注射用青霉素钠水溶液旋光度变化的研究

青霉素钠是一种常用抗生素，其干燥粉末性状稳定，但配成水溶液后则极不稳定。因此，临床上要求其水溶液应用现配，并立即用完。基于青霉钠水溶液的化学性质量发生变化这一情况，我们对注射用青霉素钠水溶液旋进行测定，以观察其光学方面的物理性质是否有变化，结果发现，对不同浓度的青霉素钠水溶液其旋光度均随时间有较明显的变化，这种变化在一定时间内具有某种规律性，并且同药理学上青霉素钠注射液在人体血浆药物浓度达到高峰的     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量

目的建立一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量测定方法。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量。结果铅的平均回收率为96.36%;RSD为1.30%（n=5）。结论本法操作简便,结果准确。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量

目的 建立一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量测定方法.方法 采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定一次性使用输液器中重金属铅的含量.结果 铅的平均回收率为96.36％;RSD为1.30％(n=5).结论 本法操作简便,结果准确.     

DEHP和TOTM增塑的PVC一次性输液器与脂肪乳注射液药物相容性研究

目的通过研究含有邻苯二甲酸二乙基乙酯(diethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)和偏苯三酸三辛酯(trioctyl trimellitate,TOTM)两种增塑剂的一次性输液器与脂肪乳注射液的药物相容性,考察新型增塑剂TOTM对脂肪乳注射液的安全性。对DEHP和TOTM增塑的PVC输液器的风险评估提出可行性依据。方法模拟临床使用条件,收集不同时间点经过输液器的脂肪乳注射液,采用HPLC进行测试,考察两种输液器对于脂肪乳注射液中大豆油的吸附性能及增塑剂的迁移情况。建立了同时检测脂肪乳注射液中DEHP和TOTM的高效液相色谱方法。结果脂肪乳中的大豆油在两种管路中吸附情况不同,两种输液器对大豆油均有一定的吸附作用,DEHP为增塑剂的输液器在模拟使用4h内大豆油浓度变化率为875%~920%。TOTM为增塑剂的输液器对大豆油吸附随使用时间的延长吸附渐大,在使用的前2h几乎无吸附,大豆油浓度相对于零时间的变化率为984%~996%;在使用2h后开始有明显吸附,大豆油浓度相对于零时间的变化率达479%~520%。增塑剂迁移试验中,在本实验的检出限条件下,未检出DEHP的迁移,TOTM的迁移在脂肪乳流经输液器30~60 min过程中有检出。结论本方法考察了TOTM和DEHP为增塑剂的PVC一次性输液器与脂肪乳注射液的药物相容性,为风险评估提供依据。     

氨苄青霉素钠-乙基纤维素纳米微球的制备与表征

低分子量的乙基纤维素 (EC)包覆氨苄青霉素钠 ,采用纳米沉淀法制备氨苄青霉素钠 -乙基纤维素纳米微球。乙基纤维素 (EC)被 34% (w/ w)硝酸降解可以得到低分子量的乙基纤维素 ;FTIR,1 3C- NMR,元素分析 ,X-射线衍射分析证实在硝酸降解过程中 ,除了聚合度和结晶度降低之外 ,乙基纤维素的基本特性和基本结构没有变化 ;EC分子量的大小影响纳米微球的粒径大小、粒径分布和对药物的包覆效率。体外试验表明 ,氨苄青霉素钠 -乙基纤维素纳米微球对氨苄青霉素钠的缓慢释放为 3～ 10 h     

一次性使用聚氯乙烯输液器中邻苯二甲酸二乙基乙酯和偏苯三酸三辛酯溶出量对比研究

本研究通过对比研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基乙酯(phthalic acid diethyl ethyl ester,DEHP)和偏苯三酸三辛酯(rimellitic acid three dioctyl,TOTM)在不同药液中的溶出量,为安全使用DEHP或TOTM增塑的一次性使用聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)输液器提供依据。选用氯化钠注射液、单硝酸异山梨酯注射液、紫杉醇注射液、乙醇水溶液模拟临床滴注,分别收集通过两种输液器后的药液,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测药液中DEHP或TOTM的溶出量。结果显示,在氯化钠注射液、单硝酸异山梨酯注射液中未检出DEHP,在紫杉醇注射液、乙醇水溶液中有检出。在氯化钠注射液、单硝酸异山梨酯注射液和紫杉醇注射液中未检出TOTM,在乙醇水溶液中有少量检出。说明在临床上输注药物,选择合适材质的一次性使用PVC输液器非常有必要。     

可注射壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料的生物相容性实验研究

目的　评价可注射壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料的组织相容性,以及探讨材料负载骨髓基质干细胞进行骨修复的可行性。 方法　壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原材料与BrdU标记的rBMSc混合,注射入大鼠皮下,于皮下植入后24 h,14 d和28 d分别断颈处死大鼠,进行大体观察、HE、MASSON染色、免疫组化染色。 结果　壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原材料在室温呈液态,经1 ml注射器26号针头注射入大鼠皮下后,材料在体内可以迅速原位成形成凝胶状态,并在原位保持形状,BrdU标记的rBMSc弥散于材料中,28 d的免疫组化结果显示细胞存活良好。 结论　壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料具有良好的组织相容性,是一种良好的负载干细胞的骨组织工程支架。     

透明质酸钠羧甲基纤维素预防术后腹膜粘连的最佳剂量筛选及机制研究：随机对照实验方案

BACKGROUND: Local application of barriers is an effective way to prevent postoperative peritoneal adhesions. In previous experiments, a patented anti-adhesion material, sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose, has been prepared. This glue-like polymer material has good biocompatibility, and because of its fluidity and compressibility, it can wriggle with the organs and diffuse in the entire abdominal cavity, and thereby play alubricant role to separate the intestine and peritoneum and reduce tissue adhesion.METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal experiment has been designed. Animal models of peritoneal adhesion are made in New Zealand rabbits followed by injection of sodium hyaluronate/ carboxymethylcellulose at different concentrations and doses. The optimal concentration and dose of sodium hyaluronate/ carboxymethylcellulose is screened by comparing percentage of peritoneal adhesion between treatment and control groups. Anti-adhesion mechanism of sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose is explored through the detection of fibroblast growth factor, endothelial cell growth factor, transforming growth factor β and serum tissue-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and fibrinogen.DISCUSSION: This study will be powered to provide experimental evidence for sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose in clincial prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesion, as well as feasible ideas for exploring the anti-adhesion mechanism of sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose.ETHICAL APPROVAL:This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The disposal of animals was in line with the Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals formulated by the Ministry of Science and Technology, China in 2006 and the Ethical Issues in Animal Experimentation released in 2009  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Plasma Renin Activity Following Central Infusion of Angiotensin II and Altered CSF Sodium Concentration in the Conscious Goat

To study central influences on the renal release of renin, angiotensin II was infused into the lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious hydrated goats. CSF sodium concentration was increased or lowered by similar infusions of hypertonic NaCl or of isotonic fructose solution. Infusion of anglotensin II in doses from 0.5 to 1 μg caused a drop in plasma renin activity (PRA) and elicited a rise in blood pressure, antidiuresis, natriuresis, and thirst. Intraventricular infusion of hypertonic NaCl also suppressed PRA, induced anti-diuresis, natriuresis, and an inconsistent rise in blood pressure. Lowering of CSF [Na⁺] by infusion of isotonic fructose caused a rise in PRA and was followed by a water diuresis in the non-hydrated animal. The fructose infusions caused some decrease in renal K⁺ excretion but no consistent change in renal Na⁺ excretion. The results indicate that angiotensin II and changes in sodium balance modulate renal renin release also via the central nervous system.     

Tubular Sodium Reabsorption and the Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics. The Effect of Hypertonic Saline Infusion on Renal Vascular Resistance

The hemodynamic response following saline loading was found to differ from that induced by the saluretic agent, chlorothiazide, which causes vasoconstriction. When hypertonic NaCl was infused into the renal artery until a profuse sodium diuresis was obtained, and the infusion then interrupted, C_Na/C_In remained elevated for 60–80 min. During this period the renal vascular resistance did not change significantly and the glomerular filtration rate tended to rise as compared with the control periods. This is contrary to what has previouly been found during chlorothiazide administration, where renal vascular resistance was significantly correlated with C_Na/C_In. A hypertonic saline load blocks Na reabsorption in the proximal tubules, chlorothiazide mainly in the distal tubules. It was therefore concluded that it is a reduction of movement of Na into the distal tubule cells, specifically the macula densa, rather than the increased Na concentration of the distal tubular fluid that is responsible for the vasoconstrictive effect of chlorothiazide.     

Overview of Penicillin Allergy

Allergy to penicillin is the most commonly reported antibiotic allergy. However, most patients who report a positive history of a prior reaction to penicillin are not found to be allergic to penicillin upon skin testing. Often, this history is vague or based on a parent's recollection of an event that occurred in the distant past. Avoidance of penicillin based on self-reported allergic history alone often leads to the use of an alternate antibiotic with greater cost or side effect profile. Patients with a negative skin test to both major and minor determinants may generally be given penicillin, with a statistical risk of developing an allergic reaction similar to that observed in the general population. A more cautious approach in these cases where the degree of suspicion is low, an allergic etiology is unproven, or there is a negative skin test, is to do a graded challenge. If the skin test is positive, an alternate antibiotic should be used. If, however, an alternate antibiotic is not available, then desensitization may be performed, but there are limitations to desensitization as well, and tolerance is not permanent. Avoidance of cephalosporins may be recommended in cases of penicillin allergy, but newer generation cephalosporins have demonstrate less cross-reactivity to penicillin than earlier generation ones. Desensitization protocols for cephalosporins are available but not standardized. The mechanisms of antibiotic sensitization are not clearly understood.