64排螺旋CT诊断肝血管肉瘤1例

患者男,68岁,5天前出现上腹部胀痛,呈间断性发作,夜间明显,未经治疗,症状无缓解;20年前有"甲型肝炎"病史.查体肝区叩痛(+),实验室检查提示"乙型肝炎".上腹部CT;肝右叶前段可见片状低密度影,边界欠清,约5.8 cm×4.3 cm,增强后低密度影边缘于动脉期及静脉期呈轻度强化,延迟期强化稍减退,中央更低密度区无强化(图1).诊断为肝右叶占位,行肝右叶占位(第Ⅷ段)切除术,术中见轻度肝硬化,第Ⅷ段约5 cm×5 cm占位病变,质硬.术后病理:肝血管肉瘤(hepatic angiosarcoma,HA)伴大片坏死,肿瘤低分化,周围肝组织广泛水变性,汇管区慢性炎症(图2);免疫组化:CD34(+)、CD31(+)、CK(一)、Ki-67阳性细胞数＞70％、Vim(+)、AFP(一).     

原发性肝脏血管肉瘤的CT及MRI表现1例

患者男,58岁,间断性右上腹胀痛半年,伴体重减轻入院.既往健康,无肝炎及肝硬化病史.体检:肝区压痛,未触及肿块.实验室检查:HBs Ag(-),AFP、CEA及CA19-9均正常. CT:平扫见肝右叶7 cm×5 cm×4 cm低密度肿块;增强扫描肝动脉期病灶中心斑点状强化,门静脉期和平衡期病灶边缘结节状强化(图1).MR:T1WI呈高低混杂信号,肿块中心斑片状高信号(图2),T2WI呈不均匀明显高信号(图2):增强扫描动脉期肿块中心呈斑点状强化,门静脉、平衡期及延迟扫描增强消退呈低信号,肿块边缘逐渐明显强化.     

肝血管外皮细胞瘤合并海绵状血管瘤CT表现1例

患者女,44岁,右上腹间断痛半个月.实验室检查:乙肝五项及甲型肝炎、丙型肝炎抗体均为阴性,甲胎蛋白(AFP)3.57 ng/ml,无口服避孕药病史.CT平扫:肝左叶外侧段类圆形低密度,密度均匀,其内未见液化坏死区,边缘光滑,可见分叶,内侧缘点状钙化,约43.7 mm×41.5 mm(图1),肝右叶类圆形低密度,密度均匀,约43.8 mm×36.5 mm,边界清晰;增强扫描动脉期肝左叶外侧段病灶明显强化,周边强化程度高于中央,与周围肝组织界限清晰(图2A),肝右叶病灶呈边缘结节样强化,门脉期及延时期肝左叶外侧段病灶密度均匀,相对周围肝组织呈相对低密度,肝右叶病灶强化程度自外周向中央逐渐充填,呈相对高密度(图2B).     

读片窗

病例男,2岁,腹部包块1年就诊,无发热、腹痛、黄疸等。查体:左肋缘下近剑突处可触及一实性肿物下缘,质硬II°,AFP-,肝功能检查正常,未发现感染肝炎病毒。超声所见:肝左叶胆管轻度扩张,肝左叶可见一肿块,界清,边缘欠规整,内呈中等回声,伴不规则液化、强回声光点反射,肿物内血流丰富。CT所见:肝左外侧叶可见一类圆形低密度肿块影,突出于肝外,肿块略呈分叶状,其内可见大片不规则钙化,其余部分CT值介于-8～63Hu(图1)。肿块于动脉期呈明显强化,病灶中心可见未强化的坏死及钙化区(图2,3)。肾盂期时仍有轻微强化(图4)。请分析本病例以何种病变可…     

颈动脉体瘤肝转移误诊为肝包虫病1例

患者女,47岁,牧民,因"上腹部胀痛1个月"人院;两年前曾接受右侧颈动脉体瘤切除术,术后未接受放化疗及随访.查体未见异常.实验室检查:抗HBs、抗-HBc、抗-HBc阳性.AFP、CEA、肝功能正常.腹部CT增强扫描:肝S4、S5、S6段动脉期片状异常强化.门静脉期及延迟期强化程度减低,但仍高于肝实质,其外缘与正常肝实质分界模糊,内缘清晰欠光滑;肝S6段内可见58 mm×64mm类侧形不均匀低密度区,三期增强无强化(图1A、B).彩色多普勒超声:肝右叶可见78 mm×86mm囊样异常回声,壁较厚,其内可见数个团块状不规则等及高回声区,周边及内部见丰富血流信号(图1C),频谱多普勒显示动脉血流信号,阻力指数0.5.临床诊断为肝包虫病.     

CT诊断巨大肝血管瘤一例

患者女,70岁.患者2年前出现右上腹胀,腹痛,呈隐痛、持续性,无恶心、呕吐,无呕血、腹泻等不适.行彩色超声检查发现肝占位性病变,上腹部CT平扫提示原发性肝癌.两年来未进行任何治疗,也无明显不适症状.近期自觉包块逐渐增大,并出现大便干燥、便血入院.查体：腹部平软,右上腹轻压痛,无反跳痛,肝脏肋下3 cm.血常规：RBC 3.42×1012/L ↓、Hb 99.00 g/L↓,提示贫血.CT检查应用GE公司16排Brightspeed 螺旋CT;平扫及增强扫描均采用层厚5mm、层间距5 mm螺旋扫描.增强扫描采用静脉高压注射碘海醇100 ml后动脉期、静脉期、平衡期及延迟期扫描（延迟到30 min）.CT所见肝脏右叶显著增大变形;肝右叶内巨大低密度肿块较2年前稍增大,几乎占据整个肝右叶,现约230 mm× 123 mm× 260 mm;其内密度不均匀,肝右后叶内片状更低密度灶较2年前有扩大,边缘不规则,CT值约16 HU;肝左叶受压左移,右肾受压下移（图1）.增强后动脉期团块内可见多发不规则斑状及小片状明显强化灶,强化程度高于正常肝组织接近动脉密度（图2）;静脉期及平衡期强化区域不断增大逐渐向中心延伸;经多期延迟,强化区呈持续强化;肝右叶后段内原更低密度区在各期均未见明显强化.     

巨大肝细胞腺瘤恶变1例分析

对巨大肝细胞腺瘤恶变1例分析如下。1病历摘要女,46岁。乏力、纳差1周入院,既往无肝病史,10a余服用避孕药史,无肝炎病史,增强CT扫描检查示：肝右叶可见大小约13．5cm肿块,突向肝外,增强扫描肝右叶肿块强化明显,门静脉右后支未见显示,肿块边缘与肝中静脉分界不清,肝内胆管不扩张。诊断意见：肝右后叶巨块型肝癌,肿瘤累及门静脉右后支及肝中静脉。     

混合型肝细胞和胆管细胞癌超声造影表现1例

患者女,55岁.主因乏力、尿黄、皮肤瘙痒10d入院.患者无发热、恶心、呕吐及肝区不适等症状,尿如浓茶色,大便颜色变浅,无肝病史.实验室检查:丙氨酸转氨酶478 U/L,总胆红素214μmo/L,直接胆红素207.25 μmo/L,白蛋白414 g/L,白细胞10.52×109/L,中性粒细胞70.6％,甲胎蛋白7.39ng/ml,乙肝五项、丙肝抗体、病毒六项阴性.超声检查:肝右叶测及大小约5.4 cm×4.5 cm低回声团块,边界不清,内部回声不均匀(图1),团块周边及内部未测及明显血流信号.超声造影:肝动脉期14s病灶周边轻度环状增强,内部呈不均质低增强及不规则无增强区,范围约6.0 cm×5.7 cm,30 s增强区可见造影剂退出呈低增强(图2).超声诊断:肝癌伴部分液化坏死.腹部增强CT所见:肝右叶团块状低密度影,动脉期可见病灶边缘"花环状"轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈低密度,中心可见无增强区,病灶大小约5.7 cm×5.6 cm,与肝门关系紧密.考虑:①肝内实性占位;②肝脓肿.行超声引导下肝内肿物穿刺组织活检,病理诊断:混合型肝细胞和胆管细胞癌,胆汁淤积性肝炎.     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例

患者男,43岁.无明显诱因出现进食后腹胀,自觉恶心,伴腹泻,无肿瘤病史.腹部CT:肝左叶单发类圆形低密度影,大小约15 cm×10 cm,密度均匀,CT值约40 HU,边界清晰,增强扫描动脉期肿块呈条片状不均匀强化,其边缘可见粗大血管影绕行,门脉期肿块持续强化,且范围扩大,延迟期肿块密度较正常肝实质略低,边界显示不清.     

肝脏原发神经内分泌癌的影像表现

目的 探讨肝脏原发神经内分泌癌的影像表现特点.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的3例肝脏神经内分泌癌的CT、MR资料,并与病理和组织学表现对照分析.结果 3例患者均为单发,其中2例位于肝右叶,1例位于肝左叶.肿瘤最大径分别为4.8 cm、6.7 cm、10.0 cm,均为实性肿物,其内伴不同程度低密度区,实性成分明显强化,囊性成分无强化,其内可见分隔;2例病变较大者,推压周围肝内血管使之移位;1例病变内可见多发强化和纡曲血管.MRI平扫T1WI呈略低信号,T2WI呈高信号,DWI呈高信号.结论 肝脏神经内分泌癌的影像表现有一定特征,多为单发实性肿物、其内伴不同程度低密度区域,实性部分明显强化.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。