、股骨颈部、股骨大转子及股骨粗隆间的BMD值较对照组降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);COPD组的体质量指数和血浆白蛋白的测定值低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);呼吸衰竭患者的股骨颈部和第1～4腰椎的BMD较无呼吸衰竭患者降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);COPD组股骨和腰椎的骨质疏松检出率高于对照组(P值均＜0.05).结论 COPD中、重度患者BMD、体质量指数、血浆白蛋白水平均较同龄对照人群降低,呼吸衰竭组较无呼吸衰竭组BMD降低更明显,COPD组股骨和腰椎的骨质疏松检出率高于对照组,表明COPD是一种全身性疾病,其所导致的长期缺氧和营养不良状态与继发性骨质疏松发生有紧密的关系.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动系统功能异常及其对活动耐力和预后的影响

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)不仅表现为肺功能异常,而且可引起显著的全身效应,其中运动系统功能障碍,尤其是骨骼肌功能障碍与骨质疏松非常普遍.本篇综述综合了近年来国内外有关COPD患者运动系统功能异常的研究成果,对认识COPD是一系统性疾病,以及患者的病情评估、治疗及预后有重要意义.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素及与肺功能损害程度的关系.方法 选择COPD急性加重(AECOPD)入院治疗的患者180例(女性82例,男性98例),入院期间采用双能X线骨密度测定仪测定患者腰椎2～4节段和髋关节的骨密度,依据骨密度检测结果将患者分为COPD合并骨质疏松组和单纯COPD组,并记录所有患者吸烟史、骨折发生次数、激素使用情况等.入院期间测定肺功能、6min步行距离(6MWD)、体质指数(BMI)、血浆白蛋白水平等.结果 患者年龄65～79岁,平均(72±7)岁,平均吸烟量(59±27)包/年,第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)为(36.5±9.8)%,其中30%(54/180)患者近期吸入或口服糖皮质激素大于3个月.骨密度测定结果显示,171例(95%)的患者骨密度低于正常,其中119例(66%)患有骨质疏松,男性61例,发生率62%,女性58例,发生率70%,性别间差异无统计学意义(x2=1.435,P=0.330),52例(29%)骨量减少.骨折发生人数女性15例(18%),略高于男性的12例(12%)(x2=1.281,P=0.258).BMI与骨质疏松相关(r=0.362,P=0.000),6MWD与骨质疏松相关(r=0.635,P=0.048),肺残气占预计值百分比(RV%)与骨质疏松相关(r=0.688,P=0.037),用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC%)与骨质疏松明显相关(r=0.973,P=0.006).结论 骨质疏松是老年COPD患者主要的肺外表现之一,中、重度COPD患者骨质疏松发生率明显高于同龄健康人群,应给予足够的重视和积极的干预.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的全身性炎症影响

目前研究显示慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并不仅是肺部疾病，而且是一种全身性疾病。它的病理生理改变主要是由于肺部炎症引起全身性炎症，继而引起COPD患者的肺外表现，包括营养不良、体重下降、骨骼肌损耗、骨质疏松以及对心血管、神经系统等全身影响。认识COPD全身性炎症的改变，可能对临床评估患者病情和治疗产生深远的影响。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺结核病的诊治进展

随着我国老龄化社会的到来,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺结核病的患者日益增多.由于COPD合并肺结核病患者缺乏特异性的临床表现及胸部影像学表现,对COPD合并肺结核病患者的早期诊断及治疗存在一定困难.近年来,许多文献提示COPD与肺结核病之间存在相互影响,一种疾病的发生都有助于另一种疾病的发生与发展,并提出了相应的诊断及治疗措施,有助于疾病的早期诊断及治疗.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病并骨质疏松症患者血清RANKL、骨保护素水平的变化

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者骨质疏松患病情况及OPG/RANK/RANKL系统在COPD骨代谢中的作用。方法 选取2020年1月～2021年4月于我院就诊的稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者及按2∶1比例随机纳入同期健康体检者为研究对象。应用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测定腰椎L1～L4及股骨颈的骨密度(BMD),根据骨密度将稳定期COPD患者分为骨质疏松组和非骨质疏松组,检测所有研究对象肺功能及入组当天血清核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)、骨保护素(OPG)水平并进行统计学分析。结果 (1) COPD并发骨质疏松患病率为45.0%;(2) COPD骨质疏松组患者腰椎及股骨颈BMD随肺功能的下降而逐渐减低;(3) COPD骨质疏松组RANKL/OPG比值及血清RANKL水平明显高于非骨质疏松组,但OPG水平差异不显著。COPD骨质疏松组患者血清RANKL水平、RANKL/OPG比值随肺功能的下降而逐渐升高;(4)腰椎及股骨颈BMD与血清RANKL水平、RANKL/OPG比值呈负相关,与FEV₁(%)呈正相关,但与OPG水平无相关性。结论 慢性阻塞性肺...     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)是多种全身疾患的独立危险因素.慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以气流受限不完全可逆为特征的慢性呼吸系统疾病.约10%的SAS患者合并COPD,30%～40%的COPD患者合并SAS,且重症COPD患者发生SAS的概率更高.1985年Flenley首次将SAS和COPD或其他呼吸系统疾病存在于同一患者称为重叠综合征.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重的监测及其在临床试验中的意义

目前慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是全球高发病率、高病死率的慢性疾病之一,严重影响患者的劳动能力和生活质量.COPD急性加重(AECOPD)是患者就诊及住院治疗的主要原因,是导致COPD患者死亡的主要原因.因此,监测AECOPD的发生、早期诊断和干预是延缓COPD进展的关键环节.     

老年男性COPD合并骨质疏松病人睾酮及FGF23、MMP-9水平的变化

<正>COPD是一种常见的呼吸系统疾病,其患病率、致残率及病死率高,尚无有效的治愈手段。老年COPD病人常常并发心血管疾病、骨质疏松、肌肉萎缩、糖尿病、焦虑、抑郁等,增加了病情的复杂程度和治疗难度。近期一项Meta分析结果显示,我国COPD病人骨质疏松患病率高达33.3%^[1]。骨质疏松作为COPD病人常见并发症,直接影响病人活动能力,进而降低生活质量,并对病人的康复干预造成极大的影响。目前,COPD并发骨质疏松的确切病因及发病机制尚未完全明确。有研究表明,COPD病人睾酮表达降低,成纤维细胞生长因子23 (FGF23)以及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达增高^[2-3],但上述指标与COPD合并骨质疏松相关性的研究较少。探索其与COPD并发骨质疏松的关系,将有助于COPD病人骨骼状况的早期判定以及对疾病严重程度的评估。     

The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross sectional study

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease, where the initial symptoms are often cough as a result of excessive mucus production and dyspnea. With disease progression several other symptoms may develop, and patients with moderate to severe COPD have often multiorganic disease with severely impaired respiratory dysfunction, decreased physical activity, right ventricular failure of the heart, and a decreased quality of life. In addition osteoporosis might develop possibly due to a number of factors related to the disease. We wanted to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis in a population of patients with severe COPD as well as to correlate the use of glucocorticoid treatment to the occurrence of osteoporosis in this population. Outpatients from the respiratory unit with COPD, a history of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) less than 1.3 L, with FEV1% pred. ranging from 17.3% to 45.3% (mean 31.4%, standard deviation (sd) 7.3%). Patients between 50 and 70 years were included. Other causes of osteoporosis were excluded before inclusion. At study entry spirometry, X-ray of the spine (to evaluate presence of vertebral fractures), and bone mineral density of lumbar spine and hip were performed. Of 181 patients invited by mail, 62 patients were included (46 females and 16 males). All had symptoms of COPD such as exertional dyspnea, productive cough, limitations in physical activity etc. The mean FEV1 was 0.90 L (sd: 0.43 L) and the mean FEV1% pred. of 32.6% (sd: 14.1%). All had sufficient daily intake of calcium and vitamin D. In 15 patients, X-ray revealed compression fractures previously not diagnosed. Bone density measurements showed osteoporosis in 22 patients and osteopenia in 16. In total, 26 of the COPD patients were osteoporotic as evaluated from both X-ray and bone density determinations. Thus 68% of the participants had osteoporosis or osteopenia, but glucocorticoid use alone could not explain the increased prevalence of osteoporosis. A large fraction of these needed treatment for severe osteoporosis in order to prevent further bone loss and to reduce future risk of osteoporotic fractures. Thus, there is a significant need to screen patients with COPD to select the individuals in risk of fracture and to initiate prophylaxis or treatment for the disease.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与骨质疏松症相关性研究现状

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）具有高患病率、高致残率、高病死率的特点,主要累及肺脏,但也可引起全身不良反应,其中骨质疏松症是常见的肺外表现之一。近年来COPD合并骨质疏松症患病率明显增加,并成为COPD患者致残、致死的重要因素之一。为了更好地探讨COPD和骨质疏松症的关系,本文将着重介绍COPD与骨质疏松症相关性方面的新进展,以期对其诱因和预防、治疗有一个全面的认识。     

Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of osteoporosis because of their age, limited physical activity, low body mass index, smoking, hypogonadism, malnutrition, and use of corticosteroids. Systemic inflammation represents an additional pathomechanism contributing to the development of osteoporosis in COPD patients. Males in their mid to late 60s with a smoking history of greater than 60 pack-years have a prevalence rate of vertebral fractures similar to, and possibly greater than, postmenopausal women greater than or equal to 65 years old: in patients with severe COPD, up to 50-70% have osteoporosis or osteopenia, and up to 24-30% have compression vertebral fractures. Correlates of osteoporosis in COPD are mainly measures of body composition, disease severity and the use of corticosteroids, although causality has not been proven. Systemic corticosteroids remain the most common cause of drug-related osteoporosis, and a meta-analysis concluded that the use of more than 6.25 mg prednisone daily led to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. In contrast, the effects of the long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids on BMD remain debatable. Effects of treatment of osteoporosis have not been investigated in samples consisting of COPD patients only but the recommendations follow the general recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Early recognition of BMD loss is essential, and assumes close interdisciplinary cooperation between respirologists and reumatologists. Longitudinal follow-up to assess determinants of osteoporosis in COPD and randomised placebo-controlled trials on the effects of treatment of osteoporosis in patients with COPD only are warranted. In the future, novel therapeutical strategies such as monoclonal antibodies against osteoclasts activators may prove their beneficial effects in the treatment of COPD-related osteoporosis.     

Progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: a 3-year follow up study

Currently, our knowledge on the progression of osteoporosis and its determinants is limited in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bone mineral density generally remains stable in patients with COPD over a period of 3 years. Nevertheless, the progression of vertebral fractures was not assessed, while an increase of vertebral fractures over time may be reasonable. Aims of the current study were to determine the percentage of newly diagnosed osteoporotic patients after a follow up of 3 years and to identify baseline risk factors for the progression of osteoporosis in COPD. Clinically stable COPD outpatients were included. Lung function parameters, body composition measures, six minute walk distance, DXA-scan and X-spine were assessed at baseline and repeated after 3 years. Prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients increased from 47% to 61% in 3 years mostly due to an increase of vertebral fractures. Lower baseline T-score at the trochanter independently increased the risk for the development of osteoporosis. Additionally, baseline vitamin D deficiency increased this risk 7.5-fold. In conclusion, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased over a 3-year period in patients with COPD. Baseline risk factors for the development of osteoporosis are osteopenia at the trochanter and vitamin D deficiency.     

COPD继发骨质疏松症机制的研究进展

骨质疏松症是COPD的一个重要合并症.COPD患者中骨质疏松症的发病率、病死率增加,这一相关性可能与体质量指数下降和游离脂肪减少、全身炎症反应、激素使用、维生素D的缺乏及患者病理类型等因素有关.本文将对二者相关性及其可能机制的研究进展进行综述.     

重视慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关的骨质疏松症：病例和文献复习

目的重视和提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）相关的骨质疏松症早期诊断及防治意识。方法报道2例COPD相关的骨质疏松症并文献复习。结果2例COPD患者均已出现明显骨质疏松症表现,但因医务人员相关意识不足而多次误诊。结合病例复习文献,肺功能损害程度与骨质疏松症的发生以及疾病的严重程度呈正比,COPD患者合并股骨颈部和椎体的骨质疏松症是对照组的5倍。COPD往往有肺通气障碍,如伴有呼吸性酸中毒时可加速骨组织中的钙释放到循环血液中,此外COPD和骨质疏松症具有相同患病因素,如吸烟、糖皮质激素的应用、低体质量、营养不良、活动减少等,使COPD患者骨质疏松症的发病年龄明显提前。结论对COPD合并骨质疏松症早期诊断和干预,对于其活动能力的保持和生活质量的提高,乃至延缓死亡等具有重要意义。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病与继发性骨质疏松症的关系探讨

目的 观察老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者骨密度(BMD)、肺功能和血气分析的变化,探讨老年COPD与继发性骨质疏松症的关系.方法 用双能X线吸收测定仪测定32例老年男性COPD患者腰椎(L_(1-4))、股骨近端[颈部(Neck)、大粗隆(Troch)、合计(Total)]BMD,同时用肺功能仪测定肺功能,血气分析仪测量动脉血气分析,以及生化、血钙等检查.结果 COPD组的BMD值与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.001),COPD患者BMD与第1秒用力呼气容积占预计百分比呈显著正相关(P<0.001).结论 老年COPD组BMD低于对照组.COPD是继发性骨质疏松症的患病因素之一.老年COPD患者BMD检查能及早发现骨质疏松.低氧血症可能是老年COPD患者合并骨质疏松症的主要危险因素.     

Therapie der stabilen COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasingly being recognized as a systemic disease, especially at advanced disease stages. The very different COPD phenotypes require an individualized therapeutic approach. Bronchodilators remain the basis of long-term therapy. Long-acting ß2-agonists and the long-acting anticholinergic tiotropium led to a further improvement in the management of COPD. Inhaled corticosteroids prevent frequent exacerbations in patients with more severe disease. At GOLD stages III and IV more patients will need evaluation and therapy of conditions such as chronic respiratory failure, myopathy, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, depression, and nutritional deficits.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者骨密度测定及影响因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者骨质疏松的发生及有关影响因素。方法应用双能量Ｘ线吸光测定法测定ＣＯＰＤ组３９例患者及对照组１９例全身及局部的骨矿物含量,同时测定营养状态、血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶和肺功能。结果ＣＯＰＤ组体重、体重／理想体重％、上臂围、三头肌皮皱厚度、臂肌围、第２、３、４腰椎（Ｌ２～４）及左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度水平均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＣＯＰＤ组Ｌ２～４和左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨质疏松发生率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｌ２～４和左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度均与体重、体重／理想体重％、上臂围、三头肌皮皱厚度、臂肌围呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度与用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ％）、一秒钟用力呼气量（ＦＥＶ１％）及一秒率（ＦＥＶ１／ＦＶＣ％）均呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论老年ＣＯＰＤ组骨质疏松发生率高于同年龄对照组。营养状态、肺功能指标为影响ＣＯＰＤ患者骨密度的相关因素。