1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between May 2011 and April 2012. A total of 1100 patients (male/female, 483/617) were included in this study. DR was defined following the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale. All included patients accepted a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including retinal photographs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: Retinopathy was present in 307 patients with a prevalence of 27.9%. In univariate logistic analysis, presence of DR was associated with longer duration of diabetes (OR, 5.70; 95%CI, 2.91-12.56), higher concentration of fasting blood glucose (OR, 12.94; 95%CI, 2.40-67.71), higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c (OR, 5.50; 95%CI, 3.78-11.97) and insulin treatment (OR, 6.99; 95%CI, 1.39-35.12). The lifestyle of patients with T2DM including smoking, alcohol consumption and regular exercise seemed not associated with the development of DR. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that fasting serum glucose concentration, HbA1c level, duration of diabetes and insulin treatment are potential risk factors for DR in northern Chinese patients with T2DM, while the lifestyle of included patients seems not associated with DR.     

Risk factors associated with retinal neovasculari-zation of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To evaluate the risk factors associated with retinal neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy in northern Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The clinical characteristics of 200 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 100 age-matched healthy individuals were compared. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed in the patients with PDR. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), white blood cell count (WBC), absolute neutrophil count, hematocrit (HCT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were all significantly higher in patients with PDR than in the control group (P<0.05). The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors independently associated with retinal neovascularization of DR were duration of diabetes mellitus (OR=1.112; P =0.000), BUN (OR=1.277; P=0.000), smoking (OR=3.967; P=0.000) and MPV(OR=2.472; P=0.000). On the other hand, panretinal photocoagulation was associated with reduced risk of retinal neovascularization (OR=0.983; P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Preventing and controlling T2DM in terms of risk factors, including duration of diabetes, BUN, smoking and MPV, might offer novel approaches to prevent or delay the onset of retinal neovascularization in patients with PDR.     

基于社区的2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素

目的:了解本地区社区2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的相关危险因素,为社区2型糖尿病并发症的预防和治疗提供理论依据。方法:对本地区常住居民中2型糖尿病的住院患者,进行糖尿病视网膜病变的分期并对相关因素如病程、血压、血糖水平、血脂等进行统计学分析。结果:糖尿病患者176例中,DR者53例,患病率为30.1%,糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白是DR发生的危险因素(均为P<0.05)。年龄、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿肌酐、尿素氮未成为DR发生的危险因素(均为P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病的病程、糖化血红蛋白是糖尿病视网膜病变发生的主要危险因素。     

不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆炎性因子检测

目的研究不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、可溶性白介素-2受体(IL-2R)及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,为探究炎性反应在DR发病机制中的作用提供依据。设计前瞻性比较性病例系列。研究对象2型糖尿病但无DR患者21例(DM无DR组),非增生性DR患者17例(NPDR组),增生性DR患者23例(PDR组),无糖尿病患者23例作为对照组(无DM组)。方法记录患者年龄、性别、病史资料。行视力、眼压、裂隙灯及眼底检查。采集静脉血检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(Glu)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、甘油三酯(TG)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、肌酐(CR),以及炎症相关指标TNF-α、IL-2R、IL-8 IL-6及CRP的水平。主要指标血浆炎性因子浓度。结果四组之间年龄、性别、既往高血压、冠心病及脑梗塞病史、TC、LDL、HDL、TG、Hcy和血浆CR均无显著统计学差异。HbA1c在PDR组(7.51±2.03)%、NPDR组(7.48±1.49)%、DM无DR组(7.09±1.54)%,均显著高于无DM对照组(5.35±0.54)%(P<0.001)。TNF-α水平在PDR组及NPDR组(42.54±31.80及32.07±28.84 pg/ml)显著高于无DM组(10.30±5.35 pg/ml)及DM无DR组(12.63±6.65 pg/ml)(P<0.001)。IL-8水平在PDR组及NPDR组(157.26±200.16及197.45±331.08 pg/ml)显著高于无DM组(30.23±29.41 pg/ml)及DM无DR组(29.70±22.04 pg/ml)(P=0.006)。四组之间IL-2R、IL-6及CRP浓度均无显著统计学差异。结论NPDR及PDR患者血浆炎性因子TNF-α及IL-8显著高于DM无DR及无DM对照者。血浆TNF-α升高为PDR的重要危险因素。血浆炎性因子与肌酐水平显著正相关,全身高炎症状态可能是糖尿病肾病及DR的共同危险因素。     

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shandong Peninsula of China

AIM: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and estimate the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Shandong Peninsula of China. METHODS: The cases of T2DM admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, China, from January 2006 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of DR were estimated. The cases were divided into two groups according to degrees of retinopathy: non-DR group and DR group. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the related risk factors of DR. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR in patients with T2DM was 25.08% (834/3326). There was significant difference between the average age for men (59.08±15.43 years) and for women (62.92±18.19 years,P=0.0021). The majority of DR occurred in women (female: male ratio=1.76:1,P<0.0001). The incidence rate of DR in urban (489/834) was higher than that in rural area (345/834, P<0.0001). In 834 DR patients, the mean duration of T2DM was 8.90±4.15 years (range: 0-16 years); 440 people (52.76%) had received varying degrees of health education about prevention and primary care of DM; and 473 people (56.71%) suffered from other DM complications confirmed at the same time. In addition, the incidence rate of monocular (551/3326) and binocular retinopathy (283/3326) were statistically different (P<0.0001). Factors associated (P<0.05) with the presence of DR included old age, lower health educational level, intraocular surgery history, longer duration of T2DM, accompanying with other DM complications, no standard treatment procedure, lower body mass index (BMI) and higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), urine albumin (UA), total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The risk factors (P<0.05) independently associated with the presence of DR were: longer duration of T2DM, lower health educational level, higher FPG, higher UA, lower BMI and higher TC. CONCLUSION: DR is highly prevalent in the patients with T2DM in Shandong Peninsula of China. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of DR.     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病( type 2 diabetic mellitus,T2DM)患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)相关危险因素。

方法：回顾性分析2013-01/2017-04收治入院的1 013例T2DM患者病例资料,将DR患者纳入观察组,非DR患者纳入对照组。分析T2DM患者DR相关危险因素。

结果：经调查统计DR发生率为27.74%(281/1 013)。经单因素分析,两组患者性别、年龄、T2DM病程、血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肌酐以及24h尿蛋白比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,男性、年龄>60岁、T2DM病程>10a以及血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及肌酐和24h尿蛋白表达异常均是T2DM患者并发DR的危险因素(P<0.05)。

结论：T2DM患者并发DR风险较高,男性、年龄>60岁、T2DM病程>10a以及血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及肌酐和24h尿蛋白的高水平表达均可能是诱发DR的危险因素。     

社区2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关危险因素分析

目的:分析2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopthy,DR)相关危险因素。方法:2型糖尿病患者300例,根据有无DR及病变程度分为3组:正常视网膜(NDR)组、非增殖型视网膜病变(NPDR)组和增殖型视网膜病变(PDR)组进行临床分析。结果:和NDR组比较,NPDR、PDR组病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、24h尿蛋白排泄量显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析表明:病程和SBP是DR发生的独立危险因素。结论:病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、24h尿蛋白排泄量等因素与DR的发生有关,其中糖尿病病程及SBP是DR的独立危险因素。     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能的关系

目的：探讨1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能的相关性。

方法：选取2016-09/2018-05在我院眼科和内分泌科门诊及住院的1型糖尿病患者110例,根据眼底情况分为无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组35例、非增生期糖尿病视网膜病变(BDR)组35例和增生期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组40例,同时选取健康体检者40例作为对照组,分别记录受检者的一般情况,并检测尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、肾小球滤过率、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白和尿β2-微球蛋白等指标。

结果：四组受检者尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、肾小球率过滤、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿β2-微球蛋白检测值有明显差异(均P<0.05),糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿β2-微球蛋白明显升高,肾小球滤过率显著下降(均P<0.05)。糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度与尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值呈正相关(r_s =0.498,P<0.05),与肾小球滤过率呈负相关(r_s=-0.481,P<0.05)。PDR组患者大量尿蛋白(尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值>300mg/g)发病率为67.5%,肾功能不全(肾小球滤过率<60mL/min)发病率高达65.0%。

结论：1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能关系密切,肾功能异常患者糖尿病视网膜病变发生风险高,检测肾功能有助于预测其发生发展。     

2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的发病危险因素。方法:选择2014-01/06收治的2型糖尿病患者380例,分为DR组126例和对照组即糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)组254例,进行询问病史、体格检查、实验室检查和相关辅助检查,采用Logistic回归分析法对DR的相关危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果:单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,病程、收缩压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、尿蛋白、眼压、颈动脉内中膜厚度、周围神经病变是DR发生的相关危险因素。对以上因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,只发现病程是DR发生的相关危险因素。结论:DR的发生是多因素共同作用的结果,病程是DR发生的独立危险因素。     

C-reactive protein and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Community-based observational cohort study. There were 1131 participants recruited from November 2009 to September 2011 in Desheng community in urban Beijing. Patients diagnosed T2DM were recruited and underwent a standardized evaluation consisting of a questionnaire, ocular and anthropometric examinations and laboratory investigation. The presence and severity of DR were assessed by seven fields 30° color fundus photographs. Subjects were then classified into groups with no DR, any DR, or vision-threatening DR. CRP was analyzed from serum of study subjects. RESULTS: A total of 1007 patients with T2DM were included for analysis, including 408 (40.5%) men and 599 (59.5%) women. The median CRP level was 1.5 mg/L for women and 1.1 mg/L for men (P=0.004, OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.74). After adjusting for possible covariates, higher levels of CRP were associated with lower prevalence of any DR (P=0.02, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.89), but not associated with vision-threatening DR (P=0.62, OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.28-2.14). After stratification by sex, the inverse association between CRP and DR was found to be statistically significant in men (P=0.006, OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.73), but not in women (P=0.58, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29-1.16). CONCLUSION: The data drawn from a Chinese population with T2DM suggest that increasing CRP levels may be inversely associated with development of DR.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)进程的有关危险因素。方法:对125例2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者的眼底表现、病程、血压、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂、C肽、尿微量白蛋白、吸烟、打鼾及腰/臀比等进行分析。结果:糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度与病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂、尿微量白蛋白、吸烟、打鼾及腰/臀比呈正相关。结论:病程长、糖代谢和脂代谢紊乱、吸烟及打鼾是2型糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素。尿微量白蛋白含量可以间接反映糖尿病视网膜病变病情程度。     

Clinical features and surgical outcomes of complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus versus type 2 diabetes mellitus - A comparative observational study

Purpose:To evaluate the clinical profile, visual outcomes, and complications among young adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent DM-T1DM) in comparison with patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).Methods:A retrospective review of patients between 18 and 45 years with T1DM undergoing vitrectomy for complications of PDR between June 2017 and June 2019, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Consecutive patients between 30 and 45 years with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent DM-T2DM) who underwent vitrectomy for the same indications were retrospectively enrolled as the control group.Results:There were 42 eyes (28 patients) in the T1DM group and 58 eyes (47 patients) in the T2DM group. The average age at operation was 35.9 ± 6.88 years and 39.8 ± 3.03 years, respectively (P < 0.001). At the end of follow-up, the mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 1.53 ± 0.55 to 1.30 ± 0.93 (P value 0.07) in the T1DM group and from 1.59 ± 0.46 to 1.00 ± 0.78 in the T2DM group (P = 0.0001). The rate of the primary and final reattachment was 76.2% and 88.1% in the T1DM group and 84.5% and 96.6% in the T2DM group. Preoperative macular tractional retinal detachment (MTRD) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in both the groups, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and lack of preoperative Pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) in the T1DM group, hypertension (HTN) and, resurgery in the T2DM group, were risk factors for poor vision at the final follow-up.Conclusion:The visual and anatomic outcomes were poorer in the T1DM patients which could be due to the longer duration of diabetes with worse glycemic control, associated comorbidities like CKD, and a higher incidence of MTRD.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病其他并发症的相关性

目的：探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变（ diabetic retinopathy, DR）与糖尿病的全身并发症的相关性。方法：分析2型糖尿病住院患者702例,将其分为NDR组、DR组两组,DR组又分为非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（non－proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR）组和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（ proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR）组,分析DR与糖尿病大血管并发症、糖尿病肾病（ diabetic nephropathy, DN ）、糖尿病周围神经病变（ diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN）,糖尿病周围血管性疾病（ peripheral vascular disease of diabetes mellitus, PVD）、糖尿病足（ diabetic foot,DF）、糖尿病酮症酸中毒（ diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA）等糖尿病并发症的相关性。结果：DR的发生、发展与高血压、高血脂、颈部血管硬化、斑块,下肢动脉硬化、斑块, DN、DPN、DF及PVD等并发症有关。 PDR与高血压、DPN关系密切。结论：血管内皮损伤、微循环障碍是DR及糖尿病的全身大、小血管并发症的共同病理基础。糖尿病患者出现全身并发症时,DR的患病率增加,尤其是合并高血压、DPN时,PDR的患病率增加。所以糖尿病患者尤其是出现全身并发症者必需定期行眼底检查,以早期发现、早期治疗DR,降低致盲率。     

Risk evaluation for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AIM: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with kidney dysfunction, and to further evaluate its relationship with diabetic nephropathy (DN) incidence and the risk factors for DR development in this population. METHODS: A total of 84 renal-biopsied T2DM patients were included. Fundus and imaging examinations were employed for DR diagnosis. Demographic information and clinical measures along with renal histopathology were analyzed for comparisons between the DR and non-DR groups. Risk factors on DR development were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: DR prevalence was 50% in total. The incidences of DN, non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) and mixed-type pathology were 47.6%, 19.0% and 33.3% in the DR group respectively, while 11.9%, 83.3% and 4.8% in the non-DR group. Systolic blood pressure, ratio of urinary albumin to creatine ratio, urinary albumin, 24-hours urinary protein, the incidence and severity of DN histopathology were found statistically increased in the DR group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed histopathological DN incidence significantly increased the risk of DR development [odds ratio (OR)=21.664, 95% confidential interval (CI) 5.588 to 83.991, P<0.001 for DN, and OR=45.475, 95%CI 6.949 to 297.611, P<0.001 for mixed-type, respectively, in reference to NDRD)], wherein DN severity positively correlated. CONCLUSION: Renal histopathological evidence indicates DN incidence and severity increases the risk of DR development in Chinese T2DM patients inexperienced of regular fundus examinations.     

胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系

目的：探讨胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。

方法：收集2016-06/2018-01于我院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者415例830眼。根据不同降糖用药、眼底造影检查结果、胰岛素用量分别进行分组,收集各组患者一般资料,采集清晨空腹静脉血,测量空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽等指标。分析不同用药和不同视网膜病变组间患者空腹血糖、HbA1c、空腹C肽的变化以及胰岛素用量和糖尿病视网膜病变的相关关系。

结果：不同用药组间糖尿病视网膜病变程度不同,不同视网膜病变组间患者的胰岛素用量不同(P<0.05),2型糖尿病患者并发视网膜病变的胰岛素用量切点值为37.5U/d。胰岛素用量>37.5U/d组中2型糖尿病患者的视网膜病变较多,且胰岛素用量与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度呈正相关。

结论：不同降糖治疗对糖尿病视网膜病变的影响不同,使用胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病及严重程度呈正相关。     

Progression of retinopathy during pregnancy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: The incidence and risk factors for progression of retinopathy during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus were retrospectively evaluated. METHODS: Fifty-four insulin-dependent diabetic patients at a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia were followed throughout the pregnancy/puerperium with serial ophthalmic examination. Dilated fundus examination was performed in each trimester and puerperium. RESULTS: Progression of diabetic retinopathy in the study occurred in 13/54 (24%) patients--2/22 (9.1%) patients had no diabetic retinopathy initially, 4/20 (20%) had non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 7/12 (58.3%) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Of the eight patients with PDR who had no laser treatment before pregnancy, six (75%) showed progression but only one of the four patients who had PDR and laser treatment prior to pregnancy experienced progression of retinopathy. Eight patients in total received panretinal photocoagulation to arrest the progression of retinal disease during pregnancy and only one of them had laser treatment prior to pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Laser photocoagulation for severe NPDR or early PDR prior to pregnancy may protect against rapid progression of PDR. Visual impairment resulting from progression of PDR can be prevented by aggressive laser treatment during pregnancy. Duration of diabetes>15 years, poor glycaemic control and hypertension are high-risk factors in the progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy.     

糖尿病患者发生DR的影响因素及康柏西普的治疗效果

目的:调查分析糖尿病患者发生糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)的影响因素及探讨康柏西普的治疗效果。方法:选取2018-01/2019-07在本院进行治疗的糖尿病患者157例为研究对象,对患者进行眼科检查,根据检查结果统计患者的DR的患病率,并根据检查结果将患者分为DR组和非DR组。对两组患者的基础资料、临床资料等进行组间对比分析,并采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨影响糖尿病患者发生DR的危险因素。并对DR组患者给予康柏西普干预治疗,观察评估康柏西普对DR患者的治疗效果。结果:经诊断调查显示157例糖尿病患者中有DR患者44例63眼,患病率为28.0%。经单因素分析显示,DR组患者与非DR组患者在性别、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、教育程度、冠心病史、血脂病史比较无差异(P>0.05),而两组患者在糖尿病病程、年龄、眼科疾病史、降糖药服用情况、高血压病史比较有差异(P<0.05)。经Logistic多因素分析显示,高龄、长糖尿病病程、有眼科疾病史、有高血压病史、降糖药服用不规律均为糖尿病患者诱发DR的独立危险因素。DR组患者经康柏西普治疗后,患者的黄斑中心凹旁视网膜厚度(PMT)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)指标水平均低于治疗前,最佳矫正视力(BCVA)优于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论:我院近期糖尿病患者伴发DR有较高的发病率,其疾病的诱发主要受到糖尿病病程(≥10a)、年龄(≥60岁)、眼科疾病史、降糖药服用情况、高血压病史等因素的影响。对DR患者给予康柏西普治疗后可获得良好的治疗效果,促进患者视力快速恢复。     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics

Purpose: To describe the incidence of, and risk factors associated with, diabetic retinopathy in diabetic persons assessed at a Saudi diabetes centre. Methods: Five hundred and two patients with diabetes mellitus assessed by our service were studied. There were 174 patients (34.7%) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 328 patients (65.3%) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Results: The incidence of retinopathy was 157/502 (31.3%). The incidence was 42.5% in patients with IDDM and 25.3% in those with NIDDM. By logistic regression analysis, it was shown that old age (>60 years), insulin use, long duration of diabetes (>10 years), poor diabetes control, and the presence of nephropathy were significantly associated with the incidence of retinopathy. On the basis of the magnitudes of the regression coefficients in the hazard function, long duration of diabetes was the most important independent risk factor for the development of retinopathy; the presence of nephropathy, age >60 years, poor diabetes control, and use of insulin were less important (regression coefficients: 1.9, 1.71, 1.331, 0.8508 and 0.6178, respectively). The incidence of macular oedema was significantly associated with the presence of hypertension and high cholesterol levels in patients with IDDM. Polycotomous regression analysis showed that the presence of nephropathy was the only factor significantly associated with the severity of retinopathy. Conclusions: The significant associations with poor control and duration of diabetes provide further strong evidence for the benefits of optimal glycaemic control. Other potentially modifiable risk factors for retinopathy may be important, including elevated blood pressure and serum cholesterol. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An online diabetic retinopathy screening tool for patients with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To develop a useful diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening tool for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A DR prediction model based on the Logistic regression algorithm was established on the development dataset containing 778 samples (randomly assigned to the training dataset and the internal validation dataset at a ratio of 7:3). The generalization capability of the model was assessed using an external validation dataset containing 128 samples. The DR risk calculator was developed through WeChat Developer Tools using JavaScript, which was embedded in the WeChat Mini Program. RESULTS: The model revealed risk factors (duration of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and creatinine level) and protective factors (annual DR screening and hyperlipidemia) for DR. In the internal and external validation, the recall ratios of the model were 0.92 and 0.89, respectively, and the area under the curve values were 0.82 and 0.70, respectively. CONCLUSION: The DR screening tool integrates education, risk prediction, and medical advice function, which could help clinicians in conducting DR risk assessments and providing recommendations for ophthalmic referral to increase the DR screening rate among patients with T2DM.