Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy in the management of primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas

We analysed our long-term results after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) in patients with primary optic nerve sheath (pONSM) meningioma, as a rare subtype of meningiomas. Between 01/1995 and 12/2007, 32 patients with pONSM were treated with FSRT. Fifteen patients received radiotherapy as primary treatment, four after biopsy, and six patients after surgical resection. Seven patients were irradiated for recurrent disease. Seventeen lesions were histologically proven and determined as WHO grade I pONSM. Median target volume was 15.7 cc, median total dose 54.9 Gy. Twenty-nine patients showed clinical symptoms before radiotherapy like reduced vision, unilateral loss of vision, or an exophthalmia. Median follow-up was 4.5 years. Overall local tumor control was 100%. Twenty-six patients had stable disease based on CT/MRI, while 6/32 had a partial remission of tumor volume. 97% of our patients showed stable vision or an improvement of visual acuity. Eleven patients (38%) showed an improvement of pre-existing clinical symptoms like double vision, exophthalmia and visual acuity. Only one patient showed an impairment of vision with progressive concentric decreasing of the visual field on the side of the irradiated ONSM. These data demonstrate that FSRT is an effective and safe treatment modality for local control in patients with pONSM with minimal risk of significant late toxicity.     

Efficacy and safety of carbon ion radiotherapy in bone and soft tissue sarcomas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tolerance for and effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy in patients with unresectable bone and soft tissue sarcomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a phase I/II dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy. Fifty-seven patients with 64 sites of bone and soft tissue sarcomas not suited for resection received carbon ion radiotherapy. Tumors involved the spine or paraspinous soft tissues in 19 patients, pelvis in 32 patients, and extremities in six patients. The total dose ranged from 52.8 to 73.6 gray equivalent (GyE) and was administered in 16 fixed fractions over 4 weeks (3.3 to 4.6 GyE/fraction). The median tumor size was 559 cm(3) (range, 20 to 2,290 cm(3)). The minimum follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS: Seven of 17 patients treated with the highest total dose of 73.6 GyE experienced Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3 acute skin reactions. Dose escalation was then halted at this level. No other severe acute reactions (grade > 3) were observed in this series. The overall local control rates were 88% and 73% at 1 year and 3 years of follow-up, respectively. The median survival time was 31 months (range, 2 to 60 months), and the 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 82% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Carbon ion radiotherapy seems to be a safe and effective modality in the management of bone and soft tissue sarcomas not eligible for surgical resection, providing good local control and offering a survival advantage without unacceptable morbidity.     

Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix

PURPOSE: To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for locally advanced cervical cancer by two phase I/II clinical trials. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between June 1995 and January 2000, 44 patients were treated with CIRT. Thirty patients had Stage IIIB disease, and 14 patients had Stage IVA disease. Median tumor size was 6.5 cm (range, 4.2-11.0 cm). The treatment consisted of 16 fractions of whole pelvic irradiation and 8 fractions of local boost. In the first study, the total dose ranged from 52.8 to 72.0 gray equivalents (GyE) (2.2-3.0 GyE per fraction). In the second study, the whole pelvic dose was fixed at 44.8 GyE, and an additional 24.0 or 28.0 GyE was given to the cervical tumor (total dose, 68.8 or 72.8 GyE). RESULTS: No patient developed severe acute toxicity. In contrast, 8 patients developed major late gastrointestinal complications. The doses resulting in major complications were > or =60 GyE. All patients with major complications were surgically salvaged. The 5-year local control rate for patients in the first and second studies was 45% and 79%, respectively. When treated with > or =62.4 GyE, the local control was favorable even for the patients with stage IVA disease (69%) or for those with tumors > or =6.0 cm (64%). CONCLUSIONS: In CIRT for advanced cervical cancer, the dose to the intestines should be limited to <60 GyE to avoid major complications. Although the number of patients in this study was small, the results support continued investigation to confirm therapeutic efficacy.     

BOLD-fMRI在脑胶质瘤术后IMRT中视觉功能区保护价值

目的 评价血氧水平依赖功能MRI (BOLD-fMRI)在枕叶脑胶质瘤术后放疗视觉功能区保护中的临床应用价值。方法 选取2014—2016年间枕叶区脑胶质瘤术后拟行放疗病例28例。所有患者放疗前行定位CT、常规MRI及BOLD-fMRI检查,获得在3DT1解剖图像上显示的视皮质激活图,并以此为指导在定位CT图像上标记视皮质区,采用IMRT技术分别制定视觉功能区保护性放疗计划和未考虑视觉功能区的常规放疗计划。通过比较PTV的CI、HI、Dmax、Dmean以及视皮质区所受Dmax、Dmean,评价视觉功能区保护性方案的可行性。结果 常规放疗计划及视觉功能区保护性放疗计划在确保靶区有效治疗剂量及常规OAR剂量限制在安全可接受范围前提下,PTV的CI及HI差异无统计学意义(P=0.874、0.602)。视觉功能区保护性放疗计划患侧视皮质Dmax、Dmean分别降低8.40%、9.25%,健侧13.26%、14.77%。结论 利用BOLD-fMRI指导制定视觉功能区保护性放疗计划,在保证靶区处方剂量前提下,相比常规放疗计划,降低了视觉功能区受量,进而可以实现相应的功能区保护。     

Radiotherapy for chordomas and low-grade chondrosarcomas of the skull base with carbon ions

PURPOSE: Compared to photon irradiation, carbon ions provide physical and biologic advantages that may be exploited in chordomas and chondrosarcomas. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between August 1998 and December 2000, 37 patients with chordomas (n = 24) and chondrosarcomas (n = 13) were treated with carbon ion radiotherapy within a Phase I/II trial. Tumor conformal application of carbon ion beams was realized by intensity-controlled raster scanning with pulse-to-pulse energy variation. Three-dimensional treatment planning included biologic plan optimization. The median tumor dose was 60 GyE (GyE = Gy x relative biologic effectiveness). RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 13 months. The local control rate after 1 and 2 years was 96% and 90%, respectively. We observed 2 recurrences outside the gross tumor volume in patients with chordomas. Progression-free survival was 100% for chondrosarcomas and 83% for chordomas at 2 years. Partial remission after carbon ion radiotherapy was observed in 6 patients. Treatment toxicity was mild. CONCLUSION: These are the first data demonstrating the clinical feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of scanning beam delivery of ion beams in patients with skull base tumors. The preliminary results in patients with skull base chordomas and low-grade chondrosarcomas are encouraging, although the follow-up was too short to draw definite conclusions concerning outcome. In the absence of major toxicity, dose escalation might be considered.     

Radiographic pulmonary and pleural changes after carbon ion irradiation

PURPOSE: For the treatment of Stage I non-small-cell lung cancers, a Phase I/II study of carbon ion irradiation was undertaken. In the present study, we focus on posttreatment radiographic lung damage: specifically, its timing, features, and relation to dose-volume factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients with 44 Stage I non-small-cell lung cancers were treated with carbon ion irradiation ranging from 59.4 to 95.4 photon Gy equivalent dose (GyE) in 18 fractions over 6 weeks, according to our dose escalation protocols. Primary lesions were irradiated by 2-4 portals. Follow-up evaluation with computed tomography (CT) was sequentially performed to assess changes in the lung. CT findings were classified into two categories: pulmonary reaction and pleural reaction. A dose-volume histogram for each patient was calculated, using a three-dimensional CT planning system. Statistical analysis was conducted using Spearman's rank test. RESULTS: The median appearance period of pulmonary reactions was 3 months after the start of carbon ion irradiation, whereas the maximum period was 6 months. The severity of pulmonary reactions statistically correlated with lung volumes irradiated no less than 20 GyE (vol. 20) and 40 GyE (vol. 40) (p = 0.017 and p = 0.0089). Geometrically unique findings in the irradiated fields were observed in 7 patients (16%). The median appearance period of pleural reactions was 4 months after the start of carbon ion irradiation. The occurrence of pleural reactions significantly correlated with planning target volume (p = 0.000098), vol. 20 (p = 0.00011), and vol. 40 (p = 0.00097). CONCLUSIONS: Lung damage after carbon ion irradiation was observed in the parenchyma and in the pleura. The severity of pulmonary reactions was correlated with dose-volume factors. These findings might provide useful information in the planning and management of carbon ion irradiation.     

Curative treatment of Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer with carbon ion beams using a hypofractionated regimen

PURPOSE: A phase I/II study on carbon ion radiotherapy for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was first conducted between 1994 and 1999 and determined the optimal dose. Second, a Phase II study using the optimal dose was performed. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the local control and 5-year survival rates. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between April 1999 and December 2000, 50 patients with 51 primary lesions were treated. Using a fixed dose of 72 GyE in nine fractions over 3 weeks, the primary tumors were irradiated with carbon ion beams alone. The average age of the patients was 74.5 years. Thirty-three (66%) of these were medically inoperable. Local control and survival were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier method and the data were statistically processed by using the log-rank test. RESULTS: All patients were observed for a minimum of 5 years or until death with a median follow-up time of 59.2 months (range, 6.0-83.0 months). The local control rate for all patients was 94.7%. The patients' 5-year cause-specific survival rate was 75.7% (IA: 89.4; IB: 55.1), and overall survival 50.0% (IA: 55.2; IB: 42.9). No toxic reactions in the lung greater than Grade 3 were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon ion radiotherapy, a new treatment modality with superior benefits in terms of quality of life and activity of daily living, has been proven as a valid alternative to surgery for Stage I NSCLC and to offer particular benefits, especially for elderly and inoperable patients.     

Carbon ion radiotherapy for unresectable sacral chordomas.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of carbon ion radiotherapy for unresectable sacral chordomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of 30 patients with unresectable sacral chordomas treated with carbon ion radiotherapy at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan. Twenty-three patients presented with no prior treatment, and the remaining 7 patients had locally recurrent disease following previous surgical resection. The median clinical target volume was 546 cm(3). The applied carbon ion dose ranged from 52.8 to 73.6 GyE (gray equivalent, median 70.4) in 16 fixed fractions over 4 weeks. RESULTS: At median follow-up of 30 months (range, 9 to 87 months), 26 patients were still alive and 24 patients remained continuously disease-free. Overall and cause-specific survival rates at 5 years were 52 and 94%, respectively. The overall local control rate at 5 years was 96%. Two patients experienced severe skin/soft tissue complications requiring skin grafts. No other treatment-related surgical interventions, including colostomy or urinary diversion, were carried out. All patients have remained ambulatory and able to stay at home after carbon ion radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon ion radiotherapy is effective and safe in the management of patients with unresectable sacral chordomas and offers a promising alternative to surgery.     

Risk factors for neovascular glaucoma after carbon ion radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma using dose-volume histogram analysis

PURPOSE: To determine the risk factors for neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after carbon ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) of choroidal melanoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 55 patients with choroidal melanoma were treated between 2001 and 2005 with C-ion RT based on computed tomography treatment planning. All patients had a tumor of large size or one located close to the optic disk. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors of NVG for the following parameters; gender, age, dose-volumes of the iris-ciliary body and the wall of eyeball, and irradiation of the optic disk (ODI). RESULTS: Neovascular glaucoma occurred in 23 patients and the 3-year cumulative NVG rate was 42.6 +/- 6.8% (standard error), but enucleation from NVG was performed in only three eyes. Multivariate analysis revealed that the significant risk factors for NVG were V50IC (volume irradiated > or =50 GyE to iris-ciliary body) (p = 0.002) and ODI (p = 0.036). The 3-year NVG rate for patients with V50IC > or =0.127 mL and those with V50IC <0.127 mL were 71.4 +/- 8.5% and 11.5 +/- 6.3%, respectively. The corresponding rate for the patients with and without ODI were 62.9 +/- 10.4% and 28.4 +/- 8.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dose-volume histogram analysis with computed tomography indicated that V50IC and ODI were independent risk factors for NVG. An irradiation system that can reduce the dose to both the anterior segment and the optic disk might be worth adopting to investigate whether or not incidence of NVG can be decreased with it.     

Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer in a Phase I/II dose escalation clinical trial. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between June 1994 and January 1997, 36 patients with locally advanced, histologically proven, and new or recurrent cancer of the head and neck were treated with carbon ions. A dose escalation study was conducted, delivering 18 fractions through 6 weeks for 17 patients (Group A) and 16 fractions through 4 weeks for 19 patients (Group B). Eligibility and ineligibility criteria were the same in both groups. The dosages were escalated in increments of 10% after careful observation of at least 3 patients treated with the same dosages. The endpoints of the study were a Grade 3 reaction of the skin and the mucous membrane or local control of the tumors. RESULTS: Follow-up time ranged from 77 to 108 months with a median of 90 months. Grade 3 acute reaction of the skin was detected in 1 of the 2 patients in Group A who were treated with 70.2 GyE/18 fractions/6 weeks. In Group B, Grade 3 acute skin reaction was detected in 20% (1/5), 27% (2/11), and 67% (2/3) patients treated with 52.8 GyE, 57.6 GyE, and 64.0 GyE through 16 fractions for 4 weeks, respectively. There was only 1 patient with a Grade 3 acute reaction of the mucous membrane. Only 1 patient developed a Grade 2 late reaction of the mucous membrane (superficial ulcer), which was located close to the tumor. No other Grade 2 or greater late reaction was noted until the time of analysis. Acute tumor reactions in 34 patients consisted of 10 patients of complete response 19 of partial response, 4 of no change, and 1 of progressive disease. Local control of 34 patients calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 75% at 5 years. Five years' local control of five malignant melanomas showed 100%, and that of 9 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma was 90%. Also, local control of 8 patients of salivary glands and 4 patients of ears was 100% at 56 months and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The dose fractionation methods of 70.2 GyE through 18 fractions for 6 weeks and 64.0 GyE through 16 fractions for 4 weeks showed equal clinical outcome in terms of morbidity and local control. The outcome of carbon ion radiotherapy showed a specific effectiveness in local control of non-squamous cell carcinoma such as adenoid cystic carcinomas and malignant melanomas. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that carbon ion radiotherapy will deliver a high local control rate without unacceptable injuries to the surrounding normal tissues.     

Carbon ion radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heavy ion radiotherapy is a promising modality because of its excellent dose localization and high biological effect on tumors. Using carbon beams, a dose escalation study was conducted for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to determine the optimal dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first stage phase I/II trial using 18 fractions over 6 weeks for 47 patients and the second one using nine fractions over 3 weeks for 34 patients were conducted by the dose escalation method from 59.4 to 95.4 Gray equivalents (GyE) in incremental steps of 10% and from 68.4 to 79.2 GyE in 5% increments, respectively. The local control and survival rates were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Radiation pneumonitis at grade III occurred in three of 81 patients, but they fully recovered. This was not a dose-limiting factor. The local control rates in the first and second trials were 64% and 84%, respectively. The total recurrence rate in both trials was 23.2%. The infield local recurrence in the first trial was significantly dependent on carbon dose. The doses greater than 86.4 GyE at 18 fractions and 72 GyE at nine fractions achieved a local control of 90% and 95%, respectively. The 5 year overall and cause-specific survivals in 81 patients were 42% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With our dose escalation study, the optimum safety and efficacy dose of carbon beams was determined. Carbon beam therapy attained almost the same results as surgery for stage I NSCLC although this was a I/II study.     

Vision following helium ion radiotherapy of uveal melanoma: a Northern California Oncology Group study

One hundred eighty-six uveal melanoma patients were treated with helium ion radiotherapy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and followed for at least 6 months. (Follow-up times ranged from 6 to 90 months; median 26.4 months.) At last examination, 92 of 186 patients (49%) had visual acuity of 20/200 or better in the treated eye. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that post-treatment vision correlated with tumor size, distance between tumor and optic disc, distance between tumor and fovea, pretreatment visual acuity, dose delivered to the optic disc, and dose delivered to the fovea (p less than .05). Neither the maximum tumor dose nor site of tumor origin (ciliary body vs. choroid) correlated with post-treatment vision on a univariate basis. However, multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the strongest independent risk factors influencing vision outcome (p less than .05) were tumor size, pretreatment visual acuity, tumor-fovea distance, and maximum tumor dose. Neither the fovea dose nor the dose to optic disc appeared to significantly affect vision outcome when other variables were taken into account. These results suggest that post-treatment visual acuity of 20/200 or better can be achieved in one-half of uveal melanoma patients treated using helium ion irradiation. Several independent risk factors affecting vision outcome have been identified.     

Dose volume histogram analysis of liver radiation tolerance

Eleven patients with carcinoma of the pancreas or biliary system received heavy charged particle radiation treatments and whole liver heavy charged particle radiation at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Doses to the whole liver ranged from 10 to 24 Gray-equivalent (the biological equivalent of 10 to 24 Gray of low-LET photon radiation), whereas the dose to the primary lesion ranged from 53.5 to 70 Gray-equivalent (GyE). The fraction size was 2 to 3 GyE. The liver received partial as well as whole organ irradiation. Integral dose volume histograms for the liver were obtained in all 11 patients. An integral dose volume histogram displays on the ordinate the percentage of liver that was irradiated in excess of the dose specified on the abcissa. In this study, the clinical liver radiation tolerance of these patients is correlated with the information contained in an integral dose volume histogram. One patient developed radiation hepatitis. The integral dose volume histogram of this patient differed from the dose volume histograms of the other 10 patients. This difference was greatest in the range of doses between 30 and 40 GyE. Our results suggest that liver doses in excess of 30 to 35 GyE should be limited to 30% of the liver or less when 18 GyE of whole liver radiation is delivered at 2 GyE per fraction in addition to primary radiation of the pancreas or biliary system.     

PET-CT成像用于碳离子治疗剂量验证的SUV值范围研究

目的 采用碳离子治疗计划CT图像与实际碳离子照射后靶区位置产生的正电子PET-CT图像进行配准融合,在照射后衰变时间下以不同靶体积、单次靶区剂量测量对应PET-CT图像SUV值并找出相应范围,为临床治疗中采用在线PET-CT图像准确评价验证计划靶区剂量与实际靶区剂量相关性和一致性提供参考和帮助。 方法 选用仿真头部体模为研究对象,经模拟CT扫描生成计划图像后在重离子TPS中勾画体积分别为10、4、1 cm³规则立方体,以模拟颅内脊索瘤患者CTV。采用重离子治疗系统以固定90°单射野对三组虚拟靶区分别进行照射,单次相对平均等效剂量分别给予2.5、5.0、8.0 GyE,模拟常规分割和大分割剂量放疗。照射后即时应用PET-CT系统对体模进行扫描,采用医学图像处理软件对治疗计划CT图像与实际照射后PET-CT图像进行刚性配准融合,通过计划CT图像中虚拟靶体积位置确定相应PET-CT图像中该范围内SUV值等一系列数据,并分析不同靶体积和不同照射剂量条件下各次PET-CT图像中SUV数据组的规律和异同。Pearson法相关分析。 结果 对相同体积靶区,相应SUV值与照射剂量大小存在一定线性相关性(P=0.000);而对不同体积靶区,在照射剂量完全相同情况下对应SUV值大小范围均保持一致(P>0.05)。结论针对模拟人体头部颅内靶区碳离子治疗计划,应用照射后一定时间内扫描得出的PET-CT图像与计划CT图像进行融合配准,通过分析靶区体积SUV值来评价验证靶区剂量沉积准确性的这一方法是可行的。     

碳离子束治疗皮肤恶性黑色素瘤的近期疗效

目的 评价碳离子(~(12)C~(6+))束对皮肤恶性黑色素瘤放射治疗的近期疗效和副反应.方法 13例皮肤恶性黑色素瘤患者分6批接受~(12)C~(6+)束放射治疗,其中Ⅱ_a期2例,Ⅱ_b期3例,Ⅱ_c期5例,Ⅲ_c期3例.照射总剂量60～66 GyE分6～12 d,单次剂量2.2～4.4 GyE,1次/d,连续治疗.采用RTOG标准和WHO近期疗效标准分别评价副反应和近期疗效.结果 中位随访时间为13.5个月(1～25个月),随访率为100%.13例患者中完全缓解10例,部分缓解3例,有效率为100%,中位生存时间为21.3个月(95%可信区间为18.1～24.5个月).皮肤反应0级3例,1级6例,2级2例,3级2例.血液系统副反应治疗前后无明显改变.结论 ~(12)C~(6+)束治疗皮肤恶性黑色素瘤近期疗效好,且并发症轻.     

脑胶质瘤术后IMRT中弥散张量成像示踪视觉通路纤维束应用研究

目的：探索弥散张量成像（ DTI）示踪视觉通路纤维束融入放疗定位CT制定保护性放疗方案的可行性。方法选取2013—2015年间本院收的31例脑胶质瘤术后拟行放疗患者。所有患者行放疗定位CT、常规平扫或增强MR及DTI检查。将获取的视觉通路纤维束DTI图像与3DT1解剖图像融合,导入TPS。采用IMRT技术分别制定将整体视觉通路纤维束作为OAR进行剂量保护方案和未考虑保护的常规方案。配对t检验两者差异。结果两种放疗计划在保证靶区照射剂量及常规OAR保护情况下,PTV的CI、HI均相近（P＝0．875、0．597）。保护性放疗方案患者患侧视束Dmax、Dmean分别降低至9．01％、9．05％,健侧17．96％、15．52％;患侧视辐射纤维束Dmax、Dmean分别降低至5．37％、5．48％,健侧12．89％、11．21％（所有P＝0．000）。结论利用DTI显示视觉通路纤维束融入放疗定位CT制定保护性放疗方案,可减少整体视觉通路纤维束的辐射剂量,从而最大程度降低放疗后发生视觉功能障碍的风险。     

鼻咽癌海绵窦侵犯调强放疗后放射性颞叶损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤的临床特征、MRI表现、放疗剂量和预后。方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年9月收治的10例行根治性调强放疗的海绵窦受侵局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,统计放疗计划中患侧颞叶受照射的总体积和剂量体积D1 ml、Dmax、Dmean,并随访所有患者治疗后的情况,分析发生放射性颞叶损伤后的临床特征、MRI表现及预后。结果 10例患者均行根治性调强放疗,患侧颞叶受照射的总体积为（104.31±13.091） ml,D1 ml为（78.657±2.918）Gy,Dmax为（78.298±3.498）Gy,Dmean为（29.488±8.891）Gy。全组患者于治疗后2～4年出现放射性颞叶损伤,其MRI表现均为T1WI高信号强化结节或片状强化灶,T2WI伴有不同程度的水肿带。随访至2016年8月,2例患者死亡;2例临床症状较重,迁延时间长,治疗后症状改善不明显,且MRI仍可见强化灶和水肿带;2例患者经对症处理后临床症状及MRI检查均明显好转;4例患者病情趋于稳定,其中2例患者的恢复期MRI提示小囊性灶形成。结论 海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤与肿瘤侵犯范围、靶区勾画范围、颞叶受照射的体积及剂量有关。     

Recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with heavy charged particle irradiation.

Between June 1981 and May 1990, 11 patients with recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with heavy charged particle radiation at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. All patients had previously undergone full course radiotherapy to a median dose of 70.2 Gy [range 61-81 Gy]. Median time to recurrence was 18.2 months. At the time of heavy charged particle radiotherapy treatment, all had evidence of invasion of the base of skull and 7 of 11 had cranial nerve deficits. None of the patients were candidates for brachytherapy because of tumor extent or poor geometry. The tumor histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 10 patients and lymphoepithelioma in one patient. Ten of the 11 patients had received chemotherapy prior to re-irradiation. The heavy charged particle tumor dose delivered ranged from 31.80 GyE to 62.30 GyE (average 50.25 GyE, median 50 GyE). Local control was achieved in 45%. Median survival was 42 months. Actuarial survival was 59% at 3 years and 31% at 5 years (Kaplan-Meier). There were no fatal complications. The results in treating locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma with heavy charged particles appear superior to those reported by others using photon therapy.     

碳离子治疗IMRT后局部区域复发鼻咽癌初步研究——上海市质子重离子医院临床经验

目的 分析再程调强碳离子放疗(IMCT)对IMRT后局部区域复发鼻咽癌的疗效及不良反应。方法 纳入112例于2015-2018年接受挽救性再程IMCT的局部区域复发鼻咽癌患者,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者分别为10例(9%)、26例(23%)、41例(37%)、35例(31%),中位年龄48岁(17~70岁),中位照射剂量为60GyE(50~69GyE)。结果 中位随访20个月(5~45个月),共20例患者死亡,42例患者局部复发,2年总生存(OS)率与无局部进展生存(LPFS)率分别为85%与52%。单因素与多因素分析中Ⅳ期患者OS均显著差于其他患者,未发现与LPFS显著相关的预后因素。治疗期间未见≥3级急性不良反应。≥3级晚期不良反应包括1例口干、2例听力下降、1例大脑颞叶损伤与19例鼻咽黏膜坏死。结论 再程IMCT治疗局部区域复发鼻咽癌取得了较好疗效且严重不良反应发生率较低,远期疗效及不良反应有待进一步随访。     

Phase I/II clinical trial of carbon ion radiotherapy for malignant gliomas: combined X-ray radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and carbon ion radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To report the results of a Phase I/II clinical trial for patients with malignant gliomas, treated with combined X-ray radiotherapy (XRT), chemotherapy, and carbon ion radiotherapy (CRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between October 1994 and February 2002, 48 patients with histologically confirmed malignant gliomas (16 anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 32 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) were enrolled in a Phase I/II clinical study. The treatment involved the application of 50 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks of XRT, followed by CRT at 8 fractions/2 weeks. Nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) were administered at a dose of 100 mg/m(2) concurrently in weeks 1, 4, or 5 of XRT. The carbon ion dose was increased from 16.8 to 24.8 Gray equivalent (GyE) in 10% incremental steps (16.8, 18.4, 20.0, 22.4, and 24.8 GyE, respectively). RESULTS: There was no Grade 3 or higher acute reaction in the brain. The late reactions included four cases of Grade 2 brain morbidity and four cases of Grade 2 brain reaction among 48 cases. The median survival time (MST) of AA patients was 35 months and that of GBM patients 17 months (p = 0.0035). The median progression-free survival and MST of GBM showed 4 and 7 months for the low-dose group, 7 and 19 months for the middle-dose group, and 14 and 26 months for the high-dose group. CONCLUSION: The results of combined therapy using XRT, ACNU chemotherapy, and CRT showed the potential efficacy of CRT for malignant gliomas in terms of the improved survival rate in those patients who received higher carbon doses.